5 Ratios and Rates

5.1 Ratios
5.2 Ratio Tables
5.3 Rates
5.4 Comparing and Graphing Ratios
5.5 Percents
5.6 Solving Percent Problems
5.7 Converting Measures

unit rate is
a lc u la te d that my .”
“So I c per day
biscuits 4 biscuits
s , I a te 1460 dog
cord
“By my re last year.”

“It says 75% tomatoes,

15% sugar, 5%
vinegar, 4% water, and “See... no cats in catsu
1% salt.” p.”
What You
Learned Before
([Link].2.3) “I like sev
enty-five p
ercent of
Example 1 Using the numbers from the them.”
table, find and state the rule in
words. Then find the missing value.

x y
1 6 Each y-value is 6 times the x-value.

2 12
3 18
The x-value times 6 equals the y-value.
4 The missing value is 6(4) = 24.

Using the numbers from the table, find and state the rule in words.
Then find the missing value.
1. x y
2. 3.
x y x y
1 2 2 8 1 5
3 6 4 16 2 10
5 10 6 24 3 15
7 8 4

Multiplying and Dividing by Fractions

([Link].2.4a, [Link].1.1)

Example 2 Find — —.
5
6 ⋅ 34 Example 3 Find 2 ÷ —.
9
10
⋅
1
5
—
6 ⋅ 3
—=—
4
2
5 3
6 4 ⋅
9
2÷—=2 —
10 ⋅ 109 Multiply by the
reciprocal of
=—
5
=— ⋅
2 10 the divisor.
8 9
20
=—
9

Evaluate the expression. Write the answer in simplest form.

1
4. — —
5 ⋅ 13
20
3
5. — —
4 ⋅ 13
25
6. 7 ÷ —
9
10
7. 4 ÷ —
16
17
 5.1 Ratios

How can you represent a relationship

between two quantities?

1 ACTIVITY: Comparing Quantities

Work with a partner. Use the collection of objects to complete each statement.

There are graphing calculators to protractors.

There are protractors to graphing calculators.
There are compasses to protractors.
There are graphing calculators to compasses.
There are protractors to total objects.

The number of graphing calculators is — of the total number of objects.

2 ACTIVITY: Playing Garbage Basketball

Work with a partner.
● Take turns shooting a ball or
other object into a wastebasket
from a reasonable distance.
COMMON
CORE ● Organize the numbers of shots
Ratios you made and shots you
In this lesson, you will missed in a chart.
● understand the concept

of a ratio. a. Write a statement similar to those

● use ratios to describe
in Activity 1 that describes the relationship
the relationship between
two quantities. between the number of shots you made and
Learning Standard the number of shots you missed.
[Link].1.1
b. Write a statement similar to those in Activity 1 that describes the relationship
between the number of shots you made and the total number of shots.
c. What fraction of your shots did you make? What fraction did you miss?

190 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 3 ACTIVITY: Reading a Diagram
Work with a partner. You mix different amounts of paint to create new colors.
Write a statement that describes the relationship between the amounts of
paint shown in each diagram.

a. Blue b. Orange

Green Yellow

There are parts blue for There are for

every parts green. every .

c. Red d. White

Blue Purple

. .

Math 4 ACTIVITY: Describing Relationships

Practice Work with a partner. Use a table or a diagram to represent the relationship
Use a Table between the two quantities.
or Diagram
What are the a. For every 3 boys standing in a line, there are 4 girls.
quantities in this b. For each vote Brian received, Sasha received 6 votes.
problem? How
does a table or
c. A class counts the number of vehicles that pass by its school from
diagram represent 1:00 to 2:00 p.m. There are 3 times as many cars as trucks.
the relationship d. A hand sanitizer contains 5 parts aloe for every 2 parts distilled water.
between the
quantities?

5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you represent a relationship between two
quantities? Give examples to support your explanation.
6. MODELING You make 48 pints of pink paint by using 5 pints of red paint for
every 3 pints of white paint. Use a diagram to find the number of pints of red
paint and white paint in your mixture. Explain.

