Chapter-06 > 1 integral % | OA = Li 3 unleeding > Linea Par AB > Non linear part \ ; | unoodivi : 7 wwnteoG eo ae is elastic mt. then leading and Unloading pak will be same Aassic — plastic material & lee tece 4 But jg o-A-B is net be same He joading + Un loacling path wilt TR Rice in 146g Pwpoed J-integral, + Characterized crack in EPEM (CElaitic - plastic Fractwe mechanics) domain. ¥ Path independent integrals Eshelby introduced a number % Contour integrals ay n W ra tial is Constituhi ve = Srsaiw emeray Per unit Velume cpalaHon which is ay Seijdeij valid only Fer a Traction vecto ¥ yn = Oij Mj | Clastic mn. uj 2 displacement Vector Scanned with CamScannerPoth independent Integral € Ma Lek us eosidey is Close integral A-B-c-0-EF | p> me" fa S445 0 fr oD f. FA \ dekinaHon 4% integra} Ser each path (ware. - 7 oat ds) Fr | 4 § the crack faces are traction free therefor Tie a Fa Crack Faces will be along %, theefere dxui=0 Ny eo co Ge 5 + J -o = : a “3 i L r 1 2 Valug integral along path A-B-c q path D-E-F iS Same, ‘—'Sign is because dixection 4 both te Paths are opposite, Scanned with CamScannerDekination & J - inreyrel ¢ a. Ste ae jut ds) \ A oie al ivre gral is path independent #2, One Can Choose any aArbiteny path arround the Crock Hp t+ 2. D- integral from ome Crack face 4% eds om Other crack is emelased With the Pah is Value aq integral which & Sart face with Crack +ip J-integral for Linear Alastic bed ies fi The Path 40 deter mine J-integral is AB cast integral valueq path B-c + D-E is Zev because Akvis ze 4 Free edges are Ho. +ractio Free #4. integral a pate + CD is also zee because Smal\ amount % Stresses #4, First term wddx, om path A-@ 4 E-F Will be Zen becawye Bendingnianet is zed Scanned with CamScanner#S. only tracton term will be preset on Path A-B £ E-F Pp oo 4 ¥ Dr, aes Du, pa, Bu RAL Frs > ax Et . » yu. £4 eee ee ac ar ee Bay 2eL 2 Pa one eae — Sor OA 2ET : Gf oo a ae ae Je -2 \ T Cn oe ae \a Pate [44s = Juds = 7 Esk j2 pra | => Value q J-iniegvak is Same as emevay eek weye vate 'G' fer linea elanic body Scanned with CamScannera * J-integral — Features . HL. J-integyal is enecgy baad Parameter, Which can be easily crrelate With the stress as well UW energy based approaches. sea. J-integral is move versatile parameter Which can be used iN LEEM & EPFM domain ) LEFm demat HS. special Form of J-integral is energy velene rate (G) ir + 4. Designes can utlize J-integral +o determine onset of Cradle Growth ey extical joads. #S. 3 - integral is a line integeal Which is path independent, Ht 6. Numerical or FEA/FEM canbe effectively Used to determine I- integra % STRESS - STRAIN RELATION Te dereymine J- integral, Tt would be Mose Convenient te desoribe Clatic plastic material With gingle Smosth Curve. Ramberg 4 Osgosd desenibed behavior — most ob engineering materials in some convenient constitutive Ferm Es Modulus % elasticity NE | Maternal constarts 1 is hardening exponent =) Fer linear elastic mHs W =e Fer elastic- Perfeekhy Plastic wt. Scanned with CamScannera @ Value @ F is much larger than E the fore fer small value g ©, ep is Very small. As & increases, Sp incneae, Fer large values of ©. Ge is very lavye compare + Ee, Hardening exponent 'n' is dimension less therefor F hay dimension "6 tothe power n" See een ee Example ay alloy steel is represented by the equation a= oe ea oS ~ 2x ilo Where © is given in ksi. Medity the equation fey @ ven in MPa | Solution ty dng Biven Ramberg -Osgood equation units q E and F ave | ksi (Ksi)*? ve speatively, Iksi= ¢-895 MPa B= 3°,000 X 6-845) = 206.8 x jo? MPa Fos axyolt x eqs Sie. 1o'8 (apa)? o Ramberg -Osgood equation in St Umit — = te 3 Where © Is in MPa 206-9 x18 10x 10) The matesal constants fe = = => dog Ep = 0 deg — fog ap Which is equation op straight line 4 F are determined From an expenmental srress strain cute etese. ond piste cn data (7 Fitted iva st-line by taking legaitim Slope a st line beames 1, Tb a st lime cannot be fitted 4o the experimental data, the material is not represented by a Rawberg — Osgood relation. Scanned with CamScannerEngineosing Apptoach - A Short cut * A Simplified Relaton fer J- Integral Energy veletse vate canbe expressed as ( Fer Linear elastic solids) _. et Kh 8° g4ra F accomds geomeby o crac 7 as = oo pre1 fer intinite plake wit centre Crackef pre biz for inginite plake with edge crack. fee lineoe elastic Selida ge can be taken Fem handbak fer other wecan unk e- = 4 substtute geowebies In above equation Ga Parea £ = whichis notring but elastic Pata J ie de Materials Following Rawibery -Osgoed equatHon, Platic Part q J canbe Unite as - n 2p is plate strain => Spa iam Heepa a : F H_ is dimension less pavanieter 4 depends on geomen Unit of J-inteqral MP. ™ A n4l ax Ae aed SS So N frye X79 F J mm a " n+) See Hoan F Scanned with CamScannerx» Applications te Engineering problems 8 n €.- 2% +«[] £0 So joas parameter is dimension eferance valus % Strain 4 Stress respect voty So & 6 “are some with is elaate hwit 64 = Ee Generally 6, is then ak “Ys tl e ¢ so. oe | x ee FL ie 4 a So 6,” Es te oom &o x fo And Platic part A J-inteyrel is enpreual as n+l P is applied load Per Unit thickness Fo is limit or Gllapsed load oft the Plabe based ov oy (= 62) Tp = 6 fo BS hi CP . Po b is Unkwken ligameut hengts 3, 4h, ave geome Factors 4 depads => A di a spacer G8 Scanned with CamScannerExample Cemtre- Cracked panel 4% widty 2W= Soo mm = and wy thickness B= 20 mm is PUWled Nnermal tthe Crack feugts C€ 2a = loo mm), with a Fax Field Stress & Estimate he Maximus @ that can be applied Without Caming tne growth Of the crack ib Ip = 4YookI/m* Material Cnstats 4 the Rawiberg Osgood equation are N= 5, k= Sy by =S20 and D fo = 010025 Gs) el ; n+l Solin: 32 x oy Bob 5 Bhs fF] 7 b= 2824 _ Se0- 100 aoomm a ee To Find Ps 9, + hy, we have to vefe, Appendix 8 Lets ascume Plane Strain Cond tion From Appendix 6B ¢ f= Abs _ AX OEx SPOKE auoxio! N/m wi G a | LhLhrer zt i= WW 2 Value 4 hi for ae AN=S by interpolation js 2°:714 Scanned with CamScanneroe bed P- 0 882x%h = 204.5 x10 N/m e - —~ aw . ame S122 Lats fied plottc 0). tee | Aa 3 fer fle strain Te = der \ pel Ce cine stress we need te wefer Pppendix 48 Kr = ovnat) ae ee g PO HTH oseta + Ste bes bt 0128 4-0-2884 SAE \-026 to determine Kr, Kee 165°9 Malm p= \ 4 154 2 720mm Bn c Seo fer plane Stun Guditows RZ 2SHME; Vp but in Preseut situation plane strain Condition is net fulfilled Let Us: gone amb embte PRblem With Plane sivess Conditions Ip TH ceeeaaed = 0852 ®) Scanned with CamScannerfer Plane Siwress Condit ous S 6 Po = 2bSs = 2 Si= = |; To determine hy we have + intepellate hy Velie far a wo i . Note : De all the Calculations = Ge! 4 she on swas ¢ ear ae 4-47 Thane unten all the g Answes fom boole ‘fo+iy how ever thee would ole a Se J =o eco ibe some exrvor Po & Oo Sob Shy 6 P= ogra x Po = 177-2 X16 Nim Gee 2 le Iw 2) (2) Kr = 144 MPa laa “o e nD Yep = 16-27 mm Since Platic zone Sizek Plate thickness js 2amm : a Ane i order, Plane stress caleulatas is ap licebe Scanned with CamScanner138 _Elements of Fracture Mechanics APPENDIX 6B The J-Integral of Some Common Cases through Engineering Approach For the engineering approach (Sec. 6.6), J, is defined as J, =aoye,bs,M,(P/)"". In this appendix, the expressions for the geometric factor g, and collapse load Pyare given, and the geometric factor his listed for plane stress (p - 0) and plane strain (p — e) for some commonly encountered cases. Usually, «9 is chosen to be same as yield stress (0, 6B.1 Turee-Point BEND SPECIMEN ‘The specimen is loaded with force P per unit thickness, as shown in Fig. 6.12. | + fo Py =0728 ay 8/1 for plane stain Po = 0.536 07, 8/1 for plane stress 4g; 21, and fy = listed in Table 6.1 for L/W=2. ‘Taste 6.1 hh; for three-point bend specimen [sea a) ae de | 7 ‘0.869 | 0.805 | 0687 | 580 [0.437 | a9 | 0285 | 0.165 oo | 0.600 | 0548 | 0.459 | 0383 | 0.297 | 0.238 | 0.192 | 0.148 e 1034 | 0990 | 0762 | 0639 | 0523 | 0396 | 0308 | 0.215 o 731 | 0429 | 047s | 0370 | 0246 | a7 | 017 | 0.0593 © 1s oss [0.695 | 0556 0.360 | 0.265 o 0797 osx | oats | 0307 or | 0105 € 1.09 ‘0.675 | 0495 | 0351 0135 | o07a1 pw 0767 0.453 | 0324 | 0202 | 0.128 | 0.0813 | 0.0298 re 107 ‘0.61 | 0436 | 0285 | oar | 0088 | 0.411 po 0.786, 494 | 0367 | 0235 | 0173 | 0105 | 0471 3a [pe | 1a ‘0.693 | 0500 | 0348 | 0.223 | 0.140 | 0.0785 p-o | 107 | 0786 | 47a | 0343 | 0230 | 0.167 | oto | oosazHntegrat 139 6B.2 CenTRe-CRACKED PLATE The plate is pulled by the load P per unit thickness, as shown in Fig, 6.13. " I, Fig. 6.13 A centre-cracked plate for plane strain for plane stress (Listed in Table 6.2) Taste 6.2 h, for centre cracked