Grade 11
Chapter 6
Introduction
Transformation
In geometry, a transformation is a way to change the
position of a figure. There are two types of
transformation, such as rigid and non-rigid
transformation. Rigid transformation is our main focus
in this chapter.
By: Segni Degefu
Rigid transformation
Motion that preserve distance is called rigid
transformation.
Rigid motion carries any figure into congruent
figure.
Types of rigid transformation
Translation
Reflection and
Rotation
By: Segni Degefu
Grade 1
Transformation: rigid motion
Introduction
In geometry, a transformation is a way to change the
position of a figure. There are two types of
transformation, such as rigid and non-rigid
transformation. Rigid transformation is our main focus
in this chapter.
By: Segni Degefu
Translation
Translation is parallel movement.
If point P is translated to 𝑃′ , then 𝑃𝑃′ which is
equal to 𝑃′ − 𝑃 is called translation vector and
denoted by 𝑇(𝑎, 𝑏).
By: Segni Degefu
Image of point under the given Translation
Suppose 𝑇(𝑎, 𝑏) is translation vector. Image of any point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is
𝑃′ (𝑥 + 𝑎, 𝑦 + 𝑏) that’s means
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑇(𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑃′ (𝑥 + 𝑎, 𝑦 + 𝑏)
Example
If the point 3,2 is translated to −1,0 , then find the image of 7, −5 ?
Solution
Translation vector= −1,0 − 3,2 = (−4, −2)
→ 𝑇 𝑎, 𝑏 = (−4, −2)
𝑃 7, −5 𝑇(−4, −2) 𝑃′ (7 − 4, −5 − 2)
Therefore, image of 7, −5 𝑖𝑠 (3, −7)
By: Segni Degefu
Image of line under the given Translation
Suppose 𝑇(𝑎, 𝑏) is translation vector. Image of a line L: Ax + By +
𝑐 is 𝐿′ : 𝐴 𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝐵 𝑥 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 that’s means
L: Ax + By + 𝑐 𝑇(𝑎, 𝑏)𝐿′ : 𝐴 𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝐵 𝑥 − 𝑏 + 𝑐
Example
If the point 3,2 is translated to −1,0 , then find the image of the line
3x − 5y = 1?
Solution
Translation vector= −1,0 − 3,2 = (−4, −2)
→ 𝑇 𝑎, 𝑏 = (−4, −2)
3x − 5y = 1 𝑇 −4, −2 3 𝑥 + 4 − 5 𝑦 + 2 = 1
Therefore, image of 3x − 5y − 1 𝑖𝑠 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 = −1
By: Segni Degefu
Image of circle under the given Translation
Suppose 𝑇(𝑎, 𝑏) is translation vector and
𝐶: (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 )2 +(𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 )2 = 𝑟 2 be the given circle. Find image f
center of the given circle.
𝐶(𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 ) 𝑇 𝑎, 𝑏 𝐶 ′ 𝑥0 + 𝑎, 𝑦0 + 𝑏 = 𝐶 ′ (ℎ, 𝑘) is the center of its image.
Therefore image of (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 )2 +(𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 )2 = 𝑟 2 is
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 +(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
Example
If the point 3,2 is translated to −1,0 , then find the image of the
(𝑥 − 9)2 +(𝑦 + 5)2 = 144?
Solution
Translation vector= −1,0 − 3,2 = (−4, −2)
→ 𝑇 𝑎, 𝑏 = (−4, −2) and center of the given circle is (9, −5)
C(9, −5) 𝑇 −4, −2 (4, −7)
Therefore, image of(𝑥 − 4)2 +(𝑦 + 5)2 = 144 𝑖𝑠
(𝑥 − 4)2 +(𝑦 + 7)2 = 144
By: Segni Degefu
Exercise
1) (𝑥 − 1)2 +(𝑦 − 4)2 = 8 is translated to
(𝑥 + 5)2 +(𝑦 − 6)2 = 8 , then find
a) Image of the point (10,13)
b) Image of the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3
c) Image of (𝑥 + 2)2 +(𝑦 + 3)2 = 8
By: Segni Degefu
Exercise on translation(entrance related)
1) If the image of the line 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟕 under translation
is 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎, which one of the following is a translation
vector of the translation line?
