JFSP Vol.9, No.

1, January-April 2023, Page: 62-71 pISSN: 2549-9068, eISSN: 2579-4558

Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Praktis

(JFSP)
[Link]

LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE PHARMACOLOGICAL

ACTIVITIES OF THE EUPHORBIACEAE FAMILY PLANTS

Maulana Isman Naki1, Abulkhair Abdullah2 , Elis Susilawati3

1
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Manado, 95249
Manado, Indonesia
2
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Khairun, 97719 Ternate, Indonesia
3
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Bhakti Kencana, 40614 Bandung, Indonesia
abulkhairabdullah@[Link]
[Link]

Article info: ABSTRACT

Submitted : 06-10-2021 Euphorbiaceae family plants are spread in Indonesia and empirically, have been
used for a long time as medicine. This article review aims to discuss the
Revised : 10-03-2023 pharmacological activities of several plants from the Euphorbiaceae family. This
Accepted : 15-03-2023 research was conducted by conducting a literature review limited to research in
the form of scientific articles. The scientific article in question results from
research reviewed and published in Indonesian and English. The steps in the
search are divided into several stages, starting from identification, screening,
eligibility, and data grouping. The articles used in this article review were
obtained by searching the internet from online data search media/search engines
This work is licensed under such as Google/Google Scholar and journal provider sites such as PubMed,
a Creative Commons NCBI, and SINTA with the keywords "Euphorbiaceae plants,"
Attribution-NonCommercial "Ethnopharmacology, "Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacy," "Plant Activity and
4.0 International License Effectiveness," "Euphorbiaceae family activity," and "Pharmacological activity
of Euphorbiaceae. After determining the keywords, the next step is filtering
Publisher: multiple data or duplications and filtering the article's title, abstract, and
keywords so that data can be determined to be used or not for the following
Universitas Muhammadiyah [Link] study is a literature review based on several national or international
Magelang scientific articles about the pharmacological activity of Euphorbiaceae plants.
The literature study found that some plants from the Euphorbiaceae family have
pharmacological activities, and the most dominant are antimicrobial, antioxidant,
and anti-inflammatory. Moreover, many other activities include analgesic,
antipyretic, antithrombotic, anti-hypercholesterolemia, antihyperglycemic,
antihistamine, diuretic, and antiseptic.
Keywords: Euphorbiaceae; Medicinal plants; Pharmacological activity

1. INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants have been widely used since ancient times and are still part of alternative
medicine worldwide. No less than 50,000 species of plants have been used for medicinal purposes.
The basis for the development of plant-based medicine is carried out by the community based on
beliefs, local wisdom, and the observations of previous people (Abe & Ohtani, 2013). Humans
are familiar with the functions of plants, especially in handling health problems based on
experience and skills or because of interactions from time to time (Mulyani et al., 2020).
The United States produces more than 40 kinds of essential medicines which were later
discovered that the raw materials come from plants from tropical countries, including Indonesia
(Novianti, 2017). In Indonesia, traditional medicines, also known as herbal medicines, are
obtained from plants in their whole form, and only certain parts, animal ingredients, minerals, and
essences, are mixed or blended (Adiyasa & Meiyanti, 2021). Plants usage as traditional medicine
usually must change the form first, such as being converted into liquid forms, or topical use, such
as patches or inhalers (Siregar et al., 2020). Based on the Ministry of Health of the Republic of

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Indonesia (2018), the proportion of Family Medicinal Plants (TOGA) utilization in Indonesia
reaches 24.6% of the total population. This data shows that the Indonesian people believe in the
properties provided by medicinal plants, along with increasing public confidence in the minimum
perceived side effects (Sari, 2006).
One family of medicinal plants is Euphorbiaceae (the castor tribe), which has many genera
in Indonesia, including Phyllanthus, Euphorbia, Croton, and Ricinus (Siregar et al., 2017). In
order to increase the potency of plants belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, more research
needs to be carried out considering the various benefits of plants in this family. Indonesia itself
has used plants as traditional medicine empirically, and in-depth research related to the
pharmacological activities of plants in this family and their utilization needs to be carried out.
This fact is the background for the authors to study the content of active compounds and the
pharmacological effects of plants in the Euphorbiaceae family based on scientific literature.

