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Module 2 Notes ALA

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Monu Rajput
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5 views46 pages

Module 2 Notes ALA

Uploaded by

Monu Rajput
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Naess Subspaces * Veclr Addr fon ¢ Lot V be a non -2utbly to auny uweV a pum ut¥ nV. * Sealer Mult Urahton © eet, Then veclor addletion eades “hts assigus to any ueV KEK a produck ku eV. e \lechow Spaces lo Vbe a non- oucphy ot. Than V fs catd to be el Ka ges vectors Space ove He f? we Ve patol pr any veolrrrs U,V 1. for any uve | 2. (ute) to= 4 (e+). CAssoctaltve. 3. There roa axPoms u+veV. (Clare property ) properrty ) ne a vedo® in V, devoted uy 0 ond Called fx tere veebs. , Auch thal, for amy uev, Aa. ie padke UCN (anisole veobs in V, devoksal Fey a) DY Daca gees ua) =e) t=? 4 Bo usu ueu. (Commutaltre prepety ) and allad He oft , puch toal- 6. Kiss) Hkutky, for any ecalaw KEK. F (atb)u sautba ,for amy scalars a beK. 8 (ab)us= a(bu), for ary seolarrs o/beK. q. dunner , for We uth stalare 1ekK. + alee Lok V bea veol& space oveh o feel K. Thou, d> fray geolane KEK ond 0EVRO=O: @) for aw 06k ond amy vecks® UEU ,Ou=0. Gry Tf kun oe where KEK and ue , how either =O) or “=O0- K and awy ueV | Chou =kGul= kus (> foramy ke @ Exanpls of Vecks Spaces Cy Space RGR): (Euckidean Space) Sa rs greene net ae Te shows 3 RO ts o vecko& space Ove>. R. aes Defraes » CG) Car ean, ~ 7 MH) + (by bar-- 7 bul= (use, ath, 4atbu) a) kK Gu aar-- On) = (kav, kiay-n, kaw), ( if “= (Credarns Ow) Lye (bier - ier ie, tren ftp ay bret pe Fe | Pm | Now, a+y = (a+ by, Ae bees Ones) em, stace | Ostby EIR for Tatlin, 2) feb, a= (ace -1 an) J = (br bans ee 22 (ey ens = 0x) ER Then, AF be, GER fre t= 1 Om. New, (ay tt =((as ay )--1 An) + (by 697-7 bn) )+ (Qu6y =7 On) = (artbr, a Abyy - or armelas)) (Geena) =(Cutbitg,, ap thy etry--7 An thn t " Mse, xt (9:2) = (4 tyy- dn) + ( (bre bar phn) + (4. ars) ) =(% cayy--1 an) + (bit b2 ty -- butG ) = (AitertCsy As tht Cry --) Anthn+ Cus). (x+y) t2 a (yt®). (0) xto= (41643, 99,—-1 an) + (% %0/-~2) 2ut0 = (a+0, Ag t0,--+ an 40) = (417 M2/-- an) =X Sttlavly, O+2= (00, aac) eb (iO 24--1 an ) Hoa = (0+ayOrag/- ++, 044m )= (Bee) Qn _t | eto = O4R=% Here, o=(0-9, -- 0) 2 He additive rdoultty , G) =xaGa dye roe, aka e Now, area) = (arer—1 an) +(417er-~/ er ) S x Cae(h -K A-for ~H) Sy Ht (1) = (0,0) --9) =0 Stanton, (nares (On 7ag pau) (A 42/--an) FD Cvree= (XA b9 1 he) 7 (= (0,0,--1 0) =0. Mere, (-x) te colled Ha adlditre Pnvense of ze. > ary (210-7 an) (bir bar--7 bn ) > aN) = (41 tby, Ap tbg,--+ Qutbn ) > ay = (bie%, bye, --7 bntan ) = xy = (birbar phn) + (Qi Rar an) (6) let, KER- Thon, k (09) KLAR abeL =k (ath) thar Outhn ) = (k (a+b) ji k (a9#bg ) Cm k (anton) : = (kortkby , Kagekby 7, kantkbn ) Ave, karky HK (a1 eBay--7 tn) +k (bubors bn) = (ha /Kagr--r kan) (bi Kbars Khe) = (martkbr kagtkbar- kanek be). = k (x)= kathy ‘le P Let, Ku kpenk hee (Katky ) 2 = (tha) (4 Baroy Se) = (xe) ay, (Kitko) aar--ykerk2) an ) i (Kiar ko 1 Krag thy Ae +) kvamtkean ) a (Kru hey - Kiae) + (koi, koags--rkoan) =k (1,29) --7 a) sho Qu &9)--7 Gn ) = krextkyy. 3 a Cask a (xyke) (:-4ay 47 Am) = (4 barr kikytay--7 k, koa) 2 (ks sa (Koa yeas -- koaw) =Ky (K2.(1/42;~-74n)) Q) feeate (a pies: an) = (1-1, $ay) 27 4.4) = Aone (a 1%9/--7 AH) 7a Hence, rR cana veokre apace over IR. (D Polyromtal PC) 9 coulattop polyrewtals of eres mn or WSS Hoo 1 OOD Has freld R - “Te shous 2 Pr lt) ‘De firme ® CR) & velo aprcr . G) (pr baron = bibs bart) , at) (KP) = k Po, ware KER od peg) = aoraittagt are R fore Va 1 Cui. destin volove (4) Let p= Qe taiteag ht --- aioe & eae boc = bot bit thy b> 5 wolere ap, bt ER for * = lan o (bisks, 1002 Pet Pat =(a0 tab + we tanth) + (bot byt +. tbat" ) ‘ = (a0 +bo) + (Qurbi)t to + an thy) Stace, gp rcR So arab} ER. Hono amy bi, bal® in Prlt). e bith P(t) fro ~ (kb) w= k pry =k (ao tart + taut) S>Chrye= (kae) + (kant +--+ kan) b% KPC CR CO Saco, Kar eR Hence, fre omy bGO, biG, b2 (b) Ef) ad eR, (bitbo 6B, (KPI cf. ID (2) a na Qo t att tant” Elm lt), bom = be eb bt tbaiMe Pr Hb), bo CH = Cor t+ pe CN CIr RROD He sloos 3 Ch + Chaths)) Gy =(hitha) tha LHS. = Cbi+ (ath )Ic@) = Pi Cb) + b2b+ bag Ras. =((prsba.) + bao = (bith) rhs OD = bie tha + bab. . 1, [DS RRSeee REESE (3) Addttre Identity ¢ Lot Ot) =e ba Ho HO rage) Thou, (Gy) () = patet)= Pp) = Hence, (p+) je anus me) memtal in PAO) O+Pay= o(U+ P(X) =(o+ply). Therefore, —O(1) %¢ tna adel five. ete of Int). G) Che = iy ped = En (assaitrage e+ ant) eee a Bw shws (f+ (bX) Gorn preb) w= 0 Lug. = G+ Cra) = PwHCpit = ph- bh =0 + =0(t) , Sens = (Cbth) we Chow + pa) Sie ph +b =a s =o +--9 = ates oS tie adldthire a a IM Lene, —p CD) = ao : AC of pe) = 2 aed Se enve I y (6) (Pi thy) = Pi tho) =pacrtbhy(t) = (both) a) >] (pitt? wba bd C) Lot KER. Then (k (Pr tha) = k(t) = k ( he +boc) =k bi G+ Kho) = (Ki) + (kp2) - (A) Let ky ko ER Tans ( (ayeko.)h) (9 = (a rkelbo) = kb (t) tka htt) = (Kh) (O (koh (8) (Cerra) @ | @y/fa-pym = + PY FO | eae = (ike) OO | ence, Parte) ts 2 pee = kite hl | apace ov we fold R- a (koh) = Ki (~ ) | = (ki (ob) 09 | (3) Mabie Seslatianelane ‘The motatton Muu Oo aiwply mM, will Le wed fo denote, the seb of ath men qrebntas wile etnias in a filld Kk. Thon, Mwyn es ae vector: apace over. kK hile pespeck- fo te sual operative of arobriy addihon owl polar omettlp Uicahon of anabrices - G) Ricci Seana bet x Lis a oon wap eb and WE K Daan ambihra frld. let