Use what you learned about comparing two quantities to complete

Exercises 4 and 5 on page 194.

Section 5.1 Ratios 191

5.1 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary
ratio, p. 192
Ratio
Words A ratio is a comparison of two quantities. Ratios can be
part-to-part, part-to-whole, or whole-to-part comparisons.
Examples 2 red crayons to 6 blue crayons
1 red crayon for every 3 blue crayons
3 blue crayons per 1 red crayon
3 blue crayons for each red crayon
3 blue crayons out of every 4 crayons
2 red crayons out of 8 crayons
Algebra The ratio of a to b can be written as a : b.

EXAMPLE 1 Writing Ratios

You have the coins shown.
Remember a. Write the ratio of pennies to quarters..
Part-to-whole 6 pennies 6 to 7 7 quarters
relationships compare
a part of a whole to So, the ratio of pennies to quarterss
the whole. Fractions is 6 to 7, or 6 : 7.
represent part-to-whole
relationships. Part-to- b. Write the ratio of quarters to dimes.
part relationships
compare a part of a 7 quarters 7 to 3 3 dimes
whole to another part
of the whole. So, the ratio of quarters to dimes
is 7 to 3, or 7 : 3
c. Write the ratio of dimes to the total number of coins.
3 dimes 3 to 16 16 coins

So, the
h ratio of dimes to the
h totall number of coins
is 3 to 16, or 3 : 16.

Favorite Toppings
1. In Example 1, write the
Exercises 6–13 ratio of dimes to pennies.
Peanuts
2. The circle graph shows the 5
favorite ice-cream toppings Caramel
of several students. Use ratio Fudge 1
Sprinkles
language to compare the number 9 4
of students who favor peanuts to
the total number of students.

192 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 A tape diagram is a diagram that looks like a segment of tape. It shows
the relationship between two quantities.

EXAMPLE 2 Using a Tape Diagram

The ratio of your monthly allowance to your friend’s monthly
allowance is 5 : 3. The monthly allowances total $40. How much is
each allowance?
To help visualize the problem, express the ratio 5 : 3 using a tape diagram.

You The 8 parts

represent $40.
Your friend

Because there are 8 parts, you know that 1 part represents $40 ÷ 8 = $5.

⋅
5 parts represent $5 5 = $25.
3 parts represent $5 ⋅ 3 = $15.

So, your monthly allowance is $25, and your friend’s monthly

allowance is $15.

EXAMPLE 3 Using a Tape Diagram

You separate 42 bulbs of garlic into two groups: one for planting and
one for cooking. You will plant 3 bulbs for every 4 bulbs that you will
use for cooking. Each bulb has about 8 cloves. About how many cloves
will you plant?
To help visualize the problem, express the ratio 3 for every 4 using a
tape diagram.

Planting 6 6 6 The 7 parts represent

42 bulbs, so each part
Cooking 6 6 6 6
represents 42 ÷ 7 = 6 bulbs.

⋅ ⋅
There are 3 6 = 18 bulbs for planting and 4 6 = 24 bulbs for cooking.
⋅
Bulb
Clove The group of 18 bulbs has about 18 8 = 144 cloves.

So, you will plant about 144 cloves.

3. WHAT IF? In Example 2, the ratio is 2 to 3. How much is each

Exercises 15 allowance?
and 16
4. WHAT IF? In Example 3, you will plant 1 bulb for every 2 bulbs that
you will use for cooking. Will you plant more or fewer cloves than
originally planned? Explain your reasoning.

Section 5.1 Ratios 193

5.1 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY The ratio of vowels to consonants in a word is 5 to 7. Are there

more vowels or consonants in the word? Explain.
2. NUMBER SENSE You are comparing apples to oranges in a fruit bowl. Is the
ratio 2 : 3 the same as the ratio 3 : 2? Explain.
3. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which ratio does not belong with the other
three? Explain your reasoning.

