REALISATION PROCEDURE OF A HOLLOW BLOCK SLAB OF A G+1 RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING

CERTIFICATION

The internship was written by TCHOUPOU FOPA under the guidance and
supervision of Mr. MBOKEH Eric and approved by the member of jury has been submitted
an accepted by IUG/ISTA in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of a higher
national diploma (HND) in Road and Civil Engineering.

Academic Supervisor Dean

of school

Name…………………………………
Name………………………………

…………………………………………..
……………………………………….

Signature………………………………
Signature…………………………

President of jury
Name………………………………
………………………………………..
Signature…………………………….
……………………………………………

Member of jury
Name……………………………….
…………………………………………
Signature…………………………..
………………………………………….

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DEDICATION

TO MY
FAMILY

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ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T

Firstly, I want to thank all of the following individuals who played a good role

 Firstly, the GOD almighty for giving me life knowledge, wisdom and understanding.
 The founder of IUG LATE Mr. LOUIS MARIE DJAMBOU for the creation of the
university IUG.
 The president of IUG
 The director of ISTA
 Head of department
 My supervisor MBOKEH Eric for helping me
 My late father Mr. TCHOUPOU FOPA DIEUDONNE without which I would have
not been in this school and for believing in me
 My mother LEKOUBOU NGOUANE YVETTE
 My grandfather Mr. NGOUANE LUCAS for his financial assistance and advice
 My uncles Mr.

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ABSTRACT

This internship took place from the 15 of June to the 30 of July 2022 in LOM and
SCIE SARL located in Douala. This internship was aimed to bring theory into practice and to
understand the real-life executions of projects and to gain in professional skills. This report is
all about THE REALISATION PROCEDURE OF A HOLLOW BLOCK SLAB FOR A
G+1 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING, firstly in my introduction I will first talk about de notice
of slabs then next to the various types of slabs

- Chapter one; in this chapter we have the general introduction

- Chapter two; here we have the daily activities which talk about activities carried out
during the internship accompanied with some picture and their realization procedure.
- Chapter three; case study which is the main objective of the internship which talk
about the REALISATION PROCEDURE OF A HOLLOW BLOCK SLAP FOR A
G+1 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
- Chapter four;

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RESUME

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PREFACE

In order to push the educational level of Cameroonian Youths, it is permitted by the

Ministerial degree NO 90/E/50/MINEDUC/ET of the 24th December 1971 the creation of
educational institution on the national territory of Cameroon. Also in view of making
Cameroonian Technicians more competitive, the degree NO 90/030 of the 18th February
1992 was adopted. Reform universities permitted the creation of Educational Institutions
among which the University Institute of the Gulf of Guinea (IUG). Since its creation
in1993, the advance school of management has been striving to answer the urgent calls of
economic operators in need of foremen and managerial staff. Studies carried out on them have
clearly shown that these operators were asking for a training system whose purpose was to
serve the public. They were expressing the need for another training system.

We should also take into account that the private sector was and is still booming,
needing concrete training not only based on new technology requirements but also on logistic
ones. Therefore, attention was to be given to all these requirements and was to be done
gradually. So the university Institute of the Gulf of Guinea in its own way to meet the
requirements by creating the following schools:

 L’Ecole Supérieur de Gestion (ESG)- francophone was born in 1993

 L’institut supérieur des Technologies Avancée (ISTA)
 Higher INSTITUTE of advanced technology was born in 2002
 L’institut Supérieur des Science Appliquée (ISA)
 Higher institute of applied sciences
 ESG -Anglophone was born in 2006 with the launching of the Higher National
Diploma. This third part of the training scheme will help the students from the English
sub-system of education who desires to pursue their studies in the management of
enterprises.
The University Institute of the Gulf of Guinea is becoming the first Bilingual
Higher Institution of Learning in Central Africa. It is one of the most important
private higher institution of learning in Cameroon and it is made up of three schools;
ESG, ISTA and ISA. These three schools are located at PK-8 BASSA- DOUALA
and were created by Mr. LOUIS –MARIE DJAMBOU. This university welcomes
students from different areas of the national territory and from abroad who have
completed their second cycle in secondary education. Today it trains technicians and
engineers in the three professional cycles listed below:

