SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Sedimentary Rocks
• Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed and found near or on the surface of the
Earth.

• Sedimentary rocks are produced by the weathering of pre-existing rocks and

the subsequent transportation and deposition of the weathering products.

• Sedimentary Rocks make up ¾ of all rocks on the earth.

• Only type of rocks that contain fossils.

The Rock Cycle
 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are the product different processes.

• Weathering – the breaking • Transport - The products

down, disintegration and
are transported away as
changing of rocks as a result of
the weathering process
their exposure to the
environment. progresses.
 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are the product different processes.

• Deposition – sediments of a • Compaction and Cementation -

certain size enter an Sediments are compressed,
resulting in a reduction in
environment with insufficient
accessible pore space and the
energy to convey them, they
expulsion of much of the pore-
are deposited. water.
 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are the product different processes.

• Lithification - process of • Sedimentary basins are areas

where the Earth’s crust has
cementing these rock
subsided, allowing sediment to
pieces together.
collect on top of an igneous and
metamorphic rock foundation.
 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are the product different processes.

compaction
Rocks weathering Sediments transport deposition Sed Rx
cementation

Igneous Mechanical Gravel Wind In layers Silica Conglomerate

Metamorphic & Sand Flowing water Calcite Sandstone
Sedimentary Chemical Silt Waves Hematite Shale
Clay Glaciers Limestone
Ions
Sorting
&
Rounding
 THREE TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
• Clastic Sedimentary Rocks - This • Chemical Sedimentary
type of sedimentary rock is composed
Rocks - This type of rock is
mainly of material which is
transported as solid pieces (called composed mainly of material
clasts) subsequently cemented that is transported as ions in
together by minerals precipitated from
solution.
solution in sedimentary rocks.
 THREE TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
• Organic Sedimentary Rocks – are those derived from living
organisms. This contains large quantities of organic molecules.

o Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks. These also form from ions in

solution, but organisms play an important role in converting
those ions into calcium carbonate or silica body parts.
Examples of Sedimentary Rocks
• Conglomerate - Rounded pebbles
(>2 mm) deposited on beaches or
in river channels make up
conglomerate. Minerals
precipitated from groundwater
have bonded/cemented the
pebbles together after the
sediment was placed down.
 Examples of Sedimentary Rocks
• Sandstone - is made up of
0.05mm to 2mm sand grains
that were deposited in the sea,
by rivers, or deserts. The said
sand grains are cemented
together by precipitated
minerals from groundwater.
 Examples of Sedimentary Rocks
• Mudstone - composed of miniscule clay particles (less than 0.05mm) that
are invisible to the human eye. These microscopic particles settle in low-
energy regions such as tidal flats, lakes, and the deep sea.
 Examples of Sedimentary Rocks
• Limestone • Types of Limestone
o Calcite (calcium carbonate) is the
o Shelly Limestone
most common mineral found in
limestone. When a drop of dilute o Oolitic Limestone
hydrochloric acid is dropped on
o Chalk
limestone, it fizzes.
 Examples of Sedimentary Rocks
• Shelly limestone - is composed of
the shells and skeletons of marine
invertebrates (or sometimes in fresh
water). Since the shells are smashed
up by the waves, they are rarely
intact.
Examples of Sedimentary Rocks
• Oolitic limestone – is made up of
ooiliths, which are tiny spheres held
together by lime mud. When calcium
carbonate is deposited on the surface of
sand grains moved around on a shallow
sea floor by waves, oolitic limestone
forms.
 Examples of Sedimentary Rocks
• Chalk - a soft, white limestone
made up of microscopic remains
(coccoliths) of tiny planktonic
creatures found in tropical seas’
surface waters.
USES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS IN THE
FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
• Building Construction • Architectural and Monumental
• Structural Wall Construction Stone
• Cement Production • Building Interior Decoration
• Concrete Production • Façade Construction
• Pavement and Road Construction • Filler in Paint
• Tunnelling • Sheetrock and Plaster
• Brick and Tile Manufacturing
• Wallboard
 REFERENCES
• Beck, K. C. (n.d.). Sedimentary rock | Definition, Formation, Examples, &
Characteristics. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved June 1, 2021, from
[Link]

• Earle, S. (n.d.). 6.2 Chemical Sedimentary Rocks – Physical Geology. Pressbooks.

Retrieved June 1, 2021, from [Link]
chemical-sedimentary-rocks/

• Geological Society - Sedimentary Rocks. (n.d.). [Link]. Retrieved June

1, 2021, from [Link]

rockcycle/[Link]
 REFERENCES
• Hamakareem, M. I. (2018, September 25). 14 Uses of Sedimentary Rocks in Civil
Engineering. The Constructor. [Link]
sedimentary-rocks/25071/

• King, H. M. (n.d.). Sedimentary Rocks | Pictures, Characteristics, Textures, Types.

[Link]. Retrieved June 1, 2021, from
[Link]
[Link]#:%7E:text=Clastic%20sedimentary%20rocks%20form%20from,sand
stone%2C%20siltstone%2C%20and%20shale

• London Jenks. (2015, February 9). Sedimentary Rocks Introduction. YouTube.

[Link]
 REFERENCES
• Panchuk, K. (n.d.). 9.3 Organic Sedimentary Rocks – Physical Geology, First
University of Saskatchewan Edition. Pressbooks. Retrieved June 1, 2021,
from [Link]
sedimentary-rocks-2/

• Panel of the Geodynamics of Sedimentary Basins, National Research Council.

(n.d.). Read “The Dynamics of Sedimentary Basins” at [Link].
[Link]. Retrieved June 1, 2021, from
[Link]
 REFERENCES
• Sedimentary Rocks. (n.d.). [Link]. Retrieved June 1,
2021, from [Link]

• Uses of Sedimentary Rocks. (n.d.). Civil Engineering. Retrieved June

1, 2021, from [Link]
engineering/geology/322-uses-of-sedimentary-rocks