F(x) olevctell ose got of ak functions of. veclor> apree oven K uth. X mo K. Then, car & = crepect to the Peecee operation = cb Necker Mdesion Tha qua of foo fursltone Peo rE OOS foe furckion t9 te E(x) deftard Sy Cpgio= for+ ge yvxeXxX & Scolar Maat licalfon ° TOL prreduck of a alae KEK avd fascohion fr F(x) fo ax fauseltn kf F(x) defend Ly (kfcar= Kfoo, WrEX - tha, geo velo tn F(X) *o faa zero fasckton O,usloch arepa eX Pato the 0970 clumont O6K , tol *, O(a)= Oy VXEX Ae, pga fchin fin F(x) , be fomchon ff EX) Aefinod (fitar= fd Wrex jicha nigahve of fe). be as . Trasar U_Combirattons lek V ba « eck Ape Oe frelel K. A vector & inV °c a Ruea. combinalten of veohrs hy Unr 3) UR mV af there ant scalarrS A1A2/-;, An Stok thoke eR Serppose. Use voauk fo expwess v=(%f Ean Ir? \ ow a Ginna coumbinalfon of fae veclorrs y= (e237, uaa (aagr us = (286): lok we considera the paelbbion » (Q= Ay Unt Aug + BUS Sr) ae (2.3) + 00 (28f lat 23 (3-5-6) =) (ora = (a, +229349 7 Day +3az+ Bag, 24\tfart Cas) 3 Oy + 2a, 4 3% = | (1) Jo, +349 + 943 = £ Bai + Frot+ Gan =-4 Let we solve this system ef aualens Dy use Gauss FRuiva Hon. The system of ayalove can Le ) SACs, fe Seamer 3 g By Opn eae 3 #¢ a3 Sal 5 Thagpegeerarnd eee") eee 3. " Pr 33 2 oF 8D oF ee o -l, -I +2 Seis (a4)i oe? oe owt) apa [eet the [MeZ Ses, OF fe =p ta o o 74 -} 1 Tha rreclucod syshen of aquotiong % e ahuw Q, + 242+ Sag = 3 5 =a - 4&3 = 491 — 403 = -12, =) |\8s= > tag -3=4t8 t = e9=4 BO pee Gl! > a,=2.| ‘ We Lu — 4ur+3ug | 1 2. Suppose wee esaut fo Cs He prety noms al ya BE 45t-5 ao a Lensar, Combinalion of fre polynoutads path 2t+t, pea WeESt+4, pa=t + 3tt6. Let wa couctder, B= Apit prt Cabs - = BV*51-5 = A (EF 281) ep (2E45 114 ) 40 (€43t+6) > 3b et-B = (ar2ar)E (209 +9G0+36)t + (Gt4G + beg) > G +1294 +t -3 2G +56,+36=9 Q +Ae +6@2-9 (srs 7 2 6 4 The reduced sy shun of aquakove & CE => Gt2areg=3 Grego 30g =-G SiGe s i Cael > [co=a4 0 642 =98=3 = B= Io V Baa weelem space oven K. Veolors uyier--/e tn V/ ome patd fo be shan V on te from sear cet of V Pea Gs oe Vi te a Linon, courbina hon of tae veokorrs rp Uaynr7 Un thabite, Tptene exist PRAARS Oy, Qop---, An in kK puck bolt if ae [b= ave geass ann | 2g. 1. Conctderr the veohod space \V=(R3. Shous ee. R that tie cet of veobas ? woe(ievi), 032 =C9), 093-02) } forms ae ed of >. Let we Constdenm® a veckore Carb-C) ERs. Constdessr, Carbs) = Gust) tC) + (12°) > Cibo CAtetla ss Gee, ) 3 | Crtteeb => [ez], Jittgela= a =>) Ca = abt L- = [ce =a-b ‘ [CabaecQut Oo or Se S, ony reob of 2 com Lee Represented oF Lenoar, courbimahton of tro gran Act of vo chores COW tg, 4%5 ) Heuce th %& eat of VR, 2 tHE Shows that the veobrs ups Wt), 4p= C3), Ugs (ir) Abom Re Let, Cab, ¢) = ac (vis) + ¥ (1023 4B C28) = (arb = = Cee ea a ae (mr9tt