 HND Cycle which has the following sections:

 ISTA:
 Department of Telecommunication and Networks
-Networking and Security (NS)
-Telecommunications (TEL)

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 Department of Electrical Power System (EPS)

 Department of Civil Engineering
-Building Science and Technology (BST)
-Public Works (PW)
 Department of Computer Engineering
-Software Engineering (SE)
-Hardware Maintenance (SM)
-Industrial Computing and Automation (ICA)
 Department of Fashion, Clothing and Textile.
 ESG:
 Department of Assistant Manager
 Department of Accountancy
 Department of Banking and Finance
 Department of Marketing-trade-sales
 Logistics and Transport Management
 Information Systems Management
 Human Resource Management
 International Trade
 Corporate Communication.
 ISA:
 Department of Nursing Sciences
 Department of Midwifery
 Department of Medical Diagnostic, Imaging and Radiation Therapy
 Department of Pharmacy Technology
 Department of Physiotherapy
 Department of Dental Therapy
 Department of laboratory Technology.
 The BTS cycle
 Génie-Civil (BATIMENT)
 Génie Civil (TRAVAUX PUBLICS)
 Électrotechnique
 Maintenance des Équipements Industriels
 Maintenance des systèmes Informatiques
 Froid et Climatisation
 Télécommunication
 Génie Logiciel
 Maintenance Après-vente Automobile
 Maintenance des Systèmes Électroniques
 Informatique Industrielle et Automatisme
 Réseaux et Sécurité
 Mécatronique
 Maintenance Industrielle et Productique

 Le Cycle Licence : Technologique Et Professionnel

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A. LicenceTechnologique: It offers training in the following specialities :

 Génie Électrique et Informatique Industrielle (GEII)
 Génie Mécanique (GM)
 Hygiène, Sureté et Sécurité Industrielle (HSSE)
 Génie Thermique et Énergie (GTE)
 Génie Civil (GC)
 Télécommunications et Technologies de l’Information et de la
Communication (TTIC)
 Technologie Automobile (TAO)
Licence Professionnelle :
 Génie Civil (Bâtiment)
 Maintenance et Expertise Auto
 Maintenance des Systèmes Industriels
 Automatique et Informatique Industrielle
 Intégration des Systèmes Voix et Données
 Ingénierie Électriques
 Réseaux et Télécommunications
 Système d’Information et d’Aide à la Décision.
 Professional Bachelor’s
 Télécommunications
 Electrical Power Systems
 Civil Engineering

• Masters Professionnels
• Génie Civil (GC) ;
• Ingénierie Électriques (IE) ;
• Électronique et Informatique Industrielle (E2I) ;
• Génie Thermique, Énergie et Management de l’Environnement (GTEME) ;

• Ingénierie de Construction Électromécaniques (ICE) ;

• Qualité Hygiène Sécurité Environnement (QHSE) ;
• Technologie Automobile (TAO) ;
• Télécommunication et Technologies de l’Information

CHAPTER I:

PRESENTAION OF THE ENTERPRISE

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1.1. PRESENTATION OF LOM

LOM &Cie SARL Is a private company specializing in the study and the realization
of civil engineering work, the rental of heavy equipment and trucks and the service
provision in construction.

1.2. BACKGROUND

This is a private Limited liability company (SARL) created in 2010 under the vision of two
young businessmen namely [Link] MARC. It is located in Douala, drop in the field of
BTP with employees which are active and has a Slogan: the best in displacement of heavy
machinery and the service from BTP service. Study and realization of civil engineering
works, renting of heavy machinery and services provision in building construction and
public works with a turn over 1,000,000 FCFA (one million franc). The postal address of
the company is P.O box 1510 in Douala and email address LOM &Cie@[Link]

Table 1: Identification sheet of LOM &Cie SARL

SOCIAL STATUS SERVICE PROVISION

NAME LOM &Cie SARL

DATE OF CREATION, HEADQUARTER 2010, ndogbong citadelle

TELEPHONE +237 699270480/699854302

EMAIL LOM &Cie@[Link]

