Wolkite University Energy Phy.
College of Natural and Computational Science
Department of Physics
Energy Physics
Phys 4624
By: Fikru Abiko (Ph.D)
E-mail: fikreabiko@[Link]; [Link]@[Link]
1
Energy Phy.
Outline of the course
1. Introduction to energy resources
2. Global Energy Scenario
3. Ethiopian Energy Scenario
4. Energy, sustainability & the environment
5. Fossil Fuels: Nonrenewable energy
6. Introduction to Renewable Energy
7. Solar Energy and solar radiation:
8. Wind Energy
9. Hydropower
[Link] energy
[Link] energy:
[Link] Storages
2
Measurement of solar radiation
❖ Measurement of solar radiations are
i) Pyranometer
ii) Pyrheliometer
iii) Sunshine Recorder
3
Cont…
Pyranometer
❖ A pyranometer is used to measure global solar radiation falling on a
horizontal surface.
❖ Its sensor has a horizontal radiation-sensing surface that absorbs solar
radiation energy from the whole sky
❖ A type of actinometer used to measure irradiance of solar energy
within the preferred location as well as flux density of solar radiation.
❖ The range of solar radiation extends between 300 & 2800nm.
❖ The SI units of irradiance are W/m² (watts /square meter).
4
Cont…
❖ The working principle of a pyranometer is the sensitive surface is
exposed to the total beam, diffused and reflected from Earth and
surrounding radiation.
Pyranometer Applications
➢ The solar intensity data can be measured.
➢ Climatological & Meteorological studies
➢ PV systems design
➢ Locations of the greenhouse can be established.
➢ Expecting the requirements of insulation for building structures
5
Pyrheliometer
❖ The pyrheliometer is a type of instrument, used to measure the direct
beam of solar radiation at the regular occurrence.
❖ To measure direct solar radiation correctly, its receiving surface must
be arranged to be normal to the solar direction. mount.
❖ It is responsive to wavelengths bands that range from 280 nm to 3000
nm.
❖ The units of irradiance are W/m².
❖ These instruments are specially used for weather monitoring &
climatological research purposes.
6
Cont…
❖ The external structure of the Pyrheliometer instrument looks like a
telescope because it is a lengthy tube.
❖ The Pyrheliometer’s lens can be pointed in the direction of the sun &
the solar radiation will flow throughout the lens
7
Cont…
❖ Pyrheliometer Applications
The applications of this instrument include the following.
• Scientific meteorological
• Observations of Climate
• Testing research of Material
• Estimation of the solar collector’s efficiency
• PV devices
8
Cont…
Sunshine Recorder
❖ A sunshine recorder is a device that records the amount of sunshine at
a given location.
❖ Sunshine recorders automatically registering time and duration of
insolation are used at meteorological and climatological research
centers, observatories in agriculture, horticulture and vegetable
gardening.
9
[Link] thermal energy conversion techniques
and applications
❖Solar thermal systems capture the sun's heat and use it for heating
purposes or to generate electricity.
❖There are two main types of solar thermal systems:
a. Solar Water Heating: This system heats water using solar energy.
❖ It typically involves a solar collector that absorbs sunlight and
transfers the heat to water or a heat transfer fluid.
10
Cont…
b. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP): CSP systems use mirrors or
lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a receiver, which absorbs the heat
and transfers it to a working fluid.
❖ The heated fluid is then used to generate steam, drive a turbine, and
produce electricity.
11
Cont…
❖ A solar domestic hot water system uses the sun’s energy collected by a
flat-plate solar collector and transfers the heat to water or another
liquid flowing through tubes.
❖ The system then draws upon this reservoir when we need hot water
inside our home.
❖ This system usually complements an existing electric or gas hot water
system to reduce our utility bill .
12
Cont…
❖ Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the sun
• It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are
broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending
on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar
power.
❖ Passive solar energy: Direct use for heating, lighting, drying,
ventilation purposes etc.
❖ Active solar energy: Conversion to electricity with the aid of special
instruments.
13
Cont…
❖A passive solar system relies on natural sources to transfer heated
water for domestic use, which is more prevalent in warmer climates
with minor chance of freezing periods
❖A solar space heater collects the sun’s energy by a solar collector
and directs the energy into a “thermal mass” for storage later when the
space is the coldest.
❖ Passive solar heating systems mostly use air to circulate the collected
energy, usually without pumps.
14
Cont…
❖ Mostly, collectors are quite simple and the heat produced will be at
low temperature and used for domestic hot water or swimming pool
heating.
➢ Passive systems are those systems which do not use external
mechanical systems such as pumps or controllers to conduct heat
transfer fluid through the collector.
❖ They rely on natural mechanisms of conduction, convection and
radiation.
15
Cont…
❖ Active systems also use controllers, valves and pumps to conduct heat
transfer fluids through the collector.
❖ They are more efficient and expensive than passive systems and can
operate even during power loss.
❖ Active solar heating, this always involves a discrete solar collector,
usually mounted on the roof of a building, to gather solar radiation.
❖ Active systems can be classified as open-loop (direct) systems or
closed-loop (indirect) systems.
16
Cont…
❖ Applications of Solar Thermal Energy
1. Water Heating
2. Solar Distillation and Desalination
3. Food Drying
4. Solar heat for industrial processes
17
Cont…
# 1 what is the perpendicular solar radiation on march 1.(use,Feb 28)
# [Link] the solar angle at 2 pm solar time at Ø=30°, Feb 19
#3. Calculate the hour angle at 8 a.m. and 5 p.m.
#[Link] the Stefan-Boltzmann's Law describes how much energy is
given off as related to the surface temperature of an object.
#5. Calculate the declination angle (d) for March 31 in a leap year.
18
RE for all
Thank you for your
attention!!
[Link]