2. METHODS
This research was conducted by conducting a literature review limited to research in the form
of scientific articles. The scientific article in question results from research reviewed and
published in Indonesian and English. The steps in the search are divided into several stages,
starting from identification, screening, eligibility, and data grouping.
The articles used in this article review were obtained by searching the internet from online
data search media/search engines such as Google/Google Scholar and journal provider sites such
as PubMed, NCBI, and SINTA with the keywords "Euphorbiaceae plants," "Ethnopharmacology,
"Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacy," "Plant Activity and Effectiveness," "Euphorbiaceae family
activity," and "Pharmacological activity of Euphorbiaceae. After determining the keywords, the
next step is filtering multiple data or duplications and filtering the article's title, abstract, and
keywords so that data can be determined to be used or not for the following review.
The next stage is eligibility, carried out by reading thoroughly or partially articles that have
yet to be eliminated in the previous stage. It can be determined that these articles can be included
in the next stage based on eligibility criteria, where articles published before 2012 are excluded.
The results of this stage are articles that meet the requirements and do not meet the requirements.
Furthermore, articles were grouped based on the techniques and approaches, such as
qualitative and quantitative research. From previous stages, 30 relevant articles were obtained.
The articles, described in tabular form, contain the name of the plant, the part of the plant used,
the chemical content of the plant, and the pharmacological activity of the plant in the
Euphorbiaceae family according to the context.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The articles show that several plants belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family have
pharmacological activity. The data consists of only ten plants belonging to the Euphorbiaceae
family, known and widely used by Indonesians. The plants in question are in the Table 1 and
Figure 1.

3.1. Euphorbia hirta L.

Euphorbia hirta L., commonly called Patikan Kebo, is a species from the Euphorbiaceae
family. According to research by Karim et al., (2015), this plant has a potent antioxidant activity
of 99.21%, even more significant than the antioxidant power of vitamin C. The antioxidant
activity of this plant is classified as very strong because it obtained the Inhibitory Concentration
50 (IC50) value, namely 11.50 ppm. This antioxidant effect is produced due to the presence of
tannins and flavonoids, especially quercitrin and myricitrin, from the ethanol extract of patikan
kebo leaves.
The anti-inflammatory activity of the patikan kebo herb 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8% has
also been studied by Syarif & Usmar (2014), which reduces oedema volume on the soles of mice-

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supported by research on patikan kebo leaf methanol extract, which is rich in anti-inflammatory
activity as seen in the inhibition of ear oedema and granuloma formation in rats. Moreover, it
showed effectiveness in the thrombotic process, with the most excellent inhibition presentation
given by the 200 mg/mL patikan kebo leaf methanol extract, namely 38.00 ± 2.52%, which
showed a potent thrombotic effect compared to streptokinase as an antithrombotic standard (45.33
± 2,67%). As mentioned, the presence of flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, and glycosides is
believed to have a pharmacological effect, but further research is needed to determine which
compounds really have antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects (Rahman et al., 2019). The
content of alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins in Euphorbia hirta causes this plant to have good
potential in the wound-healing process (Fiandri & Sutarto, 2020).

