Typical load flow
PROVO AD INCLUDERE AUSILIARI
Let’s now analyze the system loading and losses corresponding to various
operating conditions at PCC. We want to investigate the generators setpoints in
terms of reactive power to match the given Q/P ratios at PCC. The ratios required
at PCC are Q/P=0.45, Q/P=-0.45 and Q/P=0.
We consider the system working in normal operating condition topology, in this
case we can make computations independently for each of the two branches.
Let’s consider each transformer delivering the maximum active power. For
simplicity we neglect the efficiency of the generator, and we refer directly to the
mechanical power:
𝑃 = 12 𝑀𝑊
The active power at PCC is obtained subtracting the active power absorbed by the
auxiliaries to 𝑃 . Notice that we are considering just one branch, therefore we
select half of the total auxiliary loads.
0.713 𝑀𝑊
𝑃 = = 0.356 𝑀𝑊
2
𝑃 =𝑃 −𝑃 = 12𝑀𝑊 − 0.356 𝑀𝑊 = 11.644 𝑀𝑊
Consider Q/P=0.45 at PCC
The reactive power at PCC will be:
𝑄 = 0.45 ⋅ 𝑃 = 0.45 ⋅ 11.644𝑀𝑊 = 5.240 𝑀𝑊
Resulting in an apparent power at PCC:
𝑆 = 𝑃 +𝑄 = 11.644 + 5.239 = 12.768 𝑀𝑉𝐴
The reactive losses in the step-up transformer can be computed considering 𝑆
as it’s loading, therefore:
𝑆 12.768𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑄 _ = ⋅ 𝑍 = ⋅ 0.12 = 0.489 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑆 40 𝑀𝑉𝐴
We consider also the reactive absorption from the auxiliary loads and the losses in
the auxiliary transformer. Notice that we consider half of the total auxiliary loads,
operating with a PF=0.8 and a duty factor of 75%.
1
𝑃 =
⋅ 950 kW ⋅ 0.75 = 0.356𝑀𝑉𝐴
2
𝑃 0.356𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑆 = = = 0.445 𝑀𝑉𝐴
0.8 0.8
𝑄 _ = 𝑠 −𝑃 = 0.445𝑀𝑉𝐴 − 0.356𝑀𝑊 = 0.267 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑆 0.445𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑄 _ _ = ⋅ 𝑍 = ⋅ 0.06 = 0.0118 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑆 1 𝑀𝑉𝐴
We can therefore sum them in one term accounting for the auxiliary absorption:
𝑄 =𝑄 _ +𝑄 _ _ = 0.267 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 + 0.0118 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 = 0.279 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
Finally, performing a power balance at the busbar we can compute the reactive
power required from the generator:
𝑄 =𝑄 +𝑄 _ +𝑄 = 5.240 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 + 0.489 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 + 0.279 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑄 = 6.008 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
Therefore, at the generator we obtain:
𝑄 6.008 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
= = 0.501
𝑃 12 𝑀𝑊
Corresponding to a power factor of PF= 0.894
Consider Q/P=-0.45 at PCC
The reactive power at PCC will be:
𝑄 = −0.45 ⋅ 𝑃 = − 0.45 ⋅ 11.644𝑀𝑊 = −5.240𝑀𝑊
Resulting in an apparent power at PCC:
𝑆 = 𝑃 +𝑄 = 11.644 + 5.239 = 12.768 𝑀𝑉𝐴
The reactive losses in the step-up transformer can be computed considering 𝑆
as it’s loading, therefore:
𝑆 12.768𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑄 = ⋅ 𝑍 = ⋅ 0.12 = 0.489 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑆 40 𝑀𝑉𝐴
The auxiliaries’ contribution is the same of the previous case:
𝑄 = 0.279 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
Finally, performing a power balance at the busbar we can compute the reactive
power required from the generator:
𝑄 =𝑄 +𝑄 _ +𝑄 = − 5.240 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 + 0.489 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 + 0.279 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑄 = − 4.530 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
Therefore, at the generator we obtain:
𝑄 −4.530 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
= = −0.378
𝑃 12 𝑀𝑊
Corresponding to a power factor of PF= -0.935
Case Q/P=0 at PCC
The reactive power at PCC will be 𝑄 =0
Resulting in an apparent power at PCC: 𝑆 =𝑃 = 12𝑀𝑊
The reactive losses in the step-up transformer can be computed considering 𝑆
as it’s loading, therefore:
𝑆 12𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑄 _ = ⋅ 𝑍 = ⋅ 0.12 = 0.432 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑆 40 𝑀𝑉𝐴
The auxiliaries’ contribution is the same of the previous case:
𝑄 = 0.279 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
Finally, performing a power balance at the busbar we can compute the reactive
power required from the generator:
𝑄 =𝑄 +𝑄 _ +𝑄 = 0 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 + 0.432 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅 + 0.279 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
𝑄 = 0.711 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
Therefore, at the generator we obtain:
𝑄 0.711𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑅
= = 0.059
𝑃 12 𝑀𝑊
Corresponding to a power factor of PF= 0.998