International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)

Volume 4, Issue 2 Feb 2022, pp: 91-98 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252

Tensile Test of Aluminium at High

Temperature
Ajay Kumar Verma & Deep Chatterjee
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Submitted: 25-01-2022 Revised: 05-02-2022 Accepted: 08-02-2022
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ABSTRACT In the paper “Tensile properties of Ti3SiC2
The necking of specimen is specifically related to in the 25–1300°C temperature range”By M.
the decrease in cross section when specimen is Radovic M. W. BarsoumT. El-RaghyJ.
subjected to tensile strength greater than ultimate Seidensticker and S. [Link] ternary
tensile strength (UTS). The strain distribution no carbide Ti3SiC2 exhibits a unique combination of
longer hold uniform along the gauge length. As the properties that have been [Link] report on the
tensile load is applied, due to which length of functional dependence of the tensile response of
specimen increases but there is decrease in cross finegrained (3–5 μm) Ti3SiC2 samples on strain
section. rates in the 25–1300°C temperature range. High
The present work laid stress on determining the temperature mechanical properties; Stress–strain
tensile properties from stress strain curve by tensile relationship measurements; Plastic; Creep; It
testing of aluminium (specimen) at different range reported on the properties of fine- and
of high temperature The tensile testing is carried coarsegrained, predominately single-phase Ti3SiC2
out on INSTRON static series 600 KN. The samples in compression and flexure. In both cases,
specimens were tested at different range of high a brittle-to-plastic transition occurs at ≈1200°C, at
temperature (Room Temperature -325 degree which point large plastic deformation levels (strains
Celsius). True Stress and strain is calculated using >20%) are obtained prior to failure[3].
the engineering equation. Using the values of true In paper High-temperature mechanical
stress and true strain the true stress strain curve was properties of aluminium alloys reinforced with
plotted. The polynomial equation is obtained from boron carbide particles J. O˜noroa, , M.D.
each specimen curve. The graph is plotted between Salvadorb, L.E.G. [Link] tensile
temperature and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) properties and fracture analysis of these materials
which indicates that the ultimate tensile strength were investigated at room temperature and at high
decreases with the increase in temperature[1]. temperature to determine their ultimate strength
and strain to failure. The fracture surface was
I. LITERATURE REVIEW analysed by scanning electron microscopy.
From the literature review , the work on However, very little work is devoted to
“High temperature tensile behaviour of a Cu–1.5 tensile testing of aluminium at high temperature.
wt.% Ti alloy” By S. Nagarjunaand M. Srinivas The present work focuses on determining the
was done at Defence Metallurgical Research tensile properties of aluminium when subjected to
Laboratory at Defence Research and Development necking at high temperature[4].
Org. The high temperature tensile Properties of a
Cu–1.5 wt.% Ti alloy[2]\ have been investigated in II. INTRODUCTION
the temperature range of 100–550 °[Link] The tensile properties of Al, Cu, stainless
increase in yield and tensile strengths of solution steel and its alloy examined in the high
treated alloy is observed with increasing temperature the need for materials with useful
temperature, with a peak at 450 °C and decrease in strength above 1600k has stimulates the interest in
strength beyond this [Link]–Ti alloys have refractory alloys .Cast aluminium alloys have
been developed with the aim of substituting them found wide application to manufacture lighted-
for the toxic and expensive Cu–Be [Link] reports weight components of complex shape in
the results obtained on high temperature tensile automotive and aerospace industries. To improve
properties of a Cu–1.5 wt. % Ti alloy in solution the strength and ductility of cast aluminium alloys,
treated (ST) and peak aged (PA) conditions.

DOI: 10.35629/5252-04029198 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 91
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 2 Feb 2022, pp: 91-98 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252

it is necessary to study their fracture properties by specimen. It is gripped at the two ends and pulled
conducting a series of tests. apart in a machine by the application of a load. The
The tensile properties of Al are strength ductility stress-strain curve obtained from the tensile test of
creep. The temperature range of 37°C to 350°C a typical ductile metal is shown in Fig. On the y-
That temperature is maintain inside furnace axis, the engineering stress, defined as the load P
.Tensile testing of aluminium with high divided by the original crosssectional area Ao of
temperature in INSTRON static series. The the test piece, is plotted. The engineering strain E,
aluminium is tested with different temperature defined as the change in length 1L divided by the
range we have taken the range. 37°C (room temp.), initial gauge length La is plotted on the x-axis. The
90,130,170,210,250,290,325°C % elongation is obtained by multiplying the
engineering strain by 100. The stress-strain curve
THE TENSILE TEST starts with elastic deformation. The stress is
The engineering stress-strain curve proportional to strain in this region, as given by
Specimens used in a tensile test are prepared Hooke's law. At the end of the elastic region,
according to standard specifications. The test plastic deformation starts. The engineering stress
pieces can be cylindrical or flat. Figure [Link] shows corresponding to this transition is known as the
the standard dimension of a typical cylindrical yield strength (YS), an important design[5]

