විෂයය- ඉංජිනේරු තාක්ෂණනේදය

නිපුණතාලය - 03 .ඉන඼ක්නරොනික
තාක්ෂණය එදිනෙදා භාවිතය සඳහා
නයනදෙ ආකාරය විමර්ෂණය කරයි

නිපුණතා මට්ටම- ද්වී ධ්‍රැල රාේස්සරටර

සරවිචයක් න඼ස නයොදාගැනීනේ හැකියාල
නසොයා බ඼යි
ksmqK;dj 3 : bf,lafg%dksl ;dlaIKh tosfkod
Ndú;h i|yd fhfok wdldrh
úu¾YKh lrhs
ksmqK;d uÜgu : Èú Oej g%dkaisiagr iaúphla f,i
3$4 fhdod .ekSfï yelshdj fidhd n,hs
 m%:ufhkau Èú Oej g%dkaii
s g
a rh l=uk iajrEmhlao thg úÿ,sh imhkafka ljr
wdldrhlg túg th l%shd;auljkafka flfiao hkak m%:ughkau ±k.; hq;=fõ fï
wkqj th ms<sn|j my; f;dr;=re .ek úuid ne,sh hq;=fõ

g%dkaisiagrh ( Transistor)
ffuhslafrdaf*dakh fj; ,nd fok ix{dj" rEmjdysKs .=jka ú¥,s ;rx. wm ,nd fokafka
b;d l=vd ix{djla wdldrhg fõ' fïjd tl, j¾Okh lrkq ,enqfõ rsla;l k, [Link]'
fïjd tu ld¾hhka lsrSfïoS b;d by, Odrdjka ,nd .kakd ksid b;d úYd, f,i Yla;s
ydkshla isoq jk w;ru th wld¾HlaIu l%uhla fõ'fuh úYd, wjldYhlao .kakd neúka
Ndú;d lrk ,o [Link] m%udKfhka úYd, fõ'

fï fya;=jg ms<shula f,i wefursldkq fn,a m¾fhaIKdh;kfha fiajh lrk fN!;sl

úoHd{jreka ;sfofkl= úiska m,uqj g%dkaisig a rh kï jq Wmdx.h ks¾udKh lrk ,oS' th
1947 oS jq w;r tu fN!;sl úoHd{jreka jkafka weursldkq cd;sl fcdaka nd¾ãka ( Jhon
Bardeen) "fjda,ag¾ n%egka ( Walter Bratton ) ú,shï fIdla,s ( Wiliam Shokly) hk ;sfokdh'

m,uqj ksYamdokh lrk ,o g%dkaii

s agrh fuu wdldrh .kshs
kej; u;lhka fidhd ne,Su

1 w¾O ikakdhl uq, øjH fudkjdo i|yka lrkak @

2 ud;%kh hkq l=ulao @

3 P j¾.fha w¾O ikakdhl l=uk wdldrhlg ks¾udKh lrhs o@

4 N j¾.fha w¾O ikakdhl l=uk wdldrhlg ks¾udKh lrhs o@

5 PN ikaêfha rEm igyla we| th meyeos,s wdldrhg kï lrkak @

6 rEmfhka olajd we;af;a fudkjdo hkak

olajkak @

A. …………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………..

B. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

NPN yd PNP j¾.fha g%dkaisiagr ( npn & pnp Transistors )

NPN j¾.fha g%dkaisiagr PNP j¾.fha g%dkaisiagr

C –Collector
ix.%dylh
E –Emitter
Úfudaplh
B –Base
mdou
 IC – Collector
Current
ix.%dyl Odrdj
IE – Emittor
Current
úfudapl Odrdj
IB – Base
Current
mdou Odrdj

by; olajd we;s wdldrhg NPN yd PNP wjia:djka fol i|yd tlu Odrdjla jqj;a
Odrdjkaf.a osYdj fjkia jk nj meyeos,sh' kuq;a tajdfha tl;=j tlu [Link] .kakd nj
olakg ,efí'

fuys IB Odrdj b;d l=vd tlls' th idudkHfhka µA [Link] .kshs'