a t2y + Be, x34 +82 ) tra Coustder’ I tea, & 265 b preter ,| | a [potor2 38 Rae R5-P | : ‘ vas ¢ o QFECH =| Cea =F pec +9 7 +Bb-4a-4¢=b-% = [J Bante +4e =a ROO te ee oae (a)b,C)= (at 5b-3c) uy + (3a-FerAc) Uy + (2b-4-¢) U3, lence, Sey tas} "SO Saad of V =e? Find CondPhPons on Qpb,c Ao thot (9=(aibc) te R? eat fo We Afan (ty Ua43), where w= (20), Usa C2), uss (8-4-4). Let uc Ae RHe write He vecbsA v a a Bina, combination of: Hoe vechrs W,49,Ua 3 “arbre = @, Ce9,0)4 Co Cll-2,) +€3 (32,-4) => (ab.> (49 -G+30O » 2402.5 20-4¢5 ) = Ca — Cn + 30g = Qe, + Cr =b 2ee - 4a = - . ihe ane apie of equalPewo can be «v7? Hen ie = il 3][% a iB) it 400) Glee o ee C3 C on’? = [gaaesteme| The veck Y= (arbre) Reels fo W if nnd ouly rf he Ayan ts constctont, awd 3F i Constchent of owd only t 4a — 2b+ 3c =0. values of obec , Ha veckr 3 Con nol- So, fpow Lensar, courbina Hon- of too veebrs he pepresented on a Sau} teace, ug Ahn fags} eW. © Linear Dependence and deuce 2 leet Vbe @ veckR. Space over a field K. + Deftuttons We soy hak tre veoh Wy, Up) 1 Or im V are Bi A onl if fore exist scolars Ai %,-1 dm Olremautse, we Aer) thok the veokrs are Prvsanly Pnclopomclont. o Remark $ Tease & of veckrs fs Eivocrly trolep orden 5 thon ar subset of § Ps Finsarly trokop exrdont. AUewnaltvely, éf CS coutaiwe a Pineal chop errolorrt pobot, thom § % Lensanky dep evden. £4, He iey ve Cie) pes Giess2)) w= (445 ) : fie 4a 12 Consider, Me= ae Poe ko -Pi a Ra € Ro 4Rj a de 7D °o 8 Ver een on Raha - Bho ° : mpe p 4 Th eclaten mah hore mm only foo on- 2240 Aav9g , Ao dha tree veckrs are Bivsolty dopurdert 2. Pee Mit=e ete 23) w= (2,5,7), =(r 3,5), fH i 48, Qustder, ML = ane F Rocka 28 Dh Rae ka ! ee eka-R, | oma 3) \ 2 bi 3223, Bone 7 fa (BR P38), tye (4,6 UF), 45° (0.13.19, 25,19). Find a basts of Ww Soe of tt ae a vechors, owd frend dimw. th 18 ' 12 2 3 8 A 13 [RpeRo-2Ri F ; o a 2 Te 1 3 F 6 13 | ta€Ra-Ry Si oS 3 5 13-4 25 | aqeRa-3hi| 2 2 4 & 10 DL 3 8 FF 1R5< ko oie 2 SF, ak S. ie spel ernie 2h ee yea 2Ro ona oO 2 Ry £R4- 289 o eg Ce ROfR5-Ro CS Grs C4 Qe. ie eau Ry Ra - 22 1 Es Sale 2662S Ra < bo —3kg ce ee tO ae oO Oo oO oO oO ee eo 6 2. a 3% st fm a bases ofW awd vw (W)=3. 9. Fad a basic aud Atuension of Ho subspace, Wf @?, wheres t g ae laje We § taamorrarteene] 7 ae (a) wR, stuce, Cy) dw. Tus, Alm(w) <3. “Eke a vector (arb) € W. Thon, atbtc=o => as-b-C. ar (curb. €) = b-¢, b-C)= Ebb) +(-% 0) => (ab) = bELLO) +6 Cle). veckrs Carb.c) CW Cam Le eepressad Renrar. Courbimalfon of tes. vectors o CLL), ol) }. Heuce, 5 (-L18), Cont perms a basic Hrs, ora (Gr of W Atace, au Cuie)*an Cis, =F (-aragy a1 2) = (0,2,9) ips Cree = Q1=0 =42 oe — Cronp ts a seb of Bevanly independ ant veckers , (arr, x» WAR? Now, (a-b/C) EW: Thin azb=C=a. (wan) =a (Ui). Con] apa