A.𝒖 = 𝟐, −𝟏 𝑩. 𝒖 = −𝟐, 𝟏 𝑪. 𝒖 = −𝟏, 𝟐 𝑫. 𝒖 = (𝟏, −𝟐)
2) If translation T takes a point −𝟏, 𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒂 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕(𝟑, 𝟐),
then find image of the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎
under Translation T .
3) If the line equation 𝑳: 𝒚 + 𝟐 = 𝟑𝒙 is translated by
translation vector (𝟐, −𝟏), then find image of L ?
4) If translation T takes the point 𝟐, −𝟑 𝒕𝒐 −𝟏, 𝟑 , then
what is the image of the line 𝒍: 𝟓𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟔 under the
given translation T?
By: Segni Degefu
Reflection
Reflection is a mirror image of the shape.
Reflection is defined based on its mirror line.
Image of any object is perpendicular bisector of the line of
reflection.
Reflection is denoted by 𝑀
By: Segni Degefu
Rule of reflection
Reflection about x-axis
Image of 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑃′ (𝑥, −𝑦)
→first coordinate remain the same and second coordinate is
opposite.
By: Segni Degefu
Rule of reflection
Reflection about y-axis
Image of 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑃′ (−𝑥, 𝑦)
→ second coordinate remain the same and first coordinate is
opposite.
By: Segni Degefu
Rule of reflection
Reflection about the line 𝑦 = 𝑎
Image of 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑃′ (𝑥, 2𝑎 − 𝑦)
By: Segni Degefu
Rule of reflection
Reflection about the line x = 𝑎
Image of 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑃′ (2𝑎 − 𝑥, 𝑦)
By: Segni Degefu
Rule of reflection
Reflection about the line y = 𝑥
Image of 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑃′ (𝑦, 𝑥)
Image of 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑃′ (−𝑦, −𝑥)
By: Segni Degefu
Reflection about a line y=mx
Slope of L: m tan ; y mx
Coordinates of A:
x r cos ; y r sin
Coordinates of A:
x r cos 2 ; y r sin 2
x r cos 2 r cos 2 cos sin 2 sin
x r cos cos 2 r sin sin 2
x x cos 2 y sin 2
By: Segni Degefu
Reflection formula
Similarly, Still remember: x r cos ; y r sin
y r sin 2 r sin 2 cos cos 2 sin
y r cos sin 2 r sin cos 2
y x sin 2 y cos 2
In the derivations we made use of the following trig identities:
(1) Sine of sum and difference:
sin sin cos cos sin
(2) Cosine of sum and difference:
cos cos cos sin sin
By: Segni Degefu
Reflection about a line y=mx
Summary of our results:
Reflection about y=mx, passing through origin
x x cos 2 y sin 2
y x sin 2 y cos 2
In matrix form:
x cos 2 sin 2 x
y sin 2 cos 2 y
By: Segni Degefu
Image of point when it is reflected about the line
Let A(𝑥, 𝑦) be the point and 𝐿: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 be line of
reflection.
Steps to find image of 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦) when reflected about
𝐿: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
1. Find equation of a line which
−1
passes through A(𝑥, 𝑦) having slope
𝑚
2. Find intersection point of the
two lines(this serve as a mid point)
3. Using mid point and one the end
point𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦) , find the other end
point which is 𝐴′ (𝑥, 𝑦).
By: Segni Degefu
Reflection a line through another line
To find image of a line s when reflected about a line L,
follow the following cases.
When a line s is perpendicular to L
→ 𝑚𝑠 𝑥𝑚𝐿 = −1 , image of s is its own.