tu ksid Ic>> IB fõ
fï ksidu OdrdjIE Odrdjg Ic wdikak f,iska iudkfõ'
by; g%dkaii a ¾ ls%hd;aul lsÍug kï VBE fjda,aàh;dj wksjd¾hfhkau Si j¾.fha kï
s g
0.7v yd c¾fïkshï j¾.fha kï 0.3 v úh hq;=uh'fuu ldrKdj NPN yd PNP wjia:djka
fol i|yd u fmdÿ ldrKdjls'

g%dkaisiagrfha l%shdldÍ;ajh - Action of Transistor

g%dkaii
s agrhlg ndysrska imhkq ,nk ksjeros fjda,aàh;d iemhqula ksid thska ,nd .;
yels m%fhdack w;suy;ah fï ldrkdj isÿjk wdldrh .ek úuid ne,Su g%dkaii s agrfha
l%shdldÍ;ajh f,iska y÷kajkq ,nhs' fuu l%shdlrk wdldrh .ek NPN yd PNP
wjia:djka fol i|yd i,ld ne,Sh hq;=fõ'

iEu úglu NPN yd PNP wjia:djka fol i|yd g%dkaisiagrfha BE ikaêh fmr keUqrefõ
( forward Bias ) mj;sk w;r BC ikaêh miq keUqrefõ ( Reverse Bias ) mj;ajd .;
hq;=h' th my; rEmfha we;s mrsos fõ'

12v( Vcc) 0v
0.7v 11.3v
 0v 12v( Vcc)

 by; rEmfha olajd we;af;a NPN g%dkaisig

a rhg úÿ,sh ,nd ÿka úg ikaêh wi,
isÿjk l%shdldrS;ajhhs
 VBE fjda,aàh;dj l=vd tlla jk w;r VCB fjda,aàh;dj by, [Link]'
 BE ikaêh bÈß keUqre wdldrhg ilia lr we;'
 BE ikaêh miq keUqrejk f,i ilia lr we;'
 VBE fjda,aàh;dj0.7v blau jq ú.i BE ikaêh bÈß keUqre jk w;r tys we;s
l=yr E w.%h fj; fhduq lrhs'
 túg BE ikaêh yryd l=yr .uka lrk ksid ikakhkh jk w;r ±ka IB Odrdj
.,kq we;'
 ta iu.u E j, we;s wêl iDK nj ksid E j, isg wêl fõ.fhka b;du;au
isyska jq np ikaêfha ydh;sl fmfoi yryd bf,lafg%dak BC fj; fhduq fõ'
 túg fõ.fhka BC fj; fhduq jq bf,lafg%dak C ys we;s wêl Ok nj fj;
wdl¾IKh fõ'
 fï ksid IC Odrdj ix.%dylh yryd úfudaplh foig .uka lrhs'

by; l%shj,sh weiqßka Tn pnp g%dkaii

s g
a rhg úÿ,sh ,nd ÿka úg ikaêh wi, isÿjk
l%shdldrS;ajh ms,sn| fidhd n,kak

m%odkh( In Put ) = BE

m%;sodkh( Out Put ) = CE

඼ක්ෂණ

1 fjda,aàh;d ,dNh Av= Vout/Vin = VCE/VBE idudkfhka by, [Link] .kshs'

2 Odrd ,dNh Ai= Iout/Iin =IC/IB idudkfhka by, [Link] .kshs'

3 m%Odk m%;sfrdaOh RIN = VBE/IB idudkfhka by, [Link] .kshs'

4 m%;sOdk m%;sfrdaOh ROUT = VCE/IC idudkfhka by, [Link] .kshs'

5 m%Odkhg ,ndfok ix{dj 1800 l l<d udrejlg ,lafõ'

2. ප ොදු ාදම වින්‍යාසය ( Common Base Configuration )

m%odkh( In Put ) = EB

m%;sodkh( Out Put ) = CB

඼ක්ෂණ

1 fjda,aàh;d ,dNh Av= Vout/Vin = VCB/VBE idudkfhka by, [Link] .kshs'