2 parts to 5 parts 2 out of every 5 2 for each 5 2 for every 5

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Use a table or a diagram to represent the relationship between the two quantities.
4. For each lion, there are 7 giraffes. 5. For every 5 seats, there are 4 fans.

Write the ratio. Explain what the ratio means.

1 6. frogs to turtles 7. basketballs to soccer balls

8. calculators : pencils 9. shirts : pants

ON C/CE

7 8 9 ×
4 5 6 ÷
1 2 3 −
0 . = +
ON C/CE

7 8 9 ×
4 5 6 ÷
1 2 3 −
0 . = +

Use the table to write the ratio. Explain what the ratio means.
Movie Number
10. dramas to movies 11. comedies to movies Drama 3
12. movies : action 13. movies : dramas Comedy 8
Action 4
Topic Stamps
Birds 7 14. STAMP COLLECTING The table shows the
Celebrity 14 numbers of stamps in a new stamp collection.
Horses 5 Use ratio language to compare the number of
Ships 9 celebrity stamps to the total number of stamps.

194 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 You and a friend tutor for a total of 12 hours. Use the tape diagram to find how
many hours you tutor.

2 15. You 16. You

Friend Friend
17. REASONING Twelve of the 28 students in a class
have a dog. What is the ratio of students who
have a dog to students who do not?
18. GEOGRAPHY In the continental United States,
the ratio of states that border an ocean to states
that do not border an ocean is 7 : 9. How many
of the states border an ocean?
19. CHECKERS During a checkers game, there are
16 pieces left. The ratio of black to red is 3 : 5.
How many black pieces are on the board?
Explain how you found your answer.
20. SCHOOL PLAY There are 48 students in a school play. The ratio of boys to
girls is 5 : 7. How many more girls than boys are in the play? Explain how
you found your answer.
21. GEOMETRY Use the blue and green rectangles.
a. Find the ratio of the length of the blue
rectangle to the length of the green 4 ft
2 ft
rectangle. Repeat this for width,
perimeter, and area. 3 ft
6 ft
b. Compare and contrast your ratios in part (a).
22. PERIMETER The ratio of the side lengths of a triangle is 2 : 3 : 4. The shortest
side is 15 inches. What is the perimeter? Explain.
23. PRECISION You mix soda water, fruit punch concentrate, and ginger ale in the
ratio of 1 : 2 : 5 to make fruit punch. How many pints of each ingredient should
you use to make 4 gallons of fruit punch? Is your answer reasonable? Explain.

24. There are 12 boys and 10 girls in your gym class. If 6 boys joined
the class, how many girls would need to join for the ratio of boys to girls to
remain the same? Justify your answer.

Divide. (Section 2.6)

25. 13.8 ÷ 3 26. 16.45 ÷ 5 27. 53.13 ÷ 21 28. 19.214 ÷ 13

29. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of the expression x ÷ y when x = 30

and y = 18? (Section 3.1)
3 2
○
A — B 1—
○ ○
C 12 ○
D 48
5 3

Section 5.1 Ratios 195

 5.2 Ratio Tables

How can you find two ratios that describe the

same relationship?

1 ACTIVITY: Making a Mixture

Work with a partner. A mixture calls for 1 cup of lemonade and 3 cups of
iced tea.

Lemonade
de Iced
Ice
ed Tea

a. How many total cups does the mixture contain? cups

For every cup of lemonade, there are cups of

iced tea.
b. How do you make a larger batch of this mixture?
Describe your procedure and use the table below to
organize your results. Add more columns to the table
if needed.

Cups of
Lemonade
Cups of
Iced Tea
Total Cups

c. Which operations did you use to complete your

table? Do you think there is more than one way
COMMON to complete the table? Explain.
CORE
d. How many total cups are in your final mixture?
Ratios
In this lesson, you will
How many of those cups are lemonade? How many
● use ratio tables to find are iced tea? Compare your results with those of
equivalent ratios. other groups in your class.
● solve real-life problems.

