📔 GRAMMAR

(EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH)

✒ သဒ္ဒ မတတ် စမတတ်မဟု တ်ပေမယ့် သဒ္ဒတတ်မှ စမခက်မှ ပ။ သဒ္ဒဆို တက အမှ န်တကယ်က စရေနည်စည်ကမ်ပပဲ။ ဒ
ကြေင့် (Spoken English)အပြေမှ တေ သဒ္ဒ မလို ပေမယ့် (Written English)အရေမှ တေ သဒ္ဒမသိလို့ မဖြစ်ပဘူ ။ကျနေ
ကတေ အတန်တစ်တန်ကို စစသင်ရင် အနည်ဆုံ နှ စ်ပတ်လေက်အချိန်ယူ ပြီ (Eight Parts of Speech) ကို စသင်ပတယ်။
အခု လည် လေ့ လသူ တွေအတွက် အချိန်ပေရေပေလို က်ပတယ်။

✔ The parts of speech explain how a word is used in a sentence.

ဝင်္စ ကရှ စ်မျိုကို သေချသိမှ ဝကျတစ်ကြေင်ရဲ့ဘယ်အစိတ်အပို င်တွေမှ ဘယ်လို စလုံ မျိုတွေ သုံ ရတယ်ဆို တသိလမှ ပ။

✔ There are eight main parts of speech (also known as word classes).

ဝစင်္ဂ ရှ စ်မျိုကို တနည်အဖြင့် word class (စကလုံ အမျိုအစ) တွေလို့ခေလည် မမှ ပဘူ ။

✔ အဲဒတွေက ဘတွေလဲဆို တေ

1. Nouns (နမ်)

2. Pronouns (Pron) (နမ္စ)

3. Adjectives (Adj) (နမဝိသေသန)

4. Verbs (V) (ကြိယ)

5. Adverbs (Adv) (ကြိယဝိသေသန)

6. Prepositions (Prep) (ဝိဘတ်)

7. Conjunctions (Conj) (သမ္ဗန္ဓ)

8. Interjections (Interj) (အမေဍိတ်)

✔ ဝစင်္ဂ ရှ စ်မျိုကို တစ်မျိုချင်ကြည့် ကြည့် ရအေင်

1️⃣ NOUN - (Naming word)

Noun တွေကို ခွဲလို က်ရင် အေက်ပအတို င်တွေ့ရမယ်။

A noun is the name of

2. Place

3. Thing

4. Idea

Examples:

Daniel,London,table,dog,teacher,

pen, city,happiness,hope

Example sentences:

▪ (Steve) lives in (Sydney).

▪ (Mary) uses (pen and paper) to write (letters).

2️⃣ PRONOUN -(Replaces a Noun)

A pronoun is used in place of

1. a noun(or)

2. noun phrase [to avoid repetition]

Examples:

I, you, we, they, he, she, it, me, us, them, him, her, this, those

Example sentences:

▪ Mary is tired.

(She) wants to sleep.

(I) want (her) to dance with (me).

3️⃣ ADJECTIVE -(Describing word)

An adjective

1. describes
2. modifies

3. gives more information about a noun or pronoun.

Examples:

(big,happy,green,young,tall,crazy)

Example sentences:

▪ The (little) girl had a (pink) hat.

▪ (Adjustable) shelves have (long) lengths.

4️⃣ VERB - (Action Word)

A verb shows

1. an action or state of being

2. what someone or something is doing

Examples:

(go,speak,run,eat,play,live,walk,

have, like,are,is)

Example sentences:

▪ I (like) spoken English.

▪ I (study) their charts and (play) their games.

5️⃣ ADVERB -(Describes a verb)

An adverb describes/modifies

1. a verb

2. an adjective

3. another adverb.
Examples:

(slowly,quietly,very,always,never, too,well,tomorrow,here)

Example sentences:

▪ I am (usually) busy.

▪ Yesterday,I ate my lunch (quickly).

▪ He runs (slowly).

6️⃣ PREPOSITION - (Shows relationship)

A preposition shows the relationship of 1. a noun or pronoun to another word.

They can indicate

1. Time

2. Place

3. Relationship

Examples:

(at,on,in,from,with,near,between, about,under)

Example sentences:

▪ I left my keys on the table for you.

▪ I will come to you at 10 am tomorrow.

▪ I 'm interested in art.