plastic deformation starts[6]. The permanent elongation, see Above fig. Thus, the
engineering stress corresponding to this transition elastic part of the deformation is recovered. On
is known as the yield strength (YS), an important reloading, plastic deformation starts only on
design parameter. Many metals exhibit a reaching the stress level prior to unloading.
continuous transition from the elastic region to the The engineering stress reaches a
plastic region. In such cases, the precise maximum and then decreases. The maximum value
determination of the yield strength is difficult. A is known as the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) or
parameter called proof strength (or offset yield simply the tensile strength Up to the UTS, the
strength! strain is uniformly distributed along the gauge
that corresponds to a specified permanent length .Beyond UTS, somewhere near the middle
set is used. After loading up to the proof stress of the specimen, a localized cease in cross section
level and unloading, the specimen shows a known as necking develops. Once the neck forms,
permanent elongation of 0.1 or 0.2%[8]. further deformation is concentrated in the neck.
The stress-strain curve has a positive slope The strain is no longer uniform along the gauge
in the plastic region, indicating that the stress length. The cross-sectional area of the neck
required to cause further deformation increases continuously decreases, as the % elongation
with increasing strain, a phenomenon known as increases. Voids nucleate in the necked region at
work hardening or strain hardening. If the load is the interface of hard secondphase particles in the
removed when the specimen is in the plastic region, material. These voids grow and coalesce, as the
it retraces a straight line path parallel to the initial strain increases. The true cross-section bearing the
line and reaches zero stress at a finite value of becomes very small, as compared to the apparent

DOI: 10.35629/5252-04029198 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 92
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 2 Feb 2022, pp: 91-98 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252

cross-section, due to the growth of these internal Aluminiumis an brilliant conductor of both heat
voids. At this stage, the specimen may fractural and electricity. The huge benefit of Al is that by
shows that ductility measured in terms of the true weight, the conductivity of Al is twice that of
strain at fracture ec below for definition of true copper. That means the Al is at present the most
strain) decreases with increasing concentration[9]. normally used material in large power transmission
lines[11].
PROPERTIES LIGHT AND HEAT REFLECTIVITY OF AL
Aluminium has a flexible durable. Aluminiumis high quality reflector of both able to
Lightweight malleablemetalby means of be seen light and heat creation it perfect material
appearance range from silvery to dull grey, for light fittings. thermal liberate blanket and
dependingon the surface roughness. Al is architectural insulation.
nonmagnetic and non sparking. It may too TOXICITY OF ALUMINIUM
unsolvable in alcohol, though it may be soluble in Aluminiumis not only nontoxic but also does not
the water forms. The yield strengthof pure Al is discharge any spoil products with which it is in get
6to12MPa, while aluminium alloyshas yield in touch with. This makes Alappropriate for used in
strengths from 201 MPa to 600 MPa. Aluminium covering for responsive products such as food
has about one third the densityand stiffnessof the .where Al foil is used.
steel. It is ductile, and simply RECYCLABILITY OF AL
machined,cast,drawnand extruded. The recyclability of has unparalleled. When
Corrosionresistance may be brilliant due recycled there no degradation in properties when
to a slim surface layer of aluminium oxidewhen the recycled Al can compared to virgin aluminium.
metal is uncovered to air, effectively prevent Furthermore recycling of Al only require
additionaloxidation. The strongest Al alloys are not approximately 5 percent of the input energy
as much of corrosion resistant due to necessary to create virgin Al metal.
galvanicreaction with alloyed [Link] corrosion ALUMINIUM PRODUCTION
resistance has also frequently greatly reduced when Aluminium is extracted the principal ore, bauxite.
many aqueous salts are in attendance however, Significant bauxite deposits have found in
mainly in the presence of unlike metals[10]. Australia. the Caribbean. China and South
Aluminium atom is arranged in a face America. Open cut techniques has normally used to
centrecubic(fcc) structure. Al is stacking fault mine the bauxite.
energyof approximately 200 mJ/m². SMELTING OF ALUMINIUM
Aluminium is one of the small number of The removal of aluminiumfrom alumina has
metals that keep full silvery reflectance in thinly achieve using an electrolytic method. A cell or
powdered form making it significant constituent of vessel has used that consists of a carbon lined steel
silver paints. Aluminium is a superior thermaland shell. That shell forms a cathode. A consumable
electrical conductor, by weight improved than carbon anode has suspended in liquid cryolite
copper. Aluminium is able of being a held inside the pot at 950°C. Alumina is dissolve in
superconductor, among a superconducting critical the cryolite by transitory low voltages at high
temperature of 1.2 kelvin. amperages through pot. That consequences in pure
Al being deposit at the cathode.
STRENGTH WEIGHT RATIO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Aluminiumhas density approximately one The aluminiumindustry has very conscious of the
third that of steel and is utilize benefit in environmental impact of it is activities. The mining
application where high strength and low weight are and smelting of Al benefit the removal of red
required. That is include vehicle where low mass sludge can have a main environmental impact
consequences in greater load capability and PROPERTIES OF AL
reduced fuel utilization. Aluminium is unique and unbeatable combination
CORROSION RESISTANCE OF AL of properties this making it’s into the versatile.
When the surface of aluminiummetal has High usable and attractive construction material.
uncovered in to air. The protective oxide coating WEIGHT
form almost instantaneously. This oxide film has Al is the light material compare to other material
corrosion resistant Aluminium is good corrosion like steel density is 2.700 kg/m3 Strength
resistance. Aluminium has strong with the tensile strength 70
to 700 MPa depend on the alloy and manufacture
ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL processing[12].
CONDUCTIVITY OF AL

