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YEAR OF
ADVANCED FOUNDATION CATEGORY L T P CREDIT
INTRODUCTION
CET426
DESIGN PEC 3 2019
3 0 0

Preamble: Goal of this course is to impart to the students, in-depth knowledge about the basic
concepts and theories of foundation design. After this course the students will be able to understand
and apply the design considerations to satisfy the major and other requirements of the geotechnical
design of foundations.
Pre-requisite : Geotechnical Engineering -II

Course Outcomes: On successful completion of the course the student will be able to:

Explain allowable soil pressure and safe bearing capacity, evaluate safe bearing
CO 1
capacity of shallow foundations by IS formula
Proportion and design pile foundations, evaluate settlement of pile groups , uplift
CO 2
capacity of single and group of piles in clay
CO 3 Calculate the deflection and ultimate lateral load capacity of vertical piles

Evaluate the load carrying capacity of under reamed piles and load capacity and
CO 4
uplift resistance of belled piers
Calculate depth of embedment for cantilever sheet pile walls in clay and sand,
CO 5
Analyse the considerations for design of machine foundations

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes (Minimum requirement)

PO PO PO
PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9
10 11 12
CO 1 3 - - - - - - - - - - -
CO 2 3 3 - - - - - - - - - -
CO 3 3 3 - 2 - - - - - - - -
CO 4 3 3 2 - - - - - - - - -
CO 5 3 3 3 - - - - - - 2 2 -

Assessment Pattern

Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester

Bloom’s Category
Test 1 (Marks) Test 2 (Marks) Examination (Marks)
Remember 5 5 10
Understand 10 10 20
Apply 25 25 50

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Analyse
Evaluate 10 10 20
Create

Mark Distribution

Total Marks CIE Marks ESE Marks ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) Pattern :

Attendance : 10 Marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 Marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 Marks

End Semester Examination (ESE) Pattern : There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contains 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14
marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

(Questions may be framed based on the outline given under each course outcome)
Course Outcome 1 (CO1):
i)Understand allowable soil pressure and safe bearing capacity
ii)Evaluate safe bearing capacity by IS
iii)Evaluate allowable bearing capacity of footings subjected to moments
iv)Understand the procedure of evaluating the safe bearing capacity of footings in layered soil
Course Outcome 2 (CO2):
i) Calculate load carrying capacity fromSPT and CPT,Values
ii) Explain equivalent raft concept and evaluate the total consolidation settlement of pile groups
ii) Evaluate pile group settlement in sand
iii) Evaluate uplift capacity of single piles and group of piles in clay
Course Outcome 3 (CO3):
i) Evaluate the safe bearing capacity of single bulb and double bulb under reamed piles in sand
and clay.
ii) Perform geotechnical design of under reamed piles as per IS

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iii) Evaluate uplift capacity of piles and allowable soil pressure for belled piers
Course Outcome 4 (CO4):
1. Calculate the deflection and lateral load capacity of vertical piles for the following cases
i. Rigid and elastic piles in clay and sand for free headed and fixed headed condition using
Brom’s curves.
ii. Explain IS lateral load test

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

i) Evaluate the depth of embedment for cantilever sheet piles in sand and clay
ii) Understand behavior of anchored bulkheads installed in clay and sand with concept of free
earth and fixed earth support
iii) Understand various terms related to vibration
iv) Create mathematical models for free and forced vibrations with and without damping
v) Explain the various design considerations of machine foundations
vi) Evaluate the soil parameter for natural frequencies of block foundations
vii) Explain different methods of vibration isolation and control

Syllabus

Module 1 (6 hrs)
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations-IS code formula - Numerical problems- Footings subjected to
moments-Numerical problems- -Allowable bearing pressure from SPT N-values –Numerical problems-
Footings on layered soil (concept only)

Module 2 (7 hrs)
Deep foundations- - Geotechnical Design of Piles from SPT and CPT-values-Numerical problems-
Settlement of pile groups in clay and sand- equivalent raft approach-Numerical problems- Settlement of
pile groups in sand-Skempton’s method-Meyerhof’s method- Numerical problems- Uplift capacity of
single piles and group of piles in clay -Numerical problems-

Module 3 (7 hrs)
Under reamed piles – Load capacity in sand and clay-design considerations as per IS– numerical
problems- Drilled piers (straight shafted and belled) in clay- - Design Considerations- Load Transfer
Mechanism - Vertical Bearing Capacity and uplift capacity of belled pier-Numerical problems

Module 4 (8hrs)
Behavior of vertical piles under lateral loading, Pile resistance and deflection under lateral loads, IS and
Brom’s method, IS lateral load test on vertical piles- numerical problems

Module 5 (8 hrs)
Sheet pile walls-Types of sheet pile structures-Design of cantilever Sheet pile wall in clay and sand -
Numerical problems-Anchored bulk heads –fixed earth and free earth support (concept only).

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Machine foundations- Types of Machine foundations, basic definitions, degree of freedom of a block
foundation, general criteria for design of machine foundation, free and forced vibrations, vibration
analysis of a machine foundation, determination of natural frequency, vibration isolation and control.