2 Odrd ,dNh Ai= Iout/Iin =IC/IE b;d wvq [Link] .kshs' th 1;a wvqh

3 m%Odk m%;sfrdaOh RIN = VBE/IE b;d wvq [Link] .kshs'

4 m%;sOdk m%;sfrdaOh ROUT = VCB/IC b;d by, [Link] .kshs'

5 l,d udrejla fkdue;

3 . ප ොදු සංග්‍රාහක වින්‍යාසය ( Common Collector Configuration )

m%odkh( In Put ) = BC

m%;sodkh( Out Put ) = EC

඼ක්ෂණ

1 fjda,aàh;d ,dNh Av= Vout/Vin = VCE/VCB b;d wvq [Link] .kshs' th 1;a wvqh

2 Odrd ,dNh Ai= Iout/Iin =IE/IB b;d by, [Link] .kshs'

3 m%Odk m%;sfrdaOh RIN = VBC/IB b;d by, [Link] .kshs'

4 m%;sOdk m%;sfrdaOh ROUT = VCE/IE b;d wvqu [Link] .kshs'

5 l,d udrejla fkdue;

රාේස්සරටරනල ඼ාක්ෂණික ලක්‍ර ( Transistor Characteristic Curves )

g%dkaisiagrh Ndú;d l, yels wdldrh ±lafjk ,dlaIKsl jl% ;=kls

1 m%odk ,laIK ( Input Characteristic)

2 m%;sOdk ,laIK ( Output Characteristic)

3 w;rueÈ $ixl%duK ,laIK ( Transfer/Mutual Characteristic)

1 m%odk ,laIK ( Input Characteristic)

mÍlaIKh isÿlrk ms,sfj, my; wdldrhg fõ

1 by; wdldrhg wegjqu ilia [Link] ,nhs'

2 IB Odrdj uekSu i|yd ffuhslafrda weóSgrhla mdoug fYqK a s.; f,i iïnkaO
lrkq ,nhs'
3 fjkia lrkq ,nk VBB fjda,aàh;dj uek .ekSu i|yd VBE fjda,aÜ ógrh mdoug
iudka;r .; f,i iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs'
4 fï ldrKdj i|yd VCC iemhqu wjYHu fkdfõ'
5 VBB úp,aH n, iemhquls'
6 VBB fjda,aàh;dj l%ufhka áflka ál ( 0,0.1v, 0.2v, 0.3v, 0.4v, 0.5v, 0.6v, 0.7v,
0.8v, 0.9v ,1v) wd§ jYfhka jeälrkq ,nhs'
7 ta wkqj jeälrkq ,nk iEu VBB fjda,aàh;djhlgu wkqrEm jk VBE fjda,aÜh;dj
yd IB Odrdj uekSu isÿlrkq ,nhs'
8 ±ka ,nd .kakd ,o VBE fjda,aÜh;dj wkqrEm jk IB Odrdj m%ia:dr.; lrkq ,efí'
 VBE (V ) IB (µA)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

9 by; j.=.; l, [Link] wod,j m%ia:dr .; lsÍfuka my; wdldrfha m%ia:drhla

a grfha m%odk ,dlaIKsl jl%h ( Input
,efnkq we;' tu m%ia:drhg g%dkaii
Characteristic Curve ) f,i y÷kajhs

2 m%;sOdk ,laIK ( Output Characteristic)