Learning Standards e. Suppose you take a sip from every group’s final mixture. Do you think all the
[Link].1.1 mixtures should taste the same? Do you think the color of all the mixtures
[Link].1.3a
should be the same? Explain your reasoning.
f. Why do you think it is useful to use a table when organizing your results in
this activity? Explain.

196 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 2 ACTIVITY: Using a Multiplication Table
Work with a partner. Use the information in Activity 1 and the multiplication
Math table below.
Practice
Use Operations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
For each part of
this problem, how
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
do you know which 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
operation to use?
3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48

a. A mixture contains 8 cups of lemonade. How many cups of iced tea are in
the mixture?
b. A mixture contains 21 cups of iced tea. How many cups of lemonade are in
the mixture?
c. A mixture has a total of 40 cups. How many cups are lemonade? How many
are iced tea?
d. REPEATED REASONING Explain how a multiplication table may have helped
you in Activity 1.

3 ACTIVITY: Using More than One Ratio to Describe a Quantity

Work with a partner.
a. Find the ratio of pitchers of lemonade to pitchers of iced tea.

b. How can you divide the pitchers into equal groups? Is there more than one
way? Use your results to describe the entire collection of pitchers.
c. Three more pitchers of lemonade are added. Is there more than one way to
divide the pitchers into equal groups? Explain.
d. The number of pitchers of lemonade and iced tea are doubled. Can you use
the ratio in part (b) to describe the entire collection of pitchers? Explain.

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you find two ratios that describe the same
relationship? Give examples to support your explanation.

Use what you learned about ratios to complete Exercises 4 and 5

on page 201.

Section 5.2 Ratio Tables 197

5.2 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Two ratios that describe the same relationship are equivalent ratios. You
Key Vocabulary can find equivalent ratios by:
equivalent ratios,
p. 198 • adding or subtracting quantities in equivalent ratios.
ratio table, p. 198 • multiplying or dividing each quantity in a ratio by the same number.
You can find and organize equivalent ratios in a ratio table.

EXAMPLE 1 Completing Ratio Tables

Find the missing value(s) in each ratio table. Then write the
equivalent ratios.
a. b.
Pens 1 2 Dogs 4 24

Pencils 3 9 Cats 6 12

a. You can use repeated addition with the original ratio to find
the missing values.
+1 +1

Pens 1 2 3

Pencils 3 6 9

+3 +3
The equivalent ratios are 1 : 3, 2 : 6, and 3 : 9.

b. You can use multiplication to find the missing values.

×2 ×3

Dogs 4 8 24
Cats 6 12 36

×2 ×3
The equivalent ratios are 4 : 6, 8 : 12, and 24 : 36.

Find the missing value(s) in the ratio table. Then write the
Exercises 6 –11 equivalent ratios.
1. 2.
Plantains 4 12 Euros 5 10

Bananas 3 6 Dollars 4 32

198 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 EXAMPLE 2 Making a Ratio Table
You are making sugar water for your hummingbird feeder. A website
indicates to use 4 parts of water for every 1 part of sugar. You use
20 cups of water. How much sugar do you need?
You can solve this problem by using equivalent ratios. The ratio of water
to sugar is 4 parts to 1 part. So, for every 4 cups of water, you need 1 cup
of sugar. Find an equivalent ratio with 20 parts water.

Method 1: Use a ratio table and addition.

You can think of making a larger batch of sugar water as
combining several batches of 4 to 1 mixtures. Use addition
to obtain 20 in the water column.
+4 +4 +4 +4

Water (cups) 4 8 12 16 20

Sugar (cups) 1 2 3 4 5

+1 +1 +1 +1
The ratio 20 to 5 is equivalent to 4 to 1.

So, you need 5 cups of sugar.

Method 2: Use a ratio table and multiplication.