When a line s is parallel to L
→ 𝑚𝑠 = 𝑚𝐿 , find the distance between s and L and add
the result on L.(the result is image of s)
When a line s is neither parallel nor perpendicular to
L. follow the following steps
o Find intersection of the two lines call is 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
o Choose any point on s say 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦)and find its image
when it is reflected about the line L say 𝐴′ (𝑥 ′ , 𝑦 ′ )
o Lastly, find equation of a line passing through 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
and 𝐴′ (𝑥 ′ , 𝑦 ′ ).the result is image of s
By: Segni Degefu
Example
Find the image of the line S: 3 x y 2 when reflected
through the line L: y x 4.
Solution:
The line S can be written as S: 3 x y 2. The slope of S is
m 3. The slope of L: y x 4 is m 1.
Because the two slopes are not equal, the two lines will meet.
By: Segni Degefu
Exercise (entrance related)
1) What is the image of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 12 = 0 when
it is reflected with respect to the line 𝑦 = −𝑥 ?
2) A point (3,5) is reflected over x-axis. Find the coordinate of its
image point?
3) What is the image of 𝑃(−3,6) after a reflection across the line
𝑦=𝑥?
4) Find image of the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3 after it has been reflected along
the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1.
5) In a reflection, the image of the line 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
2𝑦 − 𝑥 = [Link] is the line of reflection?
6) Find the image of the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4, after reflected about the
line 𝑦 = 𝑥 ?
By: Segni Degefu
When are reflections useful ?
We use reflection in many real world applications,
such as
Manufacturing, especially in mirror –image objects
like gloves , shoes , and spectacles.
Creating objects that needs to be perfectly
symmetrical such as airplanes
Chemist use reflection to create mirror of sugar
molecules such as glucose and fructose.
By: Segni Degefu
Rotation
Transformation that turns a figure about (around) a
fixed point is called rotation.
The given fixed point is called center of rotation.
The number of degrees the picture rotates is called
angle of rotation.
Rotation can be clockwise (negative angle) or
counter clockwise(positive angle)
By: Segni Degefu
Rotation about the origin (0,0)
Coordinates of A:
x r cos ; y r sin
Coordinates of A:
x r cos ;
y r si n
x r cos r cos cos sin sin
r cos cos r sin sin
x x cos y sin
y r sin r sin cos cos sin
r sin cos r cos sin
y y cos x sin x sin y cos
By: Segni Degefu
Rotation
In matrix form:
x cos sin x
y sin cos y
Thus, generally the formula for anticlockwise
rotation about the origin O is
x x cos y sin rotation,
y x sin y cos anticlockwise about O
By: Segni Degefu
Let’s apply rotation formulae
Case 1: When / 2
x x cos y sin x cos / 2 y sin / 2 y
y x sin y cos x sin / 2 y cos / 2 x
x, y y , x
Case 2: When
x x cos y sin x cos y sin x
y x sin y cos x sin y cos y
x, y x, y
By: Segni Degefu
Rotation not about the origin
Next we will see a type of rotation when the center
of rotation is the point a, b rather than the origin.
The matrix form can be modified as: Simply subtract
x a cos sin x a a from x, and
y b sin cos y b b from y.
Thus, generally the formula for anticlockwise
rotation about the origin O is
x a x a cos y b sin rotation, antic.
y b x a sin y b cos about a, b
By: Segni Degefu
Rotation not about the origin
Example. Find the image of a point 3, 4 when it is
rotated through about 6,5 .
Solution: A x, y =A 3, 4 where x 3, y 4.
The point of rotation is:
a, b = 6,5 where a 6, b 5.
x a x a cos y b sin
x 6 3 6 cos 4 5 sin 3 x 9.
y b x a sin y b cos
y 5 3 6 sin 4 5 cos 1 y 6.
Thus, A x, y A 9, 6 is the image of A 3, 4 .
By: Segni Degefu
Rotation not about the origin
Example. Determine the image of the line L: y 3 x 1
after a rotation of = /2 about the point 2, 2 .
