REAL-APERTURE-RADAR
Michele Crosetto
CTTC, Division of Geomatics
RAR geometry
n-th
range bin
Antenna
RAR
boresight
Range (m)
1
Measurement principle: interferometry
We exploit the phase of the signal.
We exploit the difference of phases measured in two or more acquisitions.
TX
First
acquisition
RX
1 d
d 2 1
4
TX
Second
acquisition RX
2 amplitude
Vibration Phase shift
The sensitivity is of the (Ku
order of fractions
band=17.4 mm) of
wavelength (submillimetre).
the radar 1mm 41º
3
RAR system
Ibis-S – IDS Spa
2
Vibration monitoring
R(t)
o x
5
LOS Displacement (mm)
The range profile Time
We measure a profile, with
typically 1 measure/50 cm
For each element of the
profile (i.e. every 50 cm) we
measure a displacement
time series.
3
Key characteristics
High sensitivity to displacements.
The sensitivity depends on the power of the target response, which
depends on the target geometry/material, sensor-target distance, etc.
The maximum acquisition rate (Ibis-S) is 200 Hz.
We measure in the line-of-sight:
PPm instead of PP’.
Easy-to-deploy, fully remote sensing,
contact-less, 24h and all-weather
measurement.
4
A high-speed train viaduct
Location
10
5
RAR installation
RAR 43.7m
RAR observation geometry: only the RAR line-of-sight displacement
(arrow in red in the figure) is measured.
11
Measurements configuration
RAR 43.7m
We analysed the temporal
behaviour of 4 bins along the arch,
and one corresponding to the pier.
Sampling frequency: 93 Hz
12
6
Passing of a train
Passing of the
high-speed train
(AVE) during the
measurement
Note that the violet line (bin 90), which refers to the pier bin, shows a
very small, but measurable, vibrations too.
13
Passing of a train
Pier
- 1.2 mm
During the maximum solicitation of the bridge the oscillation is
harmonic with a period T=0.6 s (1.67 Hz frequency).
The delay of onset solicitation between the 1st and the 4th bin (distant
about 7 m) is 0.2 s (we deduce an average train speed of 126 km/h).
14
7
Passing of a train
The four bins of the arch have the same behavior; different frequencies
are detected from the calculation of the spectrum for the entire
temporal sample.
The energy of the pier vibration (bin 90) is too small to allow us the
detection of its main frequencies.
15
A building
16
8
Building and light pole
17
Light pole
Measured displacements (mm)
1.15
0.95
Displacements (mm)
0.75
Rbin 19
0.55
0.35
0.15
13200 13300 13400 13500 13600 13700 13800 13900 14000 14100 14200
Sample number (f=100 Hz)
Point Object Distance SNR
LOS [m] [db]
19 Light pole 9 49.2
18
9
Light pole
19
Building
Measured displacements (mm)
0.09
0.085
Displacements (mm)
0.08
0.075 Rbin 77
Rbin 78
0.07
Rbin 79
0.065
0.06
0.055
13200 13300 13400 13500 13600 13700 13800 13900 14000 14100 14200
Sample number (f=100 Hz)
Punt Objecte Distancia SNR
LOS [m] [db]
77 Façana 37.9 62
78 Façana 38.4 78.4
79 Façana 38.9 75.4 20
10
Building
21
A validation case
22
11
A validation case
The building has a reinforced concrete structure, with double-
basement, ground floor and 10 storeys.
Collaboration with BRGM, service RNSC - Orléans & BRGM, SGR Montpellier
23
RAR vs. microtremor sensors
Several microtremor sensors installed in different positions
Guralp CMG-6TD three-component digital seismometer
Microtremor 2.14 Hz 2.72 Hz 4.05 Hz 6.8 Hz 8.8 Hz
Radar 2.14 Hz 2.72 Hz 3.95 -4.05 Hz 6.8 Hz 8.8 Hz
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12
25
The Collserola tower
26
13
Measurement scheme
Measurement scheme: the radar was located 270 m far from the base
of the structure observing the structure with an elevation angle of 22.5º.
Bin - Height
743 - 258m
706 - 230m
703 - 228m
694 - 221m
667 - 200m
648 - 183m
636 - 177m
627 - 164m
618 - 155m
571 - 101m
Radar
270m
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Displacement time series
Displacement time series (along the line of sight - LOS) for different bins.
Amplitude ranges from 100 m to 4 mm.
We observe a periodicity (T=approx. 3.77s) for all selected points.
28
14
Natural frequencies
We observe the expected peak at 0.26Hz and some more peaks with a
lower amplitude which could be ascribed to higher modes.
Frequency = 0.26 Hz
Frequency = 0.5 Hz
Frequency = 0.7 Hz
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Cables of the
Collserola tower
30
15
Measurement scheme
31
Target response - SNR
32
16
Displacement time series
Peak-to-peak amplitude, 100-130 μm.
33
Natural frequencies
An interesting application:
Tower Estimate tension forces from frequencies:
2
0.268 Hz f
T 4 L n 5.316Hz, etc.
2
Peaks in 0.268Hz, 1.066Hz, 2.132Hz, 3.194Hz, 4.264Hz,
n
34
17