mÍlaIKh isÿlrk ms,sfj, my; wdldrhg fõ

1 by; wdldrhg wegjqu ilia [Link] ,nhs

2 IB Odrdj uekSu i|yd ffuhslafrda weóSgrhla mdoug fYqK a s.; f,i iïnkaO
lrkq ,nhs
3 IC Odrdj uekSu i|yd ñ,s weóSgrhla ix.%dylhg fYqK a s.; f,i iïnkaO lrkq
,nhs
4 fjkia lrkq ,nk VCC fjda,aàh;dj uek .ekSu i|yd VCE fjda,aÜ ógrh
ix.%dylhg yd úfudaplhg iudka;r .; f,i iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs
5 fï ldrKdj i|yd VCC úp,aH iemhqula wjYH fõ
6 VBB fjda,aàh;dj l%ufhka áflka ál IB Odrdjla .,k ;=re jeälrkq ,nhs bkamiq
tu VBB fjda,aàh;dj fjkia fkdlr IB Odrdj ia:djrj ;nkq ,efí
7 fuúg ,efnk IB Odrdj IB1 f,io túg fjkia jk IC Odrdj IC1 Odrdj f,io
i,lkq ,efí
8 ±ka VCC fjda,aàh;djh l%ufhka jeälrkq ,nk w;r( 0v ,0.5v, 1v, 1.5v, 2.0v,
2.5v, 3.0v ,3.5v, 4.0v, 5v,6v,7v,8v,9v,10v,11v,12v) lgu wkqrEm jk VCE
fjda,aÜh;dj yd IC Odrdj uekSu isÿlrkq ,nhs
9 IC Odrdj uekSu isÿlrkq ,nkafka ñ,s weógrhla Ndú;fhks
10 ±ka kej; VBB fjda,aàh;dj l%ufhka áflka ál jeälr fmr wjia:djg jeä IB
Odrdjla .,k ;=re úp,kh lrkq ,nhs
11 fuúg ,efnk IB Odrdj IB2 f,io túg fjkia jk IC Odrdj IC2Odrdj f,io
i,lkq ,efí
12 fuf,i újO jq IB Odrdjka 6lg VCE fjda,aÜh;dj fjkia lrñka Bg wkqrEmjk IC
Odrdj uekSu isÿlrñka j.= 6la muK .kq ,nhs
IB1 IB2 IB3 IB4 IB5

VCE IC1 VCE IC2 VCE IC3 VCE IC4 VCE IC5
0 0 0 0 0
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9
10 10 10
10 10
11 11 11 11
11
12 12 12 12
12

13 by; j.=.; l, [Link] wod,j m%ia:dr .; lsÍfuka my; wdldrfha m%ia:drhla

a grfha m%Óodk ,dlaIKsl jl%h ( Out put
,efnkq we; tu m%ia:drhg g%dkaii
Characteristic Curve ) f,i y÷kajhs
3 w;rueÈ $ixl%duK ,laIK ( Transfer/Mutual Characteristic)

mÍlaIKh isÿlrk ms,sfj, my; wdldrhg fõ

1 by; wdldrhg wegjqu ilia [Link] ,nhs

2 IB Odrdj uekSu i|yd ffuhslafrda weóSgrhla mdoug fYqK
a s.; f,i iïnkaO
lrkq ,nhs
3 VBB úp,aH n, iemhquls
4 fjkia lrkq ,nk VBB fjda,aàh;dj hg wkqrEmj fjiajk IB Odrdj uekSug
mdoug fY%aKs .; f,i iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs
5 fï ldrKdj i|yd VCC iemhqu ia:djr ;nd .;hq;=h

6 by; wdldrhg fjkia lrkq ,nk VBB fjda,aàh;dj hg wkqrEmj fjiajk IB

Odrdjg o wkqrEmjk IC Odrdj uekSug ix.%dylhg fY%aKs.; f,i iïnkaO
lr.;a ñ,s weógrhla Ndú;fhks

7 fuys§ IB Odrdjka ,efnk ,efnk [Link] wod,j IC Odrdj ukskq ,nk w;r tajd
ksh; mrdij,ska ,nd ,ekSu wjYHu fkdfõ
8 ±ka ,nd .kakd ,o IB Odrdjg wkqrEm jk IC Odrdjka j.=.; lr th m%ia:dr.;
lrkq ,efí
 9
IB(µA) IC (mA)