DOI: 10.35629/5252-04029198 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 93
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 2 Feb 2022, pp: 91-98 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252

Atomic number-13 Energy of second ionization- 1816.1 [Link] -1

Atomic mass - 26.98154 [Link] -1 Energy of third ionization- [Link] -1
Electronegativity according to pauling– 1.5 Standard potential - 1.67 V
Density - 2.7 [Link] -3 at 20 °C Discovered by - Hans Christian Oersted in 1825
Melting point - 660.4 °C
Boiling point - 2467 °C EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Vanderwall radius - 0.143 nm Before performing the test. Specimen of
standard size and shape must be produced from the
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:- material to be tested for the result to be
Ionic radius - 0.05 nm comparable. It is strongly advised to manufacture
Isotopes - 3 .the specimen size and shape according to standard.
Artificial isotopes – 16 We are using the round test bar .Round test bar are
Electronics shells -1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 used for sheet/plate with thickness. We are show
Energy of first ionization - 577.4 [Link] -1 the standard size specimen

thread in specimen both side 15 mm length by

In this specimen size and shape are using the thread making die (screw thread).
standard .standard are thread radius gauge length of THREAD DIE- Die is cuts the thread on
reduction section and diameter and we have used performing rod. Which has been produced the
specimen is not that size it is different male thread. the die is shown are top left an older
nomenclature . first one when we are preparing the split die with top adjusting a cylindrical blank.
specimen we have taken the aluminium rod Which has usually slight less than. That is required
1000mm long and diameter is [Link] we have diameter has machined with the tapper at thread
cut that rod in 100mm ten part. Each part having end .thus taper allow the die to ease onto the blank
the same length 100mm .now we are making the before it is cut the sufficient threads to pull itself
along[13].

DOI: 10.35629/5252-04029198 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 94
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 2 Feb 2022, pp: 91-98 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252

Thread making die

MAKING A SREW THREAD- the thread are After making the thread we have doing the turning
three type parallel thread for piping(pf) a tapper in the middle 70mm part ofspecimen .it’s mean
thread for piping (pt) and unified thread (unf) . two 700mm length where we are doing the turning in
type term are used for thread . first one is the male lathe machine
thread as the making outer thread and second one is
the inner thread . we have making the inner thread .

Lathe machine

Because the 70mm middle part making the 6mm the product reliability and for determine why that
diameter for standard size and shape material material failed. The fundamental and basic
Turning introduction; turning is one of the steps for exact metallographic specimen preparing
main types of machining where material is include documentation section and cutting
removed using cutting tool .it’s allow rotating parts mounting, planar grinding, rough polishing, final
to be produced using a single edge cutting tool. polishing, etching, microscopic analysis, and
After completing the turning the finishing of the hardness testing.
specimen by using the sand paper .after doing that Documentation - Metallographic analysis has the
work we have make a standard size specimen that valuable tool. properly documenting the initial
specimen having the 100mm long and 12mm specimen condition the proceeding micro
diameter .both side 15mm having the thread and structural analysis, metallography provides the
middle part having the diameter is 6 mm .that is our powerful quality control an invaluable
specimen standard size and shape . investigative tool.
To receive exact result when performing a tensile
test. First one we need a perfect prepared tensile Sectioning and Cutting - most metallographic
specimen this specimen has to meet the standard as samples need to sectioned to the area of interest
well as the mechanical requirement .if the specimen and for easier handling. Depending upon the
has a bad quality the result of ours test are wrong material the sectioning operation may be obtained
and not reliable [14]. by abrasive cutting Proper sectioning is required to
Tensile specimens those do not have a perfect edge minimize damage, which may alter the
flank never will give you the high elongation the microstructure and produce false metallographic
material is able to do. often youloose 1/8….1/3 of characterization. Proper cutting requires the correct
the possible elongation . selection of abrasive type, bonding, and size and
proper cutting speed, load and coolant[15].
METALLOGRAPHIC SPECIMEN
PREPARATION BASICS Mounting - The mounting operation accomplished
Metallographic has the study of materials three important functions first its protect the
basic and fundamental .Analys of the materials specimen edge and maintain the integrity to the
micro structure aid in determine if the material has materials surface features second has the fills voids
processes. therefore the critical step for determine in porous materials and third one is the improves

