STRUCTURAL CALCULATION
NEW BEAM DESIGN
APRIL 1, 2024
I considered the various loads that the roof trusses would receive when exterior wall of
the existing space were to be demolished to expand the new area.
And at this time, it was precisely determined whether additional beams were needed for
the existing roof truss or whether the current status was appropriate.
The current roof is an old-fashioned truss system using 2x4 rafters.
The forces applied to the roof include snow load, wind load, and self-load.
The basis here is self-load.
Under the condition of removing the existing wall, the shearing force between the
existing wall and the truss is removed, so the load on the roof is greater on the basic
wall.
During the process of demolishing the walls of the existing space, the roof connected to
the wall is directly affected by the roof's own load.
In order to minimize the impact of this, the roof truss structure must be designed more
robustly and new reinforcing beams must be added.
However, beams should not be added haphazardly, but should be added using the most
reasonable triangulation method.
Fig. Roof truss design with added beams (triangulation method)
This truss feature a 90-mph wind load (IBC 2018 & 2021),105-mph design wind speed
rating, a 20 PSF roof live load, and a 15 PSF ground snow load at 10-foot centers (2018
& 2021 IBC).
We use either 1-1/2" x 1-1/2" or 2"x2" angle for both the top and bottom chords
depending on the truss span with 1-1/4" x 1-1/4" angle for webbing.
For roofs that don't get a lot of snow, a gable roof can extend up to 22 feet using 2x4
rafters.
This 2×4 can support up to 40 pounds or 300 pounds when laid horizontally on its edge
without sagging.
From this, I calculated the force moment and cutting force applied to the beam and
considered the safety factor.
The results of the analysis considering the loads that the roof receives are as follows.
DESIGN CRETERIA:
DESIGN LOADING PER IBC 2021, WIND LOADS PER ASCE 716
ROOF LIVE LOAD=20 PSF
ROOF DEAD LOAD=20 PSF
BASIC ULTIMATE WIND SPEED=170 MPH
RISK CATEGORY II BUILDING: ENCLOSED
WIND EXPOSURE=EXPOSURE B
kd =0.85
INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT=+/-0.18
ULT WIND PRESSURE (Lateral Force Resisting System) =36 PSF
ULT WIND PRESSURE (Component and Cladding) =44 PSF
IMPACT RESISTANCE ASSEMBLY : YES
TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION : CBS
Live loads
WIND LOADING PARAMETERS
Parameter Value Remarks
Structural type (enclosed, partially Partially enclosed
enclosed, or open)
Roof type Sloped
Basic wind speed 6m/s
Risk category ||
Directionality factor, kd 0.85
Topographical factor, kzt 1
Exposure category C
Gust effect factor 0.85
Topography significant, Y/N No
Design method (Directional, envelope, Directional
C&C)
SEISMIC LOADING PARAMETERS
Parameter Value Remarks
Site class D
Mapped spectral acceleration parameter 0.6g
Ss
Mapped spectral acceleration parameter 0.3g
S1
Risk category ||
Seismic design category D
Lateral load resisting system Intermediate moment
frame
Long-period transition period 8sec
Response modification factor, R 5
System overstrength, omega 3
Deflection amplification factor, Cd 4.5
Occupancy importance, I 1
WIND LOAD
WIND EXPOSURE CAT.C
WIND IMPORTANCE FACTOR, | 1.0
TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR, kzt 1.0
SEISMIC
SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY A
SD1 0.033
SITE CLASS D
S1 0.021
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY ||
SEISMIC IMPORTANCE FACTOR, | 1.0
DEAD LOADS
Roof slab (with the tin slab)
STRUCTURAL LOADING CRITERIA
Layer material Thickness(m) Density(kg/m^3) Weight/area(kg/m^2)
Asphalt 0.1 850 85
Tin for roof slab 0.02 7265 32
Light weight 0.02 1600 32
concrete(grading)
Grout (Gypsum & 0.05 1300 6.5
Soil) for outer face
Finishing (bottom
face)
Total weight 162
Interior wall(partition)
STRUCTURAL LOADING CRITERIA
Layer material Thickness(m) Density(kg/m^3) Weight/area(kg/m^2)
Brick 0.1 850 85
Grout (Gypsum & 0.02 1600 32
Soil) for inner face
Finishing (inner 0.005 1300 6.5
face)
Finishing (outer
face)
Total weight 162
BASIS OF DESIGN
REINFORCEMENT GRD 60
GROUT ASTM C404 COARSE
MORTAR TYPES
CMU ASTM C90
MATERIAL LIVE LOAD
THERMAL FACTOR, Ct 1.0
SNOW LOAD IMPORTANCE FACTOR, | 1.0
SNOW EXPOSURE FACTOR, Cc 1.0
FLAT ROOF SNOW LOAD 35PSF
GROUND SNOW LOAD 50PSF
SNOW LOAD
STEEL PLATES ASTM A36
STEEL SHAPES ASTM A992
TOPOGRAPHIC FACTOR, Kzt 1.0
The following calculations are to size structural members strength for the new beam at.
Calculations are prepared in accordance with the following Standards:
Weight of building materials : BS 648
Loading : BS 6399, BS-EN 1991
Structural concrete : BS 8110
Structural timber : BS 5268, BS-EN 1995
Structural steel : BS 5950, BS-EN 1993
• Battens 0.05 kNm^-2
• Felt 0.05 kNm^-2
• Rafters 0.20 kNm^-2
• Ceiling/Services 0.15 kNm^-2
• Total 1.20 kNm^-2 (on slope)
• 1.20 kNm^-2 / cos (20) = 1.28 kNm^-2 (on plane)
• Imposed Load 0.60 kNm^-2
Dead load:
Pitched roof: g1=1.28kN/m^2 * 8.10m=10.368KN/m
Imposed load:
Pitched roof: q1=0.60kN/m^2 * 8.10m=4.86KN/m
Applied loading
Beam loads: Dead self weight of beam*1
Dead full UDL 10.368 kN/m
Imposed full UDL 4.86 kN/m
Load combinations
Support A: Dead*1.40
Imposed*1.60
Span: Dead*1.40
Imposed*1.60
Support B: Dead*1.40
Imposed*1.60
Analysis results
Maximum moment: Mmax=14.569 kNm Mmin=0kNm
Maximum shear: Vmax=14.507 kNm Vmin=0kNm
Deflection: 5.3mm
Maximum reaction at support A: RA_max=14.5kN
RA_min=14.5kN
Unfactored dead load reaction at support A: RA_dead=7.2kN
Unfactored imposed load reaction at support A: RA_imposed=3.2kN
Maximum reaction support B: RB_max=14.5kN
Unfactored dead load reaction at support B: RB_dead=7.2kN
Unfactored imposed load reaction at support: RB_imposed=3.2kN
N1=14.569/10.5=1.386>1.2
N2=14.507/10.5=1.380>1.2
From this, the safety factor calculated by force moment and cutting force is 1.38, which
satisfies the allowable safety factor.