7️⃣ CONJUNCTION - (Joining word)

Conjunction joins

1. Two words

2. Ideas

3. Phrases or Clauses [together in a sentence and shows how they are connected].
Examples:

(and, or, but, because, so, yet, unless, if, since)

Example sentences:

▪ I was hot and exhausted but I still finished the marathon.

▪ I passed the exam because I tried hard.

8️⃣ INTERJECTION - (Expressive word)

*An interjection is a word or phrase.

*It expresses a strong feeling or emotion.

*It is a short exclamation.

Examples:

(Ouch! Wow! Great! Help!Oh! Hey! Hi!)

Example sentences:

▪ Wow! I passed my English test. Great!

▪ Ouch! That hurt.

Oh! I see.

ဆက်ကြည့် ရန်

✔ Most parts of speech can be divided into sub-classes.

တချို့ parts of speech တွေကို နေက်ထပ်အမျိုအစတွေ ထပ်ခွဲနို င်သေတယ်။

ဥပမတွေကြည့် ရအေင်

🔵 Noun တွေကို အမျိုအစထပ်ခွဲနို င်တယ်။

Nouns can be divided into _

ကို င်မရ၊ထိမရ၊မမြင်ရ

(bravery,joy,love,hatred,passion,freedom)

2. CONCRETE NOUNS

(ထိရ၊ကို င်ရ)

A. Proper nouns (တစ်ဦဆို င်နမ်)

(Michael/Africa/United Nations/The Tower of London/Uncle George/The Red Lion/Yangon/Shwedagon/

My favourite auntie is Auntie Sally.

(the first auntie= a common noun/ the second Auntie = part of a proper noun.

B. Collective nouns –အသင်၊အစု ကို ပြ

(team,choir,herds,crowd,flock,bunch,school,colony)

C. Common nouns – ထိရ၊ကို င်ရ

(student, teacher, river,chair,road,city)

D. Material nouns - (ပစ္စည်နမ်)

(cotton,rubber,diamond,gold,wood,wool)

3. COMPOUND NOUNS –

စလုံ တစ်လုံ ထက်ပို

(court-martial, pickpocket, water bottle,

post office,son-in-law,upper class,

rainfall )

4. COUNTABLE NOUNS - ရေတွက်ရ

(boy, box, fox,student,car,teacher,room)

(food, music, rice, wood, sand, water)

6. GENDER-SPECIFIC NOUNS - လိင်ရှိနမ်

(vixen,actress,oxen,tigress,ogress,ox,ogre,actor)

7. VERBAL NOUNS –ကြိယကနေဆင်သက်

(a building,an attack, a record)

8. GERUND NOUNS - လှုပ်ရှ မှုကို ပြ (running fast, guessing a number,

borrowing money)

[Link] NOUNS (ပို င်ဆို င်မှုပြနမ်)

(Mg Mg's book /my friend's house/ the teacher's books)

[Link] PLURAL NOUNS

(ပုံ မှ န်ဗဟု ဝု ဒ်နမ်)

(cars,bags,pens,books,boys)

[Link] PLURAL NOUNS

(ပုံ မမှ န်ဗဟု ဝု ဒ်နမ်)

(men,women,geese,children,people,feet,teeth)

🔵 Pronouns တွေကို အမျိုအစခွဲရင် (၁၀)မျိုရှိတယ်။

1. Personal Pronouns

(I,we,you,they,he,she,they)

2. Interrogative Pronouns
(Who,Where,Why, Whom, Which, When)

3. Indefinite Pronouns

(some,
few,another,any,nothing,one,each,either,neither,everyone,everybody,everything,someone,something)

4. Relative Pronouns

(who, whose, whom,whoever, that, which, what, whatever,where)

5. Possessive Pronouns

(mine,ours,yours,his,hers,theirs,its)

6. Reflexive Pronouns

(myself,ourselves,himself,herself,themselves,itself)

7. Intensive(or)Emphatic Pronouns

(myself,ourselves,himself,herself,themselves,itself)

8. Demonstrative Pronouns

(this,that,these,those)

9. Reciprocal Pronouns

(each other, one another)

[Link] Pronouns

(each,neither,either,any,none)

🔼 CASES OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS

A. Subjective(Nominative)
(Pronoun Subject)

B. Objective =(Pronoun Object)

C. Possessive=(ပို င်ဆို င်မှု ပြ)

🔵 Adjective မျကို လည် အမျိုအစထပ်ခွဲနို င်ပသေတယ်။

1. Descriptive Adj

▪ The (beautiful) flowers have a good smell.