10 by; j.=.; l, [Link] wod,j m%ia:dr .; lsÍfuka my; wdldrfha m%ia:drhla

a grfha w;r ueÈ ,dlaIKsl jl%h ( Mutual ?
,efnkq we; tu m%ia:drhg g%dkaii
Transfer Characteristic Curve ) f,i y÷kajhs

fï wkqj by; i|yka ish¨u foa my; wdldrhg ixYsma; lsÍug yelsh

Odrd
fjda,aàh;d m%Odk m%;sOdk l,d
,laIKh ,dNh
,dNh Av m% ; f
s rda
O h m% ; f
s rda
O h udrej
Ai
fmdÿ idudkH idudkH idudkH idudkH
1800
úfudapl by, by, [Link] [Link]
fmdÿ tlg;a b;d b;d
b;d wvqh -
mdou wvqh by,h by,h
fmdÿ b;d tlg;a b;d
b;d wvqh -
ix.%dyl by,h wvqh by,h

g%dkaisiag¾ wxlk l%uh

Pro-electron code
m,uq wxlh
A – Germanium
B – Silicon
C – Gallium Arsenide
D – Indium Antimide
fojk wxlh
C – Audio frequency Amplifier
D – Audio frequency power amplifier
F – Low power Radio frequency amplifier
P – High power Radio frequency amplifier
ta wkqj BC548 g%dkaisiagrfha lshùu jkafka
B – Silicon C – Audio frequency amplifier – Silicon Audio frequency Amplifier
BD 140 – B – Silicon, D- Audio frequency power amplifier
AD 140 – A – Germanium, D- Audio frequency power amplifier
AC 187 – A- Germanium, C- Audio frequency amplifier

According to the American system, the code begins with 2N followed by a number that
indicates the time of design. A higher number indicates recent design.

Eg. 2N 2222A
kuq;a cmka l%uh [Link] fla;h olsk iekska th NPN yd PNP j¾.fhao hkak myiqfjkau
y÷kd .ekSug yelshdj we; tneúka ksid cmka l%uh f,dalfha ckm%shu fla; l%uhhss

SA pnp SB pnp
A High Fequency B Audio Frequency

SC npn SD npn
C High Fequency B Audio Frequency

u;lh w¿;a lruq

1 fmdÿ mdou úkHdih i|yd m%odkhka f,i i,lkafka g%dkaisig

a rfha ljr w.% o@
2 1800 l l,dudrejla we;s jkafka l=uk úkaHdifhao @
3 fjda,aàh;d ,dNh oYu .Kkla we;af;a fudk úkaHdifhao@
4 m%odk ,dlaIKsl jl%h w|skq ,nkafka l=uk mdrdñ;s 2la w;f¾ o@
5 m%odk ,dlaIKsl jl%h w|skq ,nk mrdñ;sj, iajdh;a; yd mrdh;a; tajd kï
lrkak@
6 m%odk ,dlaIKsl jl%h w|skq ,eîug mdGxl ,nd .kakd wdldrh úia;r lrkak@
7 m%ia:drh wdk; f¾Ldjla wdldrhg ,efnkafka l=uk ,dlaIKsl jl%hgo@
8 by; m%ia:drh l=uk mdrdñ;s 2la w;f¾ o@
9 g%dkaii
s sgrh l%shd;aul jk úg tys ikaê yeisfrkafka flf,i o
10 npn g%dkaii
s g
a rhlg ix.%dylhg -12v yd mdoug 0.9v yd úfudaplhg 0.1v ,nd §
we;s kï l=uk ikaê l%shd;aul fõo@
 11 fuu g%dkaisig
a rh l%shdldÍo@
12 cmka l%uh g%dkaii
s agrhl j¾.h fiùfï fyd| l%ufõohla f,i olajkafka wehs
13 my; wxl we;s g%dkaii s ag¾ j, j¾. fidhkak
A 733 , C 1015 , B507 , D 400, A 844, C 828 , D 1061 , D 313 , A 2030 , C945,
B 544, A 1015, D 788, C 829, D 1555 , B 540

ksmqK;d uÜgu : ix{d j¾Okh i|yd g%dkaisiag¾

3$5 Ndú;h úuid n,hs

g%dkaisiag¾ keUqre lsrSfï l%u ( Transistor Biasing Methods)