W awd Atorky waclap ovclont. Se, ee a bask of Wl anol olin WH. 3: let W Le te sabspace of Rf spanned ty He veohrs y= (1-2/5,-8), WHC SL, Ab), ug > (3 8 -3,-8) (a) [Rad a basts avd dimension ofW, (b) Extend the Loasts of W te a basis ce gi. a Pa ee ees ao eee wy Meee SF Hotel oo FID RoR 3Ry Ee See OF o 4 -8 4 2: oe 8 me te eee teas } ° oO 2S Cy-B 53) Cortney] formes baste ofinl and alin (hed (b) CU-2 5-3), (01% -% 2) (0 Mrle2), (272, 01) Jone Uorneanby taclapordant, /s2 ‘ee a Loaots of i. @ Row Space and (oloumn Space’ , le ge Sauter jung! be ee sek of ve dens. * Rous space alerts Step £4 form +the mahntx M hese yOu Are tho en veckrs. Sep 25 Rous Aeduce M to echalon form . Sep 2% Qutpuk ta menzerro Touts of tan 2ebolon aroabnt. * Cacting-ouk algamtihens Sept ¢ Fowm the aabniy M cshoce Colonmwa are te tee vechors. Sep 2% Row Asduce M fo cchelon form. Step32 fox cach. coloumr G fu He echelon rmabrix wthhand pivot 4 clebabe Ccaot out) Ine veokore OK from tas (&ES of ie weckerg. Slep-A¢ Oulpak Wo rewuatulng vectors in § (hoch cowrespond fo exloumn with pre). ee 1. find the rank uel. basis of Hx vous Apace of cod of be pian analrices ? zt Us pitt =) \ i ae Tete eee lena ) = - 2 o f= (0) A : é i “] ple b= ea 24 sae Ges, oe (a) 4 Roe hy-201 Le de Ome pe ie gh ply Act] 9 2-9-1 RHO! 9 5 4 -¢ -2 0 0 @0 12 WH 4 o 1 3 1 2 By €hs-Ro 9 00 03 o ee 8 ee Ryeey Bho cae (01° © 0 0) 01 eS Ch Gp Ge Ne Coloumns ede pera. Uence, the three mon-zewo Coloumns taving pivols fe Hes veobs (1,919), (U1,0,0), (300) fhe from boa veduced motnty pons a baste f colt (Ay. Abe, te vechoras frou fan orm tq tral arotrix ie. the veers Cuil), (e326), (9/464) forms a baste of colaph- o Titerssectfon of pubspaces Let Uond W 40 fo Aubrpaces of He vecky Apace V over. the frld K. Than UAW ce. be wrtemseck our of fra foo Aubspaces & oso a pubspace of V. @ Sung and oftrect Suing’ Ce ee ee. let Dard W Le pobscels of vechs Apace V. The’ Jou of O and W, wocttenr Utw, consish of all rs , uslise ue ond weW. Le. DS e! eurvs, whore ueU otwew} Utw= Nows Auppese @ amd W ore subspaces of V- Thon Utw te a subspace of V. ee Suppose CU awd W ame finite Dimou sro Auvbsbaces ° Qa vockrr Apace. VA. Thin ah hen fire awe sien 1. Tatuc (Ut) san Urdin W- elim (UW iw Cut) =dim Urdin Wi din (nw) 24g, Gt. Lok V= Moy tu the vector space of 2x2 arotrices. - of ie y nae Hf tL] fe an fo Jefe fee]. Se, a anotrty of U cam te expressed ore Ltusar coubtnaion of tot alove fs Grabricts. leuce, din (v)= 2. Standley, dim ON)=2, dim (vew)= 3, chim (uaw)=!