plate ate 1[2[,3][5]7 [w|i] i | 2 1/8 280 | 361 | 406 | 435 | 433 | 402 | 356 | 3.06 | 246 pro | 280 | 358 | an | car | 405 | a2 | an | as | 370 Ta | pe | 25 | 30 am | 329 | ais | 292 | 20a | 230 | 20 peo | 254 | 297 | aus ait_| ase | 265 | 247 | 220 Be [pe | 208 | ae | 26s Pam | 228 [197 fin | tae | 119 pro_| 234 | 283 | 252 | 235 | 217 | 95 ra_| 1 TH [pe | aa | 229 | 220 | 197 | 176 [ase | isz | 136 | 0978 pro | 221 | 220 | 206 | xa | 103 | 43 | 120 | 117 | 100 we | pe | 22 | 196 | 176 | aaa | 117 | 086s | 0628 | ose | 0300 pro | 22 | im | re | 1m | 122 | io | osss | oz | 0573 af pe | 207 | 17 | 1a Pim | oases | 06 [oa | 0237 | one pro | 207 | im | sa6 | rar | 108 | ase7 | os | ooa7 | 0532140 _Elements of Fracture Mechanics 6B.3 Compact TENSION SPECIMEN ‘The standard compact tension specimen is pulled by the force P, as shown in Fig. 6.14 > 2 re Fig. 6.14 Compact tension specimen Py = 1455 Bb o,, for plane strain Py=LO71 Abo, for plane stress gel hn, = (Listed in Table 63) B= [(20/6)* +4a/b +2)"?~20/b-1. ‘Taste 6.3 h, for compact tension specimen m ay 1 iz: 3 5 ra 10 13. 16 20 18 | pe | 228 | 20s | are | tas [ass | 16 | 12s] 132 | is7 pea_| vot | 147 | 123 | 106 | 090s | 0729 | oso | osu | 0395 ae [pe | 215 | 172 | 139 | 0970 | osss | onss | 0276 | 0.176 | 0098 peo_| 155 | 125 | 105 | oso | 067 | oss | 0377 | 0-284 | 0220 Ta | p-e | 196 | 151 | 124 [oss | os | oa | asta | oz | 01m pea_| 140 | 10x | ogo | oats | oss | cuss | ase | 0208 | 0.200 378 | pe | 176 | 145 | 1.28 | o87a | 0752 | 0602 | 0459 | 0347 | 0248 pro | 1.27 | 103 | 07s | aos | 0593 | 0496 | ozs | a7 | 0510 3a | pe | in | 1a2 | 126 | 103 | ases | o7i7 | 0575 | osas | 0345 po | 123 | 0977 | oa3s | ass | 0500 | 0506 | assi | 0373 | otaHntegral_ 144 6B.4 SINGLE-EDGE NoTcHED PLATE ‘The plate with an edge crack is pulled by far field stress (= P/W) as shown in Fig. 6.15. ftttt brad Fig. 6.15 Single-edge-notched plate Py = 1455 Bb O, for plane strain Py =1072Hb o, for plane stress ana +h, = (Listed in Table 6.4) B= (1Hab¥ a/b Tanue 6.4 h, for single-edge-notched plate = |) dea pa fs Le [ar [ew fos Puss [0 1s | pe | 498 | 693 | e57 | 115 | 135 | 161 | 181 | 199 | 212 peo | 358 | 455 | 506 | 530 | 496 | 414 | 329 | 260 | 1.92 1 | pe | 434 | 477 | 464 | 382 | 306 | 2a7 | 155 | im | 072 peo | 3u_| 326 | 292 | 212 | 153 | 0960 | ots | 0.400 | 0.230 378 | pre | 388 | 3.25 | 263 | 168 | 108 | 0599 | 0.276 | 0.142 | 0.0595 peo | 28 | 237 | 194 | 137 | 101 | 0677 | o47s | 0342 | 0226 12 | p-e | 340 | 230 | 169 | 0928 | 0514 | 0213 | 0.090 | 0.0385 | 0.0119 peo | 246 | 167 | 125 | 076 | 0510 | 0286 | 0.164 | 0.0956 | o.0469 578 | pre | 286 | 180 | 130 | 04697 | 0378 | 0.153 | 0.0625 | 0.0256 | 0.0078 p-o | 207 | rai | 1.106 | 0755 | 0551 | 0363 | 0248 | 0172 | 0.07 3/4 [pre | 234 [161 | 125 | 0769 | 047 | 0.233 | oe | 0.059 | 00215 p-o | 170 | 14 | oso | 06s | os7 | 0260 | oe | 0.18 | 0.0670142_Elements of Fracture Mechanics 6B.5 Dousie-Epce NotcHep PLaTE ‘The double-edge notched plate is pulled by far field stress ¢ (= P/2W), as shown in Fig. 6.16. (leleiete! Fig. 6.16 Double-edge-notched plate Pq = (0.72W + 1.82b) o, for plane strain Py & fn, = (Listed in Table 6.5) 4b Oy) IB for plane stress 1 Taste 6.5 hy for double-edge-notched plate Vee a 2a] ess oe ao as dee ao ie | p-e | 0572 | O77 | 092 | 113 | 135 | ie | ise | 208 | 244 p-o_| 0583 | 0825 | 102 | 137 | 17 | 22 | 284 | ase | 462 wa [pe | 110 | 132 | 138 | 165 | 175 [ ase | 186 [19 | 192 peo | 101 | 123 | 136 | 14s | 154 | 158 | 159 | 159 | 159 378 | p-e | 161 | 189 | 192 | 192 | 194 | 168 | 149 | 132 | 12 p-o| 120 | 142 | 143 | 134 | 124 | 1.09 | 0970 | 0873 | 0674 v2 | pe | 222 | 243 | 24s | 243 [232 | 22 | 1m | 160 | 151 peo | 148 | 147 | 138 | 117 | 10 | 0865 | 0732 | 0.625 | 0.208 5/8 | pe | ate | sas | sas | saa | 328 | 300 | 254 | 236 | 227 peo | 159 | 145 | 129 | 104 | 0882 | 0.737 | 0.609 | 0.466 | 0.020 3/4 | pe | 524 | 629 | 717 | aaa | 046 | 109 | 9 | 113 | 174 p-o | 165 | 143 | 122 | 0979 | 034 |‘o701-| 0630 | 0.297integral 143 6B.6 Axiatty CRACKED PressurizED CYLINDER Pressurized cylinders are commonly used in industries; crack along the axial direction may grow under pressure p,, as shown in Fig. 6.17. Fig. 6.17 Axial crack in a pressurized cylinder Po= 2b oy, AW R) gsa/w Jy = (Listed in Table 6.6) R= (Rta) ‘Taste 6.6 fh, for internally pressurized cylinder with axial crack WR, as a UR 1 2 3. 5 7 10 vs | us 73 | 92 | us | a1 | 149 10 oot | 759 | 876 | 934 | 955 1/20 579 | 66 | 765 | sor | 775 w | us ax | 903 | 959 | 97 | 94s ano zaa | 795 | 80s | 778 | 698 v0 e_| zor | 747 |. 72 | 65 i | us | sr | wa | 907 | sm | 952 | 2a wo | 10s | ne | woz | 647 | 395 | 227 wo | 1s | 18 | ze | sis | aos | 262 ave | as | too | ssa | 29 | 12a | oas | 029s wo | ter | sis | 387 | t45 | 105 | over v0 | ma | a | ser | iso | 123 | onesAd_Elements of Fracture Mechanics 6B.7 CIRCUMFERENTIALLY CRACKED CYLINDER Figure 6.18 shows the cylinder subjected to an axial load P, with a circumferential crack on the inside surface of depth a, The far field axial stress for this case is o= P/(z(R3 ~R?)) ttt ttt eo Ri wt th Fig. 6.18 Circumferentially cracked cylinder Foy (R-RI/B gaa/W (Listed in Table 67) RaR+a Tasux 6.7 Value of hy for circumferentially cracked cylinder ER 2 3 5 7 101 ws | 15 | a7 | soo | soe | se | 899 | ma io | 400 | 513 | 609 | 76 | 909 | ma v0 | 401 | 523 | 62 | 72 | 919 | mi va | as | 38s | 495 | 56a | 649 | aoa | a2 ato | 4a7 | 535 | 609 | 693 | 730 | 7a ayo | 438 | 568 | 645 | 729 | 762 | 765 wz [ ws | 44 | 478 | 459 | 379 | 307 | 238 ato | sao | 590 | 563 | 451 | 349 | 247 120 | 655 | 717 | 689 | sae | 413 | 277 34 | as | az | 303 [ 223 | ass | 130 | am aio | 518 | 378 | 257 | 159 | am | 110 120 | 66 | 487 | 303 | -168 | 130 | 107