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Simple Harmonic Motion Overview

This chapter discusses simple harmonic motion including examples like a simple pendulum, mass-spring system, and liquid column in a U-tube. It defines key characteristics of SHM including displacement as a cosine function, maximum velocity at x=0, maximum acceleration at x=±A. Example problems are solved for displacement, frequency, period, velocity, acceleration and phase angle at given times.

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May Fadl
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24 views18 pages

Simple Harmonic Motion Overview

This chapter discusses simple harmonic motion including examples like a simple pendulum, mass-spring system, and liquid column in a U-tube. It defines key characteristics of SHM including displacement as a cosine function, maximum velocity at x=0, maximum acceleration at x=±A. Example problems are solved for displacement, frequency, period, velocity, acceleration and phase angle at given times.

Uploaded by

May Fadl
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter 2

by
Mahmoud Ossaimee
Professor
Eng. Physics Dept.
m_ossaimee@[Link]
Room 119
Course Contents
Chapter Course Content
1 Force, Work and Energy
2 Simple Harmonic Motion
3 Mass-Spring System
4 Damped Oscillation
5 Forced Vibration and Resonance
6 Superposition of Simple Harmonic Motions
7 Wave Motion
8 Mechanical and Sound Waves
9 Wave Reflection and Interference
10 Wave Diffraction
2
Chapter 2
Simple
Harmonic
Motion

3
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
Examples
• Simple Pendulum

4
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
Examples
• Mass-Spring System

5
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
Examples
• Liquid Colum in U-tube

6
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
• Simple harmonic motion is the projection of uniform circular motion onto a
straight line

7
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

t
Light beam 𝜔
A
t=0
Q Ball on ∅ x
o
A rotating
While the ball Q turntable x(t)
moves on the Amplitude
turntable in
(max. displacement)
uniform circular
motion, the Initial
shadow P moves phase angle
back and forth on - O
P +
Screen
x(t ) = A cos(t +  )
the screen in A A
simple harmonic Shadow of Displacement phase
motion ball Q on the angle at
screen time t

8
Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration Relations

Displacement

x = A cos(t +  )

xmax =  A

A = Amplitude

9
Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration Relations

Velocity

v = x = − A sin(t +  ) v 2 = A2 2 sin 2 (t +  )


= A2 2 1 − cos 2 (t +  ) 
=   A2 − x 2 
=  2  A2 − A2 cos 2 (t +  ) 
vmax = A at x = 0 =  2  A2 − x 2 

➢Maximum velocity =  A and occurs at x = 0


x=-A x=0 x=A
v=0 vmax v=0

10
Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration Relations
Acceleration
a = x = − 2 A cos(t +  ) = − 2 x

amax =  2 A

➢Maximum acceleration = 2 A and occurs at x = A

x=-A x=0 x=A


amax a=0 amax

11
Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration Relations
Acceleration
a = x = − 2 A cos(t +  ) = − 2 x

amax =  2 A

x = − 2 x This is called “the differential equation of SHM”

If we analyze any system or write its equation of motion and we encounter such
relation that means the system executes SHM.
The term ω = ωo is called the natural angular frequency of the system.

12
Displacement

x=-A x=0 x=A Velocity


v=0 vmax v=0
amax a=0 amax

Acceleration

13
Solved
Examples

14
Example The displacement in a S.H.M. is given by: 𝑦 = 12 cos (6𝜋𝑡 +𝜋/4) 𝑚, where 𝑡 is in
seconds. Calculate:
a. Amplitude

Amplitude 𝐴 = 12 𝑚.

b. Frequency

c. Period

15
d. Speed at 𝑡 = 7⁄8 𝑠

e. Velocity at 𝑡 = 1.5 𝑠

16
f. Maximum acceleration

g. Phase angle at 𝑡 = 0.5 𝑠.

17
h. Shortest time interval between the occurrence of the two displacements +6 𝑚 and −6 𝑚

18

Common questions

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The natural angular frequency, denoted as ω₀, represents the rate at which a system oscillates in simple harmonic motion when it is not subjected to any external forces other than the restoring force. It is significant because it defines the inherent frequency of oscillation for the system, essential for predicting the system's response to initial conditions .

The superposition principle states that when multiple waves overlap at a point, the resultant wave displacement is the algebraic sum of the individual displacements. This principle is key for understanding wave interference, where constructive interference increases amplitude and destructive interference reduces it, leading to phenomena such as beats and standing waves, crucial for analyzing complex wave interactions in various media .

In simple harmonic motion, acceleration is directly proportional to displacement but in the opposite direction, forming the basis of the equation a = -ω²x. Maximum acceleration occurs at the points of maximum displacement, specifically at x = ±A, as acceleration is maximum when the restoring force, proportional to displacement, is at its greatest .

Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is the projection of uniform circular motion onto a straight line. This implies that SHM can be described by circular motion where the projection of the motion on an axis results in an oscillation, characterized by a sinusoidal waveform. The application of trigonometric functions such as cosine and sine accurately defines the displacement over time, displaying periodic behavior characteristic of SHM .

For the harmonic oscillator described by y = 12 cos(6πt + π/4)m, displacement varies sinusoidally with a maximum of 12 m. Velocity, the derivative of displacement, will follow a sinusoidal pattern with a phase shift, reversing direction as it passes through zero at maximum displacements. Acceleration, as the derivative of velocity, will be proportional in magnitude but opposite in direction to displacement, achieving maximum magnitude at the points of maximum displacement .

The key mathematical expression for displacement in simple harmonic motion is x(t) = A cos(ωt + φ), where A is the amplitude, ω is the angular frequency, t is the time, and φ is the phase angle. This equation allows for the calculation of maximum displacement (amplitude), as well as determining how displacement changes over time, essential for understanding the motion's periodic nature .

A pendulum can be approximated as a simple harmonic oscillator when its angular displacement is small. Its periodic time is primarily influenced by the length of the pendulum and the acceleration due to gravity, according to T = 2π√(L/g). The mass of the pendulum bob and the amplitude (if small) do not affect the period due to the linear nature of SHM, demonstrating the independence from these variables within ideal conditions .

The phase angle in simple harmonic motion (SHM) indicates the initial position of the system at t=0 in its cycle of oscillation. It alters the initial conditions of sine and cosine functions that describe the motion, thus providing crucial information on the system's starting state and allowing accurate determination of displacement, velocity, and acceleration at any given time .

Amplitude in simple harmonic motion defines the maximum extent of the system's displacement from its equilibrium position. In the expression y = 12 cos(6πt + π/4)m, amplitude is determined to be 12 meters, indicating the peak displacement achievable by the system during its oscillation cycle .

The maximum velocity in simple harmonic motion is determined by the product of the angular frequency (ω) and the amplitude (A), expressed as vmax = ωA. This maximum velocity occurs when the displacement is zero, meaning the oscillating object is passing through the equilibrium position .

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