DOI: 10.35629/5252-04029198 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 95
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 2 Feb 2022, pp: 91-98 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252

handling of irregular shaped samples especially for Rough Polishing - the rough polishing step has
automated specimen preparation[16]. been use to remove the damage produced during
cutting and planar grinding. Exact rough polishing
Planar Grinding - ofcourse grinding has required shall be maintain specimen flat. By eliminating the
to planarize a specimen and reduce the damage previous damage and maintaining the micro
created by sectioning. The planar grinding step has structural integrity of the specimen
accomplished by decreasing the abrasive particle
size and shape to obtain the surface finishes that is Final Polishing – the final polishing has be
ready to polishing. Care must be taken to avoid remove only surface damage. It shall not be used to
being too abrasive in that step and actually remove any damage remaining from cutting and
creating greater specimen damage than produced planar grinding[20]. If the damage has not
during cutting The machine parameters which complete. The rough polishing should be repeated .
effect the preparation of metallographic specimens, Reference ( Metallographic Specimen
include grinding/polishing pressure, relative Preparation BasicsByDonald C.
velocity distribution, and the direction of Zippering, [Link] Technologies)
grinding/polishing[17].
Thus finally we have prepare the specimen of
aluminiummaterial[18]

Aluminium specimen

III. EXPERIMENT& RESULT:- length of specimen during necking. With the help
After carrying out the experiment on each of stress and strain values obtained in former, we
aluminium specimen subjected to necking at plot the stress versus strain. The tabulation for each
different range of high temperature. We determined specimen and their respective stress strain plots are
the stress from load that is applied gradually to given below[19]:
specimen and strain is determined from change in

SPECIMEN FIRST TABULATION:TEMPERATURE (37 DEGREE CELSIUS)

True
load load Initial strain True
Extension N KN length % stress

0.003 1.23 0.001 61.993 0 0

5545. 1.84E+
0.998 03 5.545 62.988 3.169 08
5832. 5.8321 4.7228 1.96E+
1.999 119 19 63.989 06 08

DOI: 10.35629/5252-04029198 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 96
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 2 Feb 2022, pp: 91-98 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252

5191. 5.1919 6.2543 1.77E+

3.001 903 03 64.991 32 08
4078. 4.0784 7.7552 1.42E+
4.003999 458 58 65.994 93 08

True
load load Initial strain True
Extension N KN length % stress

0 0 0 61.99 0 0
Graph between the true strain and stress true strain is the X direction . and the true stress is the Y direction
250000000

200000000

150000000
tr
ue y =-8E+06x2 + 8E+07x +2E+06
str Series1
Poly. (Series1)
es 100000000
s

50000000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
true strain

IV. CONCLUSION: Research Laboratory, Defence Research and

1. The characteristic commercially available Development Org. (2001)
aluminium at different high temperature is tested to [2]. M. Radovic M. W. BarsoumT. El-RaghyJ.
determine its suitability to be used at elevated Seidensticker and S. Wiederhorn Tensile
temperature. properties of Ti3SiC2 in the 25–1300°C
2. It is seen that as the temperature increases temperature range.
the ultimate tensile strength decreases but the [3]. Department of Materials Engineering,
ductility increases. Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
191042875, USA National Institute of
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wt.% Ti alloy Defence Metallurgical Cambronero High-temperature mechanical
properties of aluminium alloys reinforced
with boron carbide particles Dept.
DOI: 10.35629/5252-04029198 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 97
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 2 Feb 2022, pp: 91-98 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252

Ingeniería y Ciencia de los Materiales, ETSI [12]. R.K. Everett, P.L. Higby, Scripta Metall.
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DOI: 10.35629/5252-04029198 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 98