▪ The cat is (hungry).

2. Quantitative Adj(many,half,a lot)

A: How many children do you have?

B: I only have one daughter.

A: Do you plan on having more kids?

B: Oh yes, I want many children!

3. Demonstrative Adj

A: (Which)bicycle is yours?

B: (This)bicycle is mine, and (that)

one used to be mine until I sold it.

4. Possessive Adj

(my, your, our, his, her,their,its)

A: (Whose)dog is that?

B: He’s [Link]’s (my) dog.

5. Interrogative

Adj(Which,What,Who)

▪ Which song will you play on your wedding day?

▪ What pet do you want to get?

▪ Which color is your favorite?

(Which is your favorite color?)(✖)

6. Distributive Adj

(Each, any, either, every)

▪ Every rose has its thorns.

A: Which of these two songs do you like?

B: I don’t like either song.

7. Articles Adj (a, an, the)

▪ The elephants left huge footprints in the sand.

▪ An elephant can weigh over 6,000 pounds!

🔼 Degrees of Adjectives

A. Positive Degree (D1)

B. Comparative Degree (D2)

C. Superlative Degree (D3)

🔼 Order of Adjectives

D>O>S>S>A>C>O>M>P

အဲဒီလို အစဉ် မှ တ်ထပ

1. Determiner

2. Opinion

3. Size

4. Shape

5. Age

6. Color

7. Origin
8. Material

9. Purpose

🔵 Verb တွေကို အမျိုအစထပ်ခွဲကြည့် ရအေင်

1. Helping Verbs(or)Auxiliary Verbs

အကူ ကြိယ

A. Verb to be

B. Verb to do

C. Verb to have

D. Modal Verbs

2. Full Verbs (V1,V2) ကြိယပြည့် အကူ ကြိယမလို

3. Main(or) lexical (or) principle Verbs

အဓိက ကြိယ

A. Monotransitive Verbs

(Obj တစ်လုံ လို တဲ့ ကြိယ)

B. Intransitive Verbs

(Obj မလို တဲ့ ကြိယ)

C. Ditransitive Verbs

(Obj နှ စ်လုံ လို တဲ့ ကြိယ)

4. Action (or) Dynamic Verbs

(လှုပ်ရှ ပြုမူ ဆေင်ရွက် ကြိယ)

5. Linking Verbs

(Sub နဲ့ predicate ကို ဆက်သည်)

6. Satative Verbs
(လှုပ်ရှ မှုမရှိတဲ့ ခံ စ၊တွေတေ၊ရှုမြင်သည့် သဘေ) ရေရင်အရှ ည်ကြီရေရမှ ရယ်

6. Regular Verbs (ပုံ မှ န်ကြိယ)

7. Irregular Verbs(ပုံ မမှ န်ကြိယ)

8. Finite Verbs

(Non-finite Verbs နဲ့ပြေင်ပြန်မှ တ်ပ)

9. Non-finite Verbs

(Infinitive,Participle,Gerund)

(No sub,no tense,no number)

[Link] Verb

(the base form of a verb)

(No tense,no number)ကလ၊အနည်အမျမရှိ

[Link] Verbs

(ought to,used to,need to,dare) ကျန်တတွေကသိပြီထပြီသမို့ မပြေတေပ

[Link] Verb

(Tense မရှိတဲ့ ကြိယ)

Verb အကြေင် နေက်မှ ဆက်ရေပေပမယ်။

🔵 Adverb တွေကို လည် ခွဲကြည့် ရအေင်။Adverb of

1. Time

2. Place

3. Manner

4. Reason
5. Frequency

6. Purpose

7. Contrast

8. Degree

9. Direction

10. Evaluation

11. Conjunctive Adverbs

12. Certainty

🔼 Positions of Adverbs

1. Front-position(Initial)

(Frequency, manner, time, place,certainty)

2. Mid-position

(Frequency, manner, time,certainty, degree)

3. End-position(Final)

(Frequency, manner, time, place)

🔵 Preposition တွေကို လည်ထပ်ခွဲနို င်သေတယ်။

Prepositions can be divided into_

1. Prepositions of Time (အချိန်ပြဝိဘတ်)

(on, at,in, from, since, ago,before,until,by)

Example sentences:

▪ He started working (at) 10 am.

▪ The company called a meeting (on) 25 October.