Text Books:

1. Swami Saran, Analysis and design of substructures, Oxford &IBH publishing [Link].
NewDelhi,2013
2. [Link], Foundation Engineering, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, 2012
3. Das B. M., Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, Cengage India Pvt. Ltd., 2010.
4. Ranjan G. and A. S. R. Rao, Basic and Applied Soil Mechanics, New Age International, 2002.
References:
1. Arora K. R., Geotechnical Engineering, Standard Publishers, 2006.
2. Purushothamaraj P., Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Dorling Indersley (India)
Pvt. Ltd., 2013
3. Murthy V.N.S,Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and practices of Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering, New York : Marcel Dekker, 2003.
Course Contents and Lecture Schedule:

Outcomes
Module Contents Hours
Addressed
1 Module 1 6
1.1 Bearing capacity of shallow foundations-Review of CO1
terminology-IS code formula for safe bearing capacity of 1
shallow foundation
1.2 Numerical problems CO 1 1
1.3 Footings subjected to moments-effective width concept- CO 1
1
Numerical problems
1.4 Allowable bearing pressure from N Value-Teng’s equations for CO1
safe bearing capacity of strip, square and circular footings, Safe 2
bearing pressure for a permissible settlement
1.5 Numerical problem- Footings on layered soil concept with CO 1
explanation 1

2 Module 2 7
2.1 Deep foundations- Geotechnical Design of Piles from SPT and CO 2 2
CPT -values-number and spacing-Numerical problems-
2.2 Settlement of pile groups in clay-equivalent raft concept- CO 2 2
Numerical problem

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2.3 Settlement of pile groups in sand-Skempton’s method- CO 2 1

Meyerhof’s method-Numerical problem
2.4 Uplift capacity of single piles and group of piles in clay - CO 2 2
Numerical problems
3 Module 3 7
3.1 Under reamed piles-ultimate load carrying capacity in sand and CO3 1
clay-design considerations as per IS
3.2 IS formula-single and double bulb -Numerical problems CO 3 2
3.3 Drilled piers (straight shafted and belled) in clay- Design CO 3 2
Considerations- Load Transfer Mechanism

3.4 Vertical Bearing Capacity and uplift capacity of belled pier - CO 3 2

Numerical problems
4 Module 4 8
4.1 Behavior of vertical piles under lateral loading - Failure CO 4 1
mechanisms of short piles in cohesive and granular soils for
restrained and unrestrained conditions, given by (Broms)
4.2 Failure mechanisms of long piles in sand and clay both free CO4 1
headed and fixed headed given by Broms-
4.3 Empirical Methods to Determine Lateral Strength of Piles-IS CO4 1
2911 and Brom’s method
IS2911 method-concept and assumptions made- Criteria for
classification of piles into short rigid piles or long elastic piles:
Lateral load test on vertical piles.
4.4 Details of Broms Method- Chart for estimating the ultimate CO 4 1
lateral resistance of short and long piles in clayey soils
4.5 Chart for estimating the lateral deflection at ground level for CO 4 1
piles in Clayey soils under working loads given by Broms.
4.6 Chart for estimating the ultimate lateral resistance of short and CO 4 1
long piles in sandy soils and
Chart for estimating the lateral deflection at ground level for
piles in Clayey soils under working loads given by Broms.
4.7 Numerical problems using Brom’s charts alone CO 4 2
5 Module 5 8
5.1 Types of Sheet Pile Walls-Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls - CO 5 1
Cantilever sheet pile walls with cohesion less backfill-deflection
diagram-depth of embedment
5.2 Cantilever sheet pile walls with cohesive backfill-depth of CO 5 1
embedment

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5.3 Numerical problem- Anchored sheet pile walls-free earth CO5 2

support and fixed earth support analysis(concept only)-Rowe
moment reduction factor
5.4 Machine foundations- Types of Machine foundations, basic CO 5 1
definitions, -degree of freedom of a block foundation- general
criteria for design of machine foundations
5.5 Free vibration without damping –Spring mass system-free CO 5 1
vibration with damping- Forced vibrations without damping-
5.6 Vibration analysis of a machine foundation-determination of CO 5 1
parameters required – Natural frequency of foundation soil
system-Barken’s method-Numerical problems
5.7 Vibration isolation-active and passive isolation-vibration control CO 5 1

Model Question Paper

QP CODE:
Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

th
VIII SEMESTER [Link] DEGREE EXAMINATION, MONTH & YEAR

Course Code: CET426

Course Name : ADVANCED FOUNDATION DESIGN

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 hours

Note:Use of BROM’s chart permitted
Part A
(Answer all questions; each question carries 3 marks)

1. Explain IS code formula for evaluating bearing capacity of shallow foundations.

2. Discuss the modifications made in evaluating the bearing capacity of a footing in a two layered
soil deposit.
3. Explain equivalent raft concept of evaluating consolidation settlement of pile groups
4. Discuss on uplift capacity of a group of piles.
5. Sketch the failure mechanism of a rigid pile in clay given by Broms.
6. List the assumptions made in IS2911 for evaluating the lateral load capacity of a vertical pile.
7. Explain the basis of design of foundations on expansive soils
8. Explain the uses of under reamed piles
9. Differentiate between cantilever sheet piles and anchored bulk heads
10. Explain Barken’s equation for evaluating natural frequency of a block foundation.