Table 1. Study results of the pharmacological activity of plants in the Euphorbiaceae family
Plant Chemical Pharmacological
No Plant Name Reference
Parts Compound Activity
Tannins, flavonoids, Antioxidant, anti- (Karim et al.,
Leaf triterpenoids, inflammatory dan 2015; Rahman et
glycosides antithrombotic al., 2019)
(Lingga et al.,
1 Euphorbia hirta L.
Diuretic, anti- 2014; M. Singh &
Herb Flavonoids inflammatory, Sudha, 2018;
antibacterial Syarif & Usmar,
2014)
Baccaurea (Fitriansyah et al.,
Phenol, flavonoids, Antibacterial,
2 lanceolata (Miq.) Fruit 2018; Hadi et al.,
terpenoids antioxidant
Müll. Arg. 2015)
(Ibrahim et al.,
Euphorbia Antibacterial,
3 Leaf Phenolic 2019; Sopiah et
pulcherrima antioxidant
al., 2019a)
(Mukhriani et al.,
Aleurites Flavonoids, Antibacterial; Anti-
4 Bark 2017); (Quintao et
moluccana L. α,β-amyrenone inflammatory
al., 2014)
(Magdalena et al.,
Antibacterial, anti-
2015; Majid &
Sauropus inflammatory,
Flavonoids, Phenolic, Muchtaridi, 2018;
5 androgynus (L.) Leaf analgesic, increase
alkaloids, saponins Ramadheni et al.,
Merr breast milk production,
2017; Selvi &
antithrombotic
Bhaskar, 2012)
(Gosal et al.,
2020; Ningsi &
Analgesic, antipyretic,
6 Jatropha curcas L. Leaf Flavonoids Fadhilah, 2017;
antifungal
Yensenem et al.,
2018)
Quercetin, alkaloids,
(Chairani &
Sap saponins, tannins, Antiseptic
Jatropha multifida Harfiani, 2018)
7 phenolic, flavonoids
L.
Phenol, flavonoids,
Bark Antioxidant (Fitria et al., 2018)
terpenoids, alkaloids
Phenolic, flavonoids,
Mallotus (Junaidi et al.,
8 Bark alkaloids, tannins, Antioxidant
paniculatus 2016)
steroid
Flavonoids, (Mostofa et al.,
Anti-inflammatory,
Herb triterpenoids, 2017; Sumarny et
Phylanthus niruri antidiarrheal, antiulcer
9 saponins, tannins al., 2013)
L.
(Alyidrus et al.,
Leaf Flavonoids Analgetic
2019)
Antimicrobial,
(Mulqie &
antihyperglycemic,
Phyllanthus acidus Flavonoids, Anggadiredja,
10 Leaf anti-
(L.) Skeels alkaloids, tannins 2019; Tatto et al.,
hypercholesterolemia,
2017)
antihistamine

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Naki et al, 2023

Figure 1. Percentage graph of the most frequently occurring pharmacological activities produced by ten
plants of the Euphorbiaceae family

The Patikan kebo plant also has diuretic activity, as evidenced by research conducted by
Lingga et al., (2014) which shows a diuretic effect. The diuretic effect is believed to be due to the
presence of flavonoid compounds (quercitrin and myricitrin) in patikan kebo extract, which is
known to have sufficient OH groups so that they can chelate calcium (Hamdiana et al., 2017).
Antibacterial activity was also shown by Patikan kebo, which was able to provide obstacles to the
growth of the bacteria Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus
aureus (Singh & Sudha, 2018).
3.2. Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Müll. Arg.
Limpasu, one of the Baccaurea species, has antimicrobial activity (Fitriansyah et al., 2018)
states that the ethanol extract of spleen fruit has antibacterial activity against Gram-positive
bacteria such as B. subtilis and S. aureus, Gram-negative bacteria such as P. aeruginosa and [Link]
as well as P. acnes and S. epidermidis which are bacteria that cause acne. MIC against these
bacteria is 2.5% w/v. It contains phenolic compounds and flavonoids. By the Serampas-Jambi
Tribe, the spleen is used to treat athletes' feet (Hariyadi & Ticktin, 2012).
However, from several articles investigated, most of the pharmacological effects shown by
the spleen are its activity as an antioxidant, depending on the test method. The antioxidant
potential of the pericarpium of B. lanceolata. was generated due to the presence of a flavonoid
compound in the quercetin group, where the methanol extract showed the most potent antioxidant
activity (Zamzani & Triadisti, 2021).
According to another study, spleen fruit has antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 142
ppm which is thought to be produced by the content of terpene group compounds (triterpenes or
diterpenes) in the spleen Hadi et al., (2015) steroid content, namely, beta-sitosterol is also thought
to be able to provide antioxidant activity (Nastiti & Hadi, 2020)
3.3. Euphorbia pulcherrima
According to Ibrahim et al., (2019) the ethanol extract of poinsettia leaves (Euphorbia
pulcherrima Wild.) has the potential as an antimicrobial at concentrations of 10 mg/100 µL and