g%dkaii
s agrhla keUqre lsÍu hkafkka woyia lrkafka g%dkaisig
a rfha ksis l%shdldÍ;ajh ,nd
.ekSu i|yd wjYH lrk fjd,aàh;djhka ilid §ug fõ' fufia fjda,agSh;dj iemhSfuaoS
tlu n,iehqulska ,nd §u úfYaI;ajhla fõ' fï wkqj ksis l%shdldÍ;ajh ,nd .ekSug
úúO jq l%u Wmdhka ilia lr we;' fïjdg keTqre mßm: hehs lshkq ,efí'

1 iaÒr keUqrej ( Fixed Bias )

2 iajhx keUqrej ( Self Bias )

3 úNj fnÿï keUqrej ( Voltage Divided Bias )

4 úfudapl keUqrej ( Emitter Bias )

1 iaÒr keUqrej ( Fixed Bias )

m%odkh In Put m%;sodkh Out Put

1 RBm%;sfrdaOlh yryd úNj neiau VRB f,io RC m%;sfrdaoh yryd úNj neiau VRC
f,io i,lkq ,efí
2 RBm%;sfrdaOlh ;=,k
s a .,k Odrdj IB f,io RC m%;sfrdaOlh ;=,k
s a .,k Odrdj IC o
fú
3 ix.%dylh Collector ( C) yd úfudaplh Emitter ( E ) yryd úsNjh VCE f,io
i,lkq ,efí
4 mdou Base ( B) yd úfudaplh Emitter ( E ) yryd úsNjh VBE f,io i,lkq ,efí
5
fï wkqj m%odkh fjda,aàh;dj .ek i,ld ne,q l,
 VCC = VRB + VBE
VCC = IB xRB + VBE f,io ,sùSug mq,qjk

fï wkqj m;s%odkh fjda,aàh;dj .ek i,ld ne,q l,

VCC = VRC + VCE
VCC = IC xRC + VCE f,io ,sùSug mq,qjk

s agrfha Odrd ,dNh ß= IC/IB o oekf.k isáh hq;=h'

;jo fuu g%dkaii

2 iajhx keUqrej ( Self Bias )

m%odkh In Put m%;sodkh Out Put

1 RBm%;sfrdaOlh yryd úNj neiau VRB f,io RC m%;sfrdaoh yryd úNj neiau VRC
f,io i,lkq ,efí'
2 ix.%dylh Collector ( C) yd úfudaplh Emitter ( E ) yryd úsNjh VCE f,io
i,lkq ,efí'
3 RLm%;sfrdaOlh yryd .,k Odrdj IC +IB jk w;r RB yryd IB Odrdjo
ix.%dylghg IC Odrdj .,hs'
4 mdou Base ( B) yd úfudaplh Emitter ( E ) yryd úsNjh VBE f,io i,lkq ,efí'
fï wkqj m%odkh fjda,aàh;dj .ek i,ld ne,q l,
VCC = VRB + VBE + VRL
VCC = IB xRB + VRB + (IC +IB ) xRL

fï wkqj m%;sodkh fjda,aàh;dj .ek i,ld ne,q l,

VCC = VRC + VCE
VCC = (IC +IB ) xRL +VCE

s agrfha Odrd ,dNh ß= IC/IB o oekf.k isáh hq;=h'

;jo fuu g%dkaii
3 úNj fnÿï keUqrej ( Voltage Divided Bias )

I m%odkh n Put m%;sodkh Out Put

1 R2m%;sfrdaOlh yryd úNj neiau VR2 f,io R1 m%;sfrdaoh yryd úNj neiau VR1 RL
m%;sfrdaoh yryd úNj neiau VRL f,io i,lkq ,efí'
2 ix.%dylh Collector ( C) yd úfudaplh Emitter ( E ) yryd úsNjh VCE f,io
i,lkq ,efí'
3 RLm%;sfrdaOlh yryd .,k Odrdj IC jk w;r R1 yryd 11xIB Odrdjo R2 yryd
10xIB Odrdjo ^ by; i|yka 11IB yd 10IB Odrdjka .Kk ksraudKh lrkakd wkqj
fjkia fõ&'
4 mdou Base ( B) yd úfudaplh Emitter ( E ) yryd úsNjh VBE f,io i,lkq ,efí
5 fuys VBE úsNjhg VR2 úNj neiaug iudk fõ
fï wkqj m%;sodkh fjda,aàh;dj .ek i,ld ne,q l,