NAME OF DIRECTOR
Mr. LOM MARC

ACTIVITIES EXECUTION OF WORK ON SITE

STRUCTURE LIMITED COMPANY

CAPITAL 1,000,000

ENROLMENT 15

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1.3. LOCATION OF AFCA COMPANY

From
LOM &Cie japoma
SARL

stadium

Axe Douala
-Yaoundé
N o3
BROLI
King environment

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1.4. ORGANIGRAME OF LOM & Cie SARL

General directory

secretary

Directors of operation

Technical director DAF

BTP
SERVICES COMMERCIAL LOGISTIC
DAF SERVICES SERVICES

Site project Manufacturing unit of blocks pavers etc

BTP

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CHAPTER II:

ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT DURING

THE INTENSHIP

This chapter presents a record of all the activities which I had the pleasure to engaged and takepart
in during the period of the internship. During this period, we focused on the realisation of a pad
foundation which was designed for a G+1 residential building. The record is presented on a weekly
basis below;

 Site meetings
 Cutting and fashioning of steel reinforcement
 Trenches and footing excavation
 Casting of foundation footings
 Formwork and casting of foundation pillars
 Casting of ground beams
 Formwork and casting of pillars
 Masonry of partition wall
 Casting of lintels
 Formwork and casting of half beams
 Construction of platform
 Propping of platform
 Placing of rib beams and hollow blocks
All these activities will be more detail making use of pictures taken on site during the
realization process.

FIRST DAY
DATE; from the 15th of June2022

This first day was a day of visit and presentation to the different members of the company and
different interns

2.2 WEEK ONE :

Date; from 20th to 25th june 2022

The first day was a day of welcome by LOM &Cie SARL to the different interns. The site was already
free from vegetation and setting out carried out

On this first week was;

 Fashioning of reinforcement

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 Fashioning of reinforcement
Equipment used: tie knife metallic pipe, grip and grinding wheel or rebar scissors

Material used: steel rods and blinding wire

 The spacing for stirrups and cutting dimensions were determined

 The steel bars (12m each ) were straightened and cut to the required dimensions using a
grinding wheel talking into consideration the overlap for hogs
 After cutting, the bars were then placed respecting the spacing given, and then tied with
binding wire using a tie knife
 For the foundation pillars and footings mats, the spacing distances were already
determined for stirrups or shear links( for pillars )

2.2 WEEK THREE :

Date; from 27th june to 2nd july 2022

 Casting of footings and pillars

a. Footings
 Blinding concrete is placed and let to settle and the pillar traced, concrete biscuits
are then placed to ensure a good concrete cover between the soil and mat after
casting
 A footing rods is placed and the pillar reinforcement is attached to it using
blinding wire
 Concrete containing admixture is then poured into the footing up to a certain
level and vibrated and this process is repeated till the finish level of the footing
and the vibrated again using a hammer

b. Pillars
 A formwork is done to the pillar reinforcement and stabilised to prevent
movement during vibration
 We use the same proportion mix of concrete to cast the pillar
 During this casting , vibration is done progressively till the required level using a
needle vibrator
 This vibration is done to prevent honey combs on the pillar

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2.2 WEEK THREE :

Date; from 27th june to 2nd july 2022

 Fashioning wall masonry

 Fashioning wall masonry

 Foundation walls are build using blocks of 20cm in thickness
 This is done to protect the foundation and structure from soil pressure and erosion
 This masonry is done with mortar as blinding paste with the holes of the blocks filled with
concrete
 A spirit level is use to ensure the verticality of the walls and building lines are used to
ensure the horizontally of the walls

2.3 WEEK FOUR :

DATE; From 4th 2022 to 9TH July 2022

 Placing and casting of ground beams

 For this work the steel design differed at certain places with respect to the load at
those points
This ground beams are casted on foundation walls, and others are just supported with timber used
for formwork that will be later remove once the beam dry

 After placing the reinforcement at the right positions, a formwork is done and
stabilize
 The formwork is then watered to prevent water absorption from concrete by the
boards
 Concrete is then poured in the formworks and vibrated using a piece of rod and a
hammer
 Then concrete let to settle and dry, and the formwork remove the next day

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Figure :
casting ground beams