2. Prepositions of Place and Direction

(on, at, in, from, towards, up, down, across,between,among,through,behind,above,over,below)

▪ He is (at) home.

▪ She comes (from) Taungoo.

▪ There is a mutual understanding (between) us.

▪ He ran (towards) the east coast of the island.

▪ Don't go (across) the road.

▪ Let's go (through) thick and thin.

3. Prepositions of agents or things

(by, for, with,of,about,etc)

Example sentences:

▪ This session is (about) resume writing.

▪ Most of the students joined for improving their soft skills.

▪ I will always be here (for) you.

▪ The cake is baked (by) Henry.

4. Phrasal prepositions

(Along with,apart from,because of,by means of,according to,in front of,in spite of,on account of,in
addition to,with regard to,instead of, on top of)

Phrasal ဝိဘတ်မျ

(နှ င့် အတူ , မှ ခွဲပြီ,အကြေင်မှ ၊နည်လမ်အဖြင့်၊အရ,ရှေ့တွင်,သေလည်,အကေင့်၊

ဖြည့် စွက်က,အအလေထ,အစ,အပေမှ )

Example sentences:

▪ (In spite of)the heat,he went out yesterday.

▪ (Apart from) giving information,

advertising tries to influence our emotions.

▪ Advertisements are different (according to) age groups.

🔵 Conjunction တွေကို ထပ်ခွဲရင်

(သုံ မျို)ရတယ်။

A. Coordinating Conjunction

(and,but,or,nor,for,so,yet) FANBOYS

B. Subordinating Conjunction

(although,because,as,if,since,after,that,how,once,before,though,until,when,whereas,while,whether,as
far as, every time,as long as,as soon as,so that, even though,in order that)

C. Coorelative Conjunction

(both...and,either....or,neither......

nor,not only.......but also,

so.......as,whether.....or not,no sooner....than,rather......than)

🔵 Types of Interjections ငမျိုရှိပတယ်။

Interjections for Greeting (နှုတ်ဆက်)

(Hello! ,Hey! ,Hi! Etc)

Interjections for Joy (ပျေရွှင်)

(Hurrah! ,Hurray! ,Wow! Etc)

Interjections for Approval (ထေက်ခံ )

(Bravo! ,Brilliant! ,Well done!)

Interjections for Surprise (အံ့ ဩ)

Interjections for Grief/Pain(နကျင်ပူ ဆွေ)

(Alas! ,Ah! ,Oh! ,Ouch! Etc)

✔ It is important to know that a word can sometimes be in [more than one part of speech].

နေက်ရှိသေတယ်။ တချို့စလုံ က part of speech တစ်ခု ထက်မက ပို သုံ နို င်တတွေ့ရတယ်။

ဥပမ။ increase ဆို တဲ့ စလုံ မျို

▪ Prices increased .(increase=Verb)

▪ There was an increase in the number of followers.(increase=n)

ဥပမ။ play ဆို တဲ့ စလုံ

▪ Children are playing footfall in the rain.

(playing =Verb) ကစသည်

▪ U Pon Nya wrote many plays.

(play = Noun) ပြဇတ်

ဥပမ ။ like ဆို တဲ့ စလုံ ဆို ရင် သုံ နေရရေနို င်တယ်။

▪ Like the earth,the moon does not shine by its own light.(like=prep)

▪ I like to read.(like =Verb)

▪ He looks like his father.(like=adj)

✔ တချို့ဆရတွေက (Articles)တွေကို ကို ခု မြေက်ဝစင်္ဂ အဖြစ် ထည့် သွင်ဖေပြကြပတယ်။

ARTICLE - (Defining word)

သုံ မျိ ု ရှိတယ်။ a နဲ့ an က indefinite articles(မတိကျ) ဖြစ်ပြီ the က definite article(တိကျ) ဖြစ်တယ်။ Noun ရှေ့က
ရေတဲ့ determiners တွေဖြစ်တယ်။

Examples: a, an, the

▪ I need (a) dictionary.

▪ (The) dictionary needs to be in English.

ဒီနေ့တေ ဒီလေက်ပပဲ။

နေက်မှ (Verb)အမျိုမျိုအကြေင်နဲ့

(Conjunction)အကြေင်ကို ဆက်တင်ပေပဦမယ်။

အင်္ဂ လိပ်စတို တက်ကြပစေ။

SEIN OKE

8.9.2019