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PART B
(Answer one full question from each module, each question carries 14 marks)

Module – 1
11. (a)Differentiate between safe bearing capacity and allowable soil pressure. (6 Marks)
(b)The applied load on a shallow square foundation make an angle of 15o with the vertical
.Given B= 1.85m, Df = 1.2m, ϒ = 18.5 kN/m3, ɸ = 30o , C= 26 kN/m2. Use FS = 3. Determine
the gross allowable load, use IS6403 recommendations. (8 Marks

12a). Explain Teng’s equation for evaluating bearing capacity of shallow foundations. (4 marks)

b). A square footing 1.8mX1.8m is loaded with an axial load of 1800 kN and Mx =450kNm and My
=360kNm,Given Փ=36o, depth of footing =1.8m, ϒ=18kN/m3 WT at 6m below GL, determine net
ultimate bearing capacity and factor of safety against shear failure. For Փ=36o take Nq=38 and
Nϒ=[Link] IS6403 recommendations and useful width concept (10marks)

Module – 2
13. (a) Explain the criteria regarding optimum spacing of piles. (4marks)

b). A group of piles has to support a vertical axial load of 2000 kN. The piles are driven into clay and
have a length of 10.5 m. The thickness of the clay stratum is 15 m. The clay is followed by a rock. The
saturated unit weight of clay is 19 kN/m3 and its cohesion is 25 kN/m2. The clay is normally
consolidated and has a liquid limit of 60. Its specific gravity is 2.7. The water table is at the ground
surface itself. Assuming the diameter of the piles as 300 mm, design a friction pile group. A factor of
safety of 3 is required against shear failure. Compute its ultimate settlement. (10marks)

14. (a) Explain evaluation of settlement of pile groups in sand (4marks)

(b) A concrete pile of 40 cm diameter is driven into a homogeneous mass of cohesion less soil. The
pile carries a safe load of 650 kN. A static cone penetration test conducted at the site indicates an
average value of qc = 40 kN/m2 along the pile and 12000 kN/m2 below the pile tip. Compute the
length of the pile with FS = 2.5. (10 Marks)

Module – 3
15. (a) Explain the load transfer mechanism of a belled pier in clay (4 Marks)
(b) Estimate the load carrying capacity of drilled pier whose shaft is 100 cm diameter for a length of
8m. The diameter is belled to 250 cm in a length of 4 m at the bottom. The top 10 m of the pier passes
through submerged soft clay (γsat = 18 kN/m3) with cohesion 20 kPa. The pier rests on dense sandy
gravel with an angle of friction of 38o. The values of Nc, Nq and Nγ for 38o are 75, 80 and 50
respectively, ∞ =0.8. (10 Marks)

16. (a) Explain the advantages of an under reamed pile. (4 Marks)

(b)A single under reamed pile is installed in a soft clay deposit. The centres of the under ream is
located at a depth of 15m from the ground surface. The diameters of the pile shaft and bulb are

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respectively 1m and [Link] the allowable load with a factor of safety of [Link] undrained
shear strength of the soil obtained from the vane shear test is given by the relation Cu=65+7D where Cu
is in kN/m2and D is the depth in metres. Assume α=1 (10 Marks)
Module – 4
17. (a) Differentiate between short and long piles. (4 Marks)
(b) A steel pipe pile of 61 cm outside diameter with 2.5 cm wall thickness is driven into saturated
cohesive soil to a depth of 20 m. The undrained cohesive strength of the soil is 85 kPa. Calculate
the ultimate lateral resistance of the pile by Broms' method with the load applied at ground level.
(10 Marks)
18. (a) Sketch the deflection diagram of an elastic pile under lateral load (4 Marks)
(b) A reinforced concrete pile 50 cm square in section is driven into a medium dense sand to
a depth of 20 m . The sand is in a submerged state. A lateral load of 50 kN is applied on the pile
at a height of 5 m above the ground level. Compute the lateral deflection of the pile at ground
level. Given: nh = 15 MN/m3, El = 1.15 x 103 kN-m2. The submerged unit weight of the soil is
8. 75 kN/m3. If the pile is fully restrained at the top, what is the deflection at ground level?
(10 Marks)
Module – 5

19 (a)Explain free earth analysis of anchored sheet pile walls. (4 Marks)

(b)A cantilever sheet pile is to be installed in cohesion less soil of unit weight 20kN/m3 and φ =
30°. The height above dredge level is 6 m and water level above dredge level is 3 m. Estimate
the depth of penetration needed for the sheet pile for stability. Find also the theoretical maximum
bending moment in the pile (10 marks)

20. (a)Explain any one method of method of vibration control. (6 Marks)

(b) Determine the natural frequency of a machine foundation of base area 2m × 2m and
weight 150 kN, assuming that the soil mass participating in the vibration is 20% of the weight of
foundation. Take Cu = 36,000 kN/m3. (8 Marks)

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