2.3 WEEK FIVE :

DATE; From 11th 2022 to 16TH July 2022

 Casting of lintels
Using a well transparent water level, this is to enable us to have a level surface of work for
us to put the lintels
Reinforcement bars of HA8 was used for the different doors and windows

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CHAPTER III:
IGOR JUNIOR
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CASE STUDY: REALISATION PROCEDURE
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3.1 REASON FOR CHOOSING THIS OBTION

3.2 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

A reinforce concrete slab is a crucial structural element and is used to provide flat
surface (floor and ceiling) in building. On the basis of reinforcement provided, beam support,
and the ratio of the spans. They are various types of slab they includes;

 One-Way Slabs on Beams

 One-Way joist slab (ribbed slab)
 Waffle Slab (Grid slab)
 Flat Plates
 Flat Slabs
 Two-Way Slabs on Beams
 Hollow Core Slab

3.3 TYPES OF RC SLABS

I. One-Way Slabs on Beam

Cast in situ method is used to construct one-way slabs on beam which involves fixing of
forms followed with the installation of reinforcements, and finally the pouring of fresh
concrete. They are most suitable for spans of 3-6m, and a live load of 3 to 5KN/m².

II. One-Way joist slab (Ribbed slab)

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It consists of a floor slab, usually 50 to 100mm thick, supported by reinforced concrete

ribs (or joists). The ribs are usually tapered and are uniformly spaced at distances that do not
exceed 750mm. The ribs are supported on girders that rest on columns.

It is suitable for spans of 6-9m and loads of 4-6KN/m². Because of the deep ribs, the
concrete and steel quantities are relatively low, but expensive formwork is needed.

III. Waffle Slab (Grid slab)

It is a type of RC slab that contains square grids with deep sides, it processes includes
fixing forms, placement of pods on shuttering, installation of reinforcement between pods,
installation of steel mesh on top of pods, and pouring of concrete.

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It is suitable for spans of 9-15m and live loads of 4-7KN/m². Formwork, including the use
of spans, is quite expensive.

IV. Flat Plates

It can be constructed as one-way or two-way slabs and it is directly supported columns

or walls. It is easy to construct and requires simple formworks. They are most suitable
for spans of 6 to 8m, and live loads between 3 and 5KN/m². Added to that, the range
of spans for prestressed flat plates is between 8-12m, and it can also be constructed as

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post-tensioned slabs.

V. Flat Slabs

This is typically a reinforce slab supported directly by columns or caps, without the use of
beams. This type of slab is generally easy to construct and requires little formwork. The loads
are directly transferred to the columns. They are most suitable for spans of 6 to 9m and for a
live load of 4-7KN/m².

VI. Two-Way Slabs on Beams

The construction of this type of slab is similar to that of one-way slab on beams, but it
may need more formworks since two-way slabs are supported on all sides. Slabs on beam are
suitable for spans between 6 and live loads of 3-6KN/m². The beams increase the stiffness of

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the slabs, producing relatively low deflection.

VII. Hollow core slab

It is a type of precast slab through which cores are run. Not only do these cores decline
slab self-weight and increase structural efficiency but also act as service ducts. It is suitable
for cases where fast constructions are desired.

There is no restriction on the span of the hollow core slab units, and their standard width is
120mm and depth ranges from 110mm to [Link] slab units are commonly installed
between beams using cranes and the gaps between units are filled with screeds. It has been
observed that, hollow core slab can support 2.5KN/m² over a 16m span. It is suitable for

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offices, retail or car park developments.

3.4 FUNCTION OF RC SLABS

 To provide a flat surface

 To support load
 To act as sound, heat and fire insulator
 The upper slab becomes the ceiling for the storey beneath it
 Space between slab and ceiling can be used for placing building utilities

3.5 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HOLLOW BLOCK SLAB

3.5.1 ADVANTAGES

 Reduce the quantity of the reinforcement in a major amount

 Give flexibility in construction due to the beams for not using
 Minimize the carpeting and the steel fixing work when compared with to regular slabs
 Very good at thermal insulation