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20 mg/100 µL to inhibit S. aureus bacteria. This potential is believed to be due to phenolic

compounds in poinsettia leaves. In line with this research, related research was conducted by
Jannah & Muhimmatin (2021), which stated that poinsettias have an antimicrobial effect on S.
typhi. Administration of E. pulcherrima extracts inhibited the growth of S. typhi bacteria, with an
average diameter of the inhibition zone of 1.1 mm (MIC 5%).
Another pharmacological effect of the poinsettia is as an antioxidant with the DPPH method.
The results showed free radical inhibition activity due to yellow spots on the TLC spots.
Compounds that are thought to play a role are flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids (Sopiah et al.,
2019). According to Singh et al., (2012), poinsettia extract can provide an anticonvulsant effect
but does not affect the coordination of motor nerve cells and anxiety. The content of the flavonoids
spinacetin and patuletin in poinsettia is thought to be able to have an excellent effect as an anti-
inflammatory, as evidenced by the decrease in oedema in rats' feet, besides that poinsettia also
provides analgesic and sedative effects, and believed to have a muscle relaxant effect (Aljohani
et al., 2022).
3.4. Aleurites moluccana L.
Candlenut is a plant of the Euphorbiaceae family, known to have antimicrobial effects
against several bacteria. Research conducted by Mukhriani et al., (2017) showed that candlenut
has antibacterial activity against the growth of several bacteria, namely E. coli and several other
bacteria, which are believed to be produced by flavonoid compounds that have the most
significant inhibition zone at a concentration of 1000 ppm.
Pre-clinical research on a semisolid preparation of dried hazelnut extract showed analgesic,
anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing activities. These abilities are presumably due to the
presence of flavonoid compounds in the hazelnut extract, namely 2"-O-rhamnosylswertisin
(Cesca et al., 2012). A study conducted by Quintao et al., (2014) also stated that the isolate
contained in hazelnut, namely α and β-amrinone, can provide acute and chronic anti-inflammatory
effects by inhibiting or reducing neutrophil reduction mechanisms.
3.5. Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr
In a study conducted by Ramadheni et al., (2017), it was explained that the growth of E. coli
and S. aureus bacteria could be inhibited by giving katuk leaf ethanol extract, which showed an
optimal inhibitory effect at a concentration of 80% with a total administration of 0.1 mL/disc
equivalent to 80 mg.
According to Majid & Muchtaridi, (2018) other pharmacological activities provided by katuk
leaves are anti-anemia, can help increase milk production in nursing mothers, and are anti-
inflammatory. The anti-inflammatory effect of katuk leaves has also been studied by Desnita et
al., (2018), where a patch of katuk leaf extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg BB has a percentage of
inflammatory inhibition in the range of 66.67-100%, indicating that katuk leaves are pretty
effective as an anti-inflammatory. In addition, katuk leaf extract significantly reduces the body
temperature in rats, which is influenced by prostaglandin biosynthesis (Selvi & Bhaskar, 2012).
Various compounds will provide different pharmacological effects. Katuk leaves contain
antithrombotic effects or can inhibit platelet aggregation, which contain active compounds such
as quercetin and kaempferol, phenol, beta-carotene, and anthocyanins. Katuk leaves at a dose of
4.5 mg/g BW had the same bleeding time prolonging effect as aspirin when given to male Wistar
rats (Magdalena et al., 2015).
3.6. Jatropha curcas L.
From the results of a study conducted by Yensenem et al., (2018), it was found that Jatropha
curcas L. extract, or in Indonesia it is called jarak pagar leaf, gave the best analgesic effect at an
extract dose of 600 mg/kg BW, where the analgesic effect began to be shown in rats in the 30th
minute and decreased pain response until 120th minute. In addition, jatropha leaves showed
activity in reducing the temperature in white male rats after induction with the DPT vaccine,