- din(Utw )= alin (u)+ dim (we) = chim (Uae). (rgeifreol) Shenae The vedbr space V fs he Atrech pum of tts Aubpacs O avd W ef onl only F: G@) V=Utw a VU aw-So} 24.1. Labor constdem tre veel Apace ver, aad pou a We 5 (o,be)! bc ee} Than for anny (a,b, 0) er? (abe) = (a) + (%0) (Q¢6,¢) = (2, 0,9) + (0,be). So, aun veckor? Can Le depresenlil tel ae. pu of fwo veebrs ue U and wel Qt Pus (8 nok So, Vt VOW. Abe, (%b,0) EU OW pe b#o - &, oaw r She v=$ (,b,2)! abe} , W= fone cere 1 Carbic) = (arbre) + Corse) Ueure, Vo Derk. hats R2- Cee Co, tre feast Condtffon & Sabifted. tua zero weeks. (0,00) EUAW Leccouse ofher non-zar veoors do not conty he cond sho wo of fra clomonls 6 Budo ig TailicHh (O) meee 50] V-UOW.| where vate? 3 O= S (arbre) 1 abe } Ver? W i (orb): by cer Now , © thon, (arbeC) = (aaed+(e b-a, C-4). leuce, Vevtw: Aho, Uaw= So). © Applscalfens fo Tnlenpelalion s of oegris 3 Le Frd au Tlearpela Prejned ee ett a dake ports: (0,3, Cv), (2), (3/6). Let pa= Qo + Ay 40g FF 03,29, “Thou, po |e ee ae fo points Go, we howe, pled-3 por-* pcn=2 p @) =4 3 Arcee ze A + +0824 =O} Oo — 1 tA2: a3 en Ao +30 +12 + 18> =G Sebring Hs alsove sys of equalrows we qe 4 ae =3 ay + Ag + 4g= -3 Oe Oe UR =-l Boy + ag +2f03 = 3 = AQ +4 +99 =-3 Sano: [Link]. ee | 2 3 | —*s0) a +3a2+ 149 = | The system of equolows Can be writen aot QT a <3 =I ie i AP ea eee 1 3 4 EO Mi {ie th leer fi Ge aay [A] +] - ee ee ql \ Ra Doo = -4 fan --2 | ees Tha talorps Lake wawmal oS ny i and | 2. Find a polynoutel pead= atbat cae ote3 tho efes fort, PO=2, p= 4, PO=4. play = b+20243da™. = pler =! > Bt) 7. pleor-2 > El a Hoe bec+d=4 = fe-d=! ree a b+2e+3d -4 eee AG BY ()— 2x0) % gfe +3d -3h-2d = 22 >[ae | i. =} Cae ~ {pe = +247" ; o Werenpkian © © The dete utnank of fra coefffoent anabrix Ps called tha Wronskian | ¥_Notes & C4) Tf tae Wironskfan WO) fo fore at leaok ove XEIR , taste fur foros fn ve Araanty fclepandeut. (2) Hosever, tas Weronsktan Wlad=0 forralh x doses mot tuply [tusar. dopenckouce of He futons fee far fr Jn fack, Won-°2 wean thot faa foorctfows Ore Aevsarks Aopoudeut at aol poree eR. Se £. Test he Livoar. Prokop endouce of fschows Ay Weronskfan mage om a} a a d?) Fo = Uey € q. ay Fg = 5 ia, ae 4 oR. @ Ts. we Werenekiaon iS defined 2uy fi@d fara ~ ~~~ fa Wer = fu eee full d'@ fei @ ~~~ ft) fs. <2 ae ae are ro need (ned i (~~ ie @ — f.""eo 0) wo here fe (a) denotsa the Ona demivalive of- He fuucken fil cut aespect bo%. C= 3 ) CPEK, gan f ; , af fi =2, faw = es2, {2 =stun, fil) foe) — falar We= | filo flor fate N pm fla — gota x Cosx Shux Me — Shun Cook oO =teosae —Stux =x le Bite 40a] -1[- ctugloce + stuyfosx | ~ e ee Weo = tL x wee ~% o 2* a ax [ft +1] -1044), S2af 0 for ato. Mone, Hae, oe} He ny apm CD fs 3 xe, an, i oe ae filo= eo +2, whan % %° oclal= e —-%x eshon x20. / Here, Ficay= all, fr) =a - xa x 7 Wa) = = 2efil-297 l=o Zlal lm formalize. aie abla? Te Leaaonty cipendent on each eatemr’al, C-20, 0°] Anal [% +).

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