3.5.2 DISADVANTAGES

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 Very weak in highly concentrated loads such as cars parking, water tanks with large
capacity
 Vibrations might lead to detachment of the filling material that surrounds concrete
 It should take in consideration to put the isolation material at the final slab

3.6 DIFFERENTS ELEMENTS USE FOR THE REALISATION OF SLAB

 Sand: sand is an element use for the fabrication of concrete and mortar. The sand use
on the site came for the construction came from river wouri
 Gravels: it is a material that enters into the composition of concrete, on site we use
gravel that came from the career. On the site we had gravel of size 5/15 and 15/25.
 Cement: it is a building material composed of limestone, clay and clinker, which when
mixed with water hardens as it dries. It is a hydraulic binder which can harden, keep
for a long time in the air. On the construction site,
 Water: on the construction site, water comes from the tap to wet the different particles
during the implementation of the concrete or mortar. The mixing water must be clean
and not salty
 Framework: reinforcement is a construction material used for the manufacture of
reinforced concrete. It main role is to absorb the tensile forces in the concrete.
The reinforcements used on the site was FeE500 high adhesion steels with a
diameter of 12, 10, 8 and smooth round bars with a diameter of 6mm where used for
framework and stirrups.
 Wood: it is a construction material used for the realisation of permanent element such
as structural elements/ windows/ doors/ floor/ and consumable elements such as
scaffolding and formwork. On site we used plywood, slats/ stakes and rafters. They
are used to make scaffolding, formwork, shoring, and also for the bottom of beams.
 Wire and Nail: used for reinforcement and for the manufacture of concrete wedges,
while nails are small metal rods pointed at one end and flattened at the other end used
for assembly and fixing of materials. On the site, we used 60, 70, and 80 mm size nail
for the construction of formwork and scaffolding.

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3.7 REALISATION PROCEDURE OF HOLLOW BLOCK SLAB

I IMPLEMENTATION OF HEELS
The heel pads are structures that allow posts to be positioned and are made
according to these steps
 Prefabrication using the slats the formwork of the heels of (20x40) and those of
(30x30) while leaving the coating which is 5cm
 Formwork for the heel pads: “put these on the waiting reinforcement that have already
been scrapped. Use slats to wedge the trunk, which will prevent”
 Concrete mixing
 Pouring the heel pads: “operation which consists of introducing the mixed concrete
into the heel pad box thus produced, checking that the concrete does not escape”
 Vibrate and let dry for a day
 Stripping of the heel pads: “operation which consists in removing all the slats used for
the formwork and those used to hold the support so that the concrete does not escape”

II INSTALLING THE POSTS

Columns are the vertical load bearing elements of structure. The reinforcement
where made up of 6 bars with diameter of 10,12 and a certain number of
prefabricated stirrups of diameter 6mm
 Concrete columns formwork and installation
The concrete columns is a work that is commonly carried out in the field of
construction and this required appropriate formwork, the stage of which are as follow
 We arrange the chest on 3 side on the site as well as its lid
 The prefabricated reinforcement is thus positioned at the location of the
column while fitting with the tie wire to the existing balt.
 We fix the panels to the place of the post
 We belt the formwork with cleats while checking the alignment with the plumb
line, we wedge with slats on works already made (wall, existing post) to
prevent it from moving when concrete is introduced.
 Post casting
It is an operation which consists of introducing concrete into the trunk by
vibrating as the concrete is poured.

III ELEVATION OF WALLS

 Preparation of mortar
This simply mixing sand and cement together with water for a given
dosage, it is performed on a flat clean surface. If on the ground surface, the
ground should be watered first before proceeding with the mixing because
the ground will absorb part of the water

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 Installation of wall

We spread a layer of mortar thick enough like 3cm then we place blocks at
the extreme to serve as reference and to guide the line, then it is plumb and
level. We stretch the string between the extreme blocks and we align the
intermediate blocks and so on. Then we proceed with the other row