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which, at a dose of 7.2 mg/200 g BW occurred a temperature drop. The antipyretic effect is
thought to be due to the content of chemical compounds in the leaves, namely flavonoids (Gosal
et al., 2020). The existence of antifungal activity was also proven through research conducted by
Ningsi & Fadhilah (2017), that the ethanol extract of Jatropha curcas L. with an optimum
concentration of 6% w/v inhibited the growth of water fleas, which was equivalent to the positive
group of ketoconazole.
3.7. Jatropha multifida L.
Research has been carried out regarding the antiseptic activity of Chinese castor latex
(Jatropha multifida L.), which can inhibit the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria. Chinese castor sap with various concentrations has strong-antiseptic power. The most
vigorous antiseptic activity was shown by the sap of 100% concentration, which resulted in an
inhibition zone of S. aureus = 14.05 mm and 21.26 mm in E. coli (Chairani & Harfiani, 2018).
Research conducted by Fitria et al., (2018) showed that the ethyl acetate extract of Chinese
distance stems bark had a high antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 201.61 ppm and an
inhibition presentation of peroxide formation of 39.69%, which was thought to be due to the
presence of the compound. Chemicals that are antioxidants in the bark of Chinese castor oil are
phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids.
3.8. Mallotus paniculatus
Pila-pila peel methanol extract with the Latin name Mallotus paniculatus shows good
antioxidant activity, as evidenced by the significant free radical scavenging activity
DPPH/Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50), which is 71.94 mm (Junaidi et al., 2016). In line with
this research, Bahaman et al., (2020) stated that pila-pila extract has an antioxidant effect. The
most exciting thing is that pila-pila extract has a cytotoxic effect on three cancer cells: McF-7,
HeLa, and HT-29. In addition, pila-pila also shows antibacterial activity, as evidenced by the
formation of inhibition zones on gram-positive bacteria.
3.9. Phyllanthus niruri L.
The anti-inflammatory activity of meniran is evidenced by a decrease in oedema volume in
the treatment group by 58% which is greater than the positive control (indomethacin), which only
has an oedema reduction effect of 43% (Sumarny et al., 2013). Anti-inflammatory is produced
because meniran is rich in phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, namely quercetin (Porto
et al., 2013). Due to the content of phytoconstituents in meniran, such as flavonoids, steroids,
triterpenoids, saponins, and tannins, there is another pharmacological effect, namely as an
antiulcer as evidenced in the study of Mostofa et al., (2017), where methanol extract of meniran
has a potential effect as an antiulcer at a dose of 400 mg /kg by comparison with the standard
drug, namely omeprazole.
The antidiarrheal activity was also shown by the Herbal extract of meniran 14.9 mg/200 g
BW which was not significantly different (p <0.05) from the positive control group (loperamide
dose 0.21 mg/200 g BW) (Sumarny et al., 2013), the antidiarrheal effect is caused by the flavonoid
content in meniran by inhibiting intestinal motility and hydro-electrolytic secretion (Wijaya &
Soegianto, 2017).
According to Alyidrus et al., (2019), the ethanol extract of meniran leaves showed analgesic
activity against male mice induced by acetic acid. Observations were made based on the number
of writhings, which was the test animal's pain reaction to pain. The best presentation of the
analgesic power of meniran leaves was shown by the 400 mg/kg BW concentration group, namely
96.02%. This analgesic effect is due to flavonoids, which can protect lipid membranes from
damage and inhibit COX-I enzymes.
The potential of P. niruri was also stated by (Puspita & Alhebshi, 2019), namely selectively
inhibiting the proliferation of leukemia MOLT-4 and K562 cells, cytotoxic to cancer cells but
protective to normal cells. Increased p53 resulted in apoptosis in leukemia cells.

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3.10. Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels

The presence of flavonoid compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction of ceremai leaves is
thought to play a role in antimicrobial activity. Based on research conducted by (Mulqie &
Anggadiredja, 2019) ethyl acetate fraction of ceremai leaves provides antibacterial activity
against antimicrobial and antifungal-resistant bacteria and antifungal activity carried out using the
Autobiographical TLC method.
Ceremai leaf extract dose of 200 mg/kg BW is effective as an antihyperglycemic and anti-
hypercholesterolemia in white male rats. The effect is comparable to the positive control, namely
metformin, and simvastatin. Compounds that are thought to play a role in this pharmacological
activity are alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins (Tatto et al., 2017).

4. CONCLUSION
This literature review showed that several plants of the Euphorbiaceae family have various
pharmacological activities. The most dominant pharmacological activities are antimicrobial,
antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. However, besides that, several other activities include
analgesic, antipyretic, antithrombotic, anti-hypercholesterolemia, antihyperglycemic,
antihistamine, diuretic, and antiseptic. Based on the findings in this review, more in-depth
research can be carried out on plants belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, given the rich
pharmacological activity of these family plants to be used as raw materials for medicine. Apart
from that, it is also hoped that there will be collaborative efforts between the government and
academics in the pharmaceutical/botanical field to continue to increase research related to
Indonesian plants so that the pharmacological activities of a plant become more evident and can
have a good impact on the people of Indonesia.

5. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
All authors declared that there was no conflict of interest.

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