VCC = VRA + VRB

VCC = 11IB xRA + 10IB xRB

10IB xRB = VRB

fï wkqj m%odkh fjda,aàh;dj .ek i,ld ne,q l,
VCC = VRC + VCE
VCC = IC x RL +VCE

;jo fuu g%dkaii a rfha Odrd ,dNh ß= IC/IB o oekf.k isáh hq;=h'
s g

4 úfudapl keUqrej ( Emitter Bias )

m%odkh In Put m%;sodkh Out Put

 1
2 RB m%;sfrdaOlh yryd úNj neiau VRB f,io RC m%;sfrdaoh yryd úNj neiau VRC
RE m%;sfrdaoh yryd úNj neiau VRE f,io i,lkq ,efí'
3 ix.%dylh Collector ( C) yd úfudaplh Emitter ( E ) yryd úsNjh VCE f,io
i,lkq ,efí'
4 RC m%;sfrdaOlh yryd .,k Odrdj IC jk w;r RB m%;sfrdaOlh yryd .,k Odrdj
IB jk w;r RE m%;sfrdaOlh yryd .,k Odrdj IE o fõ
5 IE = IB + IC jk neúka
6 fuys VBE úsNjhg VR2 úNj neiaug iudk fõ
fï wkqj m%odkh fjda,aàh;dj .ek i,ld ne,q l,

VCC = VRB + VBE

VCC = IB xRB + VBE

fï wkqj m%;sodkh fjda,aàh;dj .ek i,ld ne,q l,

VCC = VRC + VCE +VRE
VCC = IC x RL +VCE + IExRE

;jo fuu g%dkaii a rfha Odrd ,dNh ß= IC/IB o oekf.k isáh hq;=h'
s g

vd¾,skagka [Link] ( Darlington Pair )

s agrh hkq Odrd md,k [Link]' kuq;a th iSudiys; fõ' jeämqr Odrdjla md,kh
g%dkaii
lsrSug wjYH jq úg vd¾,skagka [Link] Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs'

fuysoS Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka tlu j¾.fha iudk fyda wvq yd jevs cj m%udKhka we;s
g%dkaii
s agrhka folls 'fuu g%dkaisig
a rfha Odrd ,dNh ,efnkqfha fhdodf.k we;s
g%dkaii
s agr fofla Odrd ,dNhka fol fjk fjku .=K lsrSfuks'

s agrfha Odrd ,dNh ß1 o fojk g%dkaii

m,uq g%dkaii a rfha Odrd ,dNh ß2 o kï iïmqraK
s g

Odrd ,dNh ß = ß1xß2

g%dkaisiagrfha l%h a h ^ Action Of Transistor )
s dldrS;j
1 j¾Olhla f,i ( As an Amplifier)

2 iaúphla f,i ( As a Switch)

1 j¾Olhla f,i Ndú;d jk wdldr

s grh j¾Olhla f,i Ndú;d jkafka l%shdldÍ fldgfia§h (Active Region ).l%shdldÍ
g%dkaii
fldgi g%dkaiis grhl we;af;a fldfya±hs fidhd ne,sh hq;=fõ fuu ldrKdj .ek fidhd
ne,sug g%dkaiis grfha m%;sOdk ,dlaIksl jl%h( Output Characteristic Curve) Wmfhda.S
lr.; hq;=h th my; wdldrfõ kuq;a j¾Okh l=uk ia:dkjl isg isÿjkafkao hkak
fidhd ne,Sug g%dkaisiga rfha ir< Odrd ner f¾Ldj ( DC Load Line ) .ek wjfndaOhla
;sìh hq;=fú ir< Odrd ner f¾Ldj u; g%dkaii s agrfha l%shdldÍ ,laIh ( Operating Point )
fyj;a ksjd; ,laIh ( Q Point ) ;sfnk ia:dkh wkqj fõ

ner f¾Ldj ksjerÈ wdldrhg ilialr .kakd wdldrh .ek i,ld n,uq fï i|yd Ndú;d
lrkq ,nkafka g%dkaisig
a rfha m%;sOdk fldgi fõ'
fuys m%;sOdk fldgi /.ek i,ld ne¨ úg