Solution: First choose two points from the line,
B1 0,1 and B2 1, 4 . a, b 2, 2
For B1 0,1 : a 2; b 2
x a x a cos y b sin
x 2 0 2 cos / 2 1 2 sin / 2 1 x 3.
y b x a sin y b cos
y 2 0 2 sin / 2 4 5 cos / 2 2 y 0.
Thus, B1 x, y B1 3, 0 is the image of B1 0,1 .
By: Segni Degefu
Rotation not about the origin
For B2 1, 4 :
x a x a cos y b sin
x 2 1 2 cos / 2 4 2 sin / 2 2 x 0.
y b x a sin y b cos
y 2 1 2 sin / 2 4 2 cos / 2 1 y 1.
Thus, B2 x, y B2 0,1 is the image of B2 1, 4 .
1
y2 y1 1 0 1 y 1 x 0
Slope: m 3
x2 x1 0 3 3 y
1
x 1
3
By: Segni Degefu
Example. Find the image of the circle
x 4 y 6 9 when it is rotated through
2 2
= about 7, 3 .
Solution: center of circle 4, 6 ; a, b 7, 3 .
x a x a cos y b sin
x 7 4 7 cos 6 3 sin 3 x 10.
y b x a sin y b cos
y 3 4 7 sin 6 3 cos 9 y 12.
Thus, the point 10, 12 is the image of the center.
And equation of the circle is x 10 y 12 9.
2 2
By: Segni Degefu
Example. Which is the image of the circle with
equation x 2 y 2 1, when it is
2 2
rotated through = / 6 about the origin?
y 1
2 2
A. x 3 1 3 1
B. x 3 1 y 3 1 1
2 2
C. x 3 1 y 3 1 1
2 2
D. x 3 1 y 3 1 1
2 2
By: Segni Degefu
Solution: center of circle 2, 2 ; a, b 0, 0 .
3 1 a 0; b 0.
cos / 6 ; sin / 6 .
2 2
x a x a cos y b sin
x 0 2 0 cos / 6 2 0 sin / 6
3 1
2 2 3 1.
2 2
x 3 1.
By: Segni Degefu
Solution: center of circle 2, 2 ; a, b 0, 0 .
3 1 a 0; b 0.
cos / 6 ; sin / 6 .
2 2
y b x a sin y b cos
y 0 2 0 sin / 6 2 0 cos / 6
1 3 Center of image) is:
2 2 3 1
2 2 3 1, 3 1
y 3 1 The image circle is:
x y
2 2
Ans. C 3 1 3 1 1
By: Segni Degefu
Exercise (entrance exam related)
1) Find the image of the circle with equation(𝑥 + 2)2 +(𝑦 − 2)2 = 1,
𝜋
when it is rotated through about the origin?
6
2) When the plane is rotated 45𝑜 about the point (1, −2), then what
would be the image of the point 2,4 ?
3) Find equation of the image of the line with equation 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 6
that is rotated 90𝑜 clockwise about the origin?
4) If the line with equation 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12 is rotated 90𝑜
counterclockwise about the origin, what is the coordinate of image
of y-intercept?
5) What is the equation of the image of the line with equation
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1 that is rotated 270𝑜 clockwise about the origin?
6) Triangle ABC with vertices 𝐴 2,0 , 𝐵 3,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(3, −1) is rotated
90𝑜 counter clockwise about the origin. What are the coordinate of
the vertices of the rotated triangle?
By: Segni Degefu
Exercise double transformation (ER)
1) Let L be the line with vector equation 𝑥, 𝑦 = 1,1 + 𝑡 3, 1 , 𝑡 ∈
ℝ what is equation of the image of L after being rotated 15𝑜 about
(1,1) and then translated by vector 𝑢 = −1,1 ?
2) Let L be the line with vector equation 𝑥, 𝑦 = −2,1 + 𝑡 1,1 , 𝑡 ∈
ℝ . which one of the following is equation of the image of L after
being translated by the vector 𝑢 = 2, −1 followed by rotation
through 45𝑜 about the origin?
By: Segni Degefu