IV REALISATION OF HALF CHAININGS

The halve chaining is an element intended in our case to bind, reinforce, and
stiffen the framework of an existing construction. Due to this, it is carried as
follows:
 Locating the level line: this is an operation that consists in locating a
horizontal work plane. To do this, measure a distance of one meter on the
first post then stretch using this post as reference to have the same level
on the other posts.
 Setting up funds
 The implementation of appropriate reinforcement, including at the ends
for the effective connection with those existing
 Installation of formwork
 Preparation of the concrete
 Pouring of the concrete and vibrating with hammer
 Stripping after drying
V REALISATION OF SLAB ITSELF
 Setting up formwork: the formwork used was 3cm thick and varying in
width with respect on the part on which the work was to be executed. This
formwork was realized by the aid of certain materials like hammer, meter,
codex, square, saw, spirit level, string and many others. The realization of
this formwork was as follow;
- Determination of the reference level; it was fixed at 1. [Link]
the help of a meter we located an origin on any pillar and embodies
a height of 1m. Then using the spirit level to bezel, it, materializes
this height on the other pillar.
- Setting up the scaffolding; it is an assembly of metal or wood
erected in front of or under a structure in order to facilitate its
realisation in height. During the connection of the props, it is
important to check the platforms of the scaffolding this to ensure
the balance of this latest.
 Establishment of formwork: It is an operation that consist in placing
transversally and horizontally rafters as formwork support. It is on them
that rest the boards disposed in the axis of the ribs.
 Shoring up: for the stability of the slab we use the drill bits constituting
80mmx80mm section rafters, they are placed vertically and connected to
the joist. Below these struts are placed skates or sole 35mm board to
prevent the driving and sliding of props.

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 Realization of ribs: the rib was cast in situ, before that the realisation of
reinforcement was made and the composition was made only of gravel and
cement.
 Placing of hollow blocks: the slab is put in place by filling the spacing
between the ribs so as to obtain a flat surface

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 Installation of electrical conduit; after laying the slab, the site leader call for
an electrician who came install it as required by the plan.

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 Placing of steel mesh; the steel mesh where place both longitudinal ang
longitudinal on the building.
 Concreting of the slab;
- The concrete used was composed of cement, sand, and gravel of size
5/15
- The concrete is vibrated with the use of vibrator

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During this we had to face too many problems since we were novices in the domain:

 Lack of finance for our transport every day from our respective homes to the site and from
the site back to the home.
 Less resting time since we were going early to work and coming back late every day.
 The first week we had a lot of difficulties to familiarize with all the materials on site since
we were novices.

4.2 Remarks
During this internship period we noticed many remarks on the site which were:

 A bad season; since it was during the rainy season, we had to stop the work for some days
due to excess rainfall
 On the site we were using tap water and at time we had no water
 Safety and security of workers; they were no rules and regulations governing the safety
and security of workers on site.

4.3 Suggestion
From our point of view, we made the following suggestions to the enterprise:

 A good site management should be put in place so as to coordinate each worker on his
corresponding task or activity on the day.
 Rules, policies and regulations should be implemented so as to provide security and safety
to workers.
 Fast decisions making so as to fasten and ease the rapid and correct realization of the part
of the structure to be executed.
 A qualify security should be put in place to protect the materials so as to avoid its
exposure to thefts.

4.4 ben
When going for internship each individual has his or her own objective which could
be gotten as benefits at the end of his or her internship. Some of these benefits are:

 A good understanding of the theory studies in class through the practice study on the
site.
 A real experience about the life in the professional life.
 A well familiarization with some technical names of materials, and practices.

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GENERAL CONCLUSION

In the view of ameliorating our inadequacy in the practical field, we have been
recommended to carry out an academic internship in an enterprise of our choice, in view of
obtaining the Higher National Diploma (HND). This is why we actively took part in an
internship within the enterprise, where we partially participated in the realization procedure of
a hollow block slab which is our point of focus in this internship report. The different tasks
which we were subjected to help us to better understand the functioning of the enterprise and

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the realization of the professional word. At the end of the internship which has been a great
experience, I acquired much knowledge like familiarization with the professional world,
respect of hierarchy, utilization of some equipment, gained team spirit and ability to work
with reservation. Besides this work, I pay attention to all objections and suggestions which
will ameliorate this report and would help me in the future, since no human work is perfect.

BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES

 Wikipedia
 Slide share
 Civil engineering questions
 Past reports
 Building technology notes

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