VCC = VRL +VCE fõ

VCC = IC x RL +VCE f,i ±laùug yelshdj we;

kuq;a fuu g%dkaii

s agrhg wjia:djka folla .ek i,ld ne,sh hq;=fõ'

tkï g%dkaii
s g
a rh l%shd;aul jk wjia:dj yd g%dkaii
s agrh wl%Sh wjia:dj fõ'

g%dkaii
s agrh l%shd;aul jk wjia:dj g%dkaii
s agrh wl%Sh wjia:dj

Wmßu Odrdj .,kafka hehs is;d Odrdj fkd.,kafka hehs i,ld

VCC = IC x RL +VCE VCC = IC x RL +VCE

Wmßu Odrdj IC max wjia:dfõ§ VCE =0v fõ' fuu wjia:dfõoS IC Odrdj 0 f,i
i,lkq ,efí'

túg VCC = IC x RL fõ VCC = VCE

IC = Vcc/RL

fuu ,laI fol g%dkaisiagrfha m%:sOdk ,dlaIKsl jl%h u; i,l=kq l, úg my; wdldrhg
oelaúh yel'
 A B
g%dkaii
s agrhla j¾Olhla f,i Ndú;d jk wdldrh m%[Link] oelafjk mrsm:hla by;ska
oelafjhs '

fuu wegjqï fol ;s;a mqjrejl mdiaid .ekSu fyda jHdmD;s mqjrejl iïnkaO [Link]'

fuys we;s UM 66T Y%jH W;amdol [Link]; (( Small Memory IC )mßm:hla jk w;r
BC 547 npn g%dkaii
s agrhla fõ'

fuh l%shd;aulùfï§ my; wdldrhg úhhq;= fõ'

A mrsm:fhka msgjk Yíoh nirfhka wefik w;r th t;rï jeä [Link] fkdjk w;r
j¾Okh iudkH [Link] th m%[Link] foda,fkalaIhlg ,nd oSfuka ksrSlaIKh l,
yel'

B mrsm:fhka msgjk Yíoh nirfhka wefik w;r th A mrsm:fhka msgjk Yíoh jvd
jeä nj Y%jkh fõ'

fuys jeämqr Yío iys; njg m;ajf

q ha iúlr we;s g%dkaii a rfhka jk w;r th IC ka
s g
msgjk ix{dj j¾Okhlg ,lalr we;'

mdif,a we;s Y%jH j¾Olfhkao flfrkafka by; ldrKdju fõ

2 iaúphla f,i Ndú; jk wdldr

iaúphla f,i Ndú;d jk wjia:dfõoS g%dkaii s agrfha Ndú;d lrkafka wl%Sh wjia:dj ( Cut
off ) Off yd ix;Dma; wjia:dj ( Saturation ) On wjia:djka folhs

túg fuys VBE <<0.7v fõ túg fuys VBE >0.7v fõ

fuu wjia:dfõoS VCE =0v fõ

m%[Link] tu w.h VCE =0.1- 0.2v w;f¾ fõ

fuu ldrKdj m%[Link] olakg ,efnk mrsm: lsysmhla my;ska oelafõ'

w nyq lïml mßm: i|yd wd' w÷rg ixfõ§ mßm:h

(for Multi Vibrator Circuit)

we' wdf,dalhg ixfõ§ mßm:h b pqïnl nj y÷[Link] mßm:h

by; mßm: jeäÈhqKq lsÍï i|yd l%ufõohka olajkak.