You multiplied the amount of water in the recipe by 5
Study Tip because 20 ÷ 4 = 5. So, you need to multiply the amount
of sugar by 5. Multiply each part of the ratio in the original
In Example 2, Method 1,
recipe by 5.
notice that you can
×5
eliminate a step by
adding columns 2 and 3
to obtain 8 + 12 = 20 Water (cups) 4 20
cups of water for
Sugar (cups) 1 5
2 + 3 = 5 cups
of sugar.
×5
The ratio 20 to 5 is equivalent to 4 to 1.

So, you need 5 cups of sugar.

3. WHAT IF? You use 24 cups of water. How much sugar do you need?
Exercises 13
4. You make a sweeter mixture of sugar water for your hummingbird
and 14
feeder using 3 parts of water for every 1 part of sugar. You use
9 quarts of water. How much sugar do you need?

Section 5.2 Ratio Tables 199

 EXAMPLE 3 Using a Ratio Table
The nutrition facts label on a box of crackers shows that there are
240 milligrams of sodium in every 36 crackers.
a. You eat 15 crackers. How much sodium do you consume?
The ratio of sodium to crackers is 240 to 36.
Use a ratio table to find an equivalent ratio
with 15 crackers.
Study Tip
÷2 ÷ 6 ×5
In Example 3, notice
that you could use one
step in the ratio table: Sodium (milligrams) 240 120 20 100
multiply by Crackers 36 18 3 15
⋅ ⋅
1 1 5
— — 5 = —.
2 6 12
÷2 ÷ 6 ×5
The ratio 100 to 15 is equivalent to 240 to 36.
So, you consume 100 milligrams of sodium.

b. You eat 21 crackers. How much sodium do you consume?

Notice that you can add the two middle columns in the table above.
So, you consume 120 + 20 = 140 milligrams of sodium in
18 + 3 = 21 crackers.

EXAMPLE 4 Using a Ratio Table

You mix 3 pints of yellow paint for every 4 pints of blue paint to make
green paint. You use 10 pints of blue paint. How much green paint do
you make? ÷2 ×5

The ratio of yellow paint to 3 1

blue paint is 3 to 4. Use a ratio Yellow (pints) 3 — 7—
Study Tip 2 2
table to find an equivalent ratio
In Example 4, notice Blue (pints) 4 2 10
with 10 parts blue paint.
that you could use one
step in the ratio table: ÷2 ×5
multiply by 1
You use 7 — pints of yellow paint and 10 pints of blue paint.
⋅ 5 = —2.
1 5 2
—
2 1 1
So, you make 7 — + 10 = 17 — pints of green paint.
2 2

5. WHAT IF? In Example 3, you eat 24 crackers. How much sodium do

Exercises 15 you consume?
and 16
6. WHAT IF? In Example 4, you mix 2 pints of yellow paint for every
3 pints of blue paint. You use 5 pints of yellow paint. How much
green paint do you make?

200 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

5.2 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY How can you tell whether two ratios are equivalent?
2. NUMBER SENSE Consider the ratio 3 : 5. Can you create an equivalent ratio by
adding the same number to each quantity in the ratio? Explain.
3. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which ratio does not belong with the other
three? Explain your reasoning.

3:4 9 : 12 12 : 15 12 : 16

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Write several ratios that describe the collection.

4. baseballs to gloves 5. ladybugs to bees

Find the missing value(s) in the ratio table. Then write the equivalent ratios.
1 6. 7.
Boys 1 Violins 8 24

Girls 5 10 Cellos 3

8. Taxis 6 36 9. Burgers 3 9
Buses 5 15 Hot Dogs 5 10

10. Towels 14 7 11. Forks 16 8

Blankets 8 16 Spoons 10 30

12. WORK Your neighbor pays you $17 for every 2 hours you work.
You work for 8 hours on Saturday. How much does your neighbor
owe you?

Section 5.2 Ratio Tables 201

 Complete the ratio table to solve the problem.
2 13. For every 3 tickets you sell, your 14. A store sells 2 printers for every
friend sells 4. You sell a total of 5 computers. The store sells
12 tickets. How many does your 40 computers. How many printers
friend sell? does the store sell?

You 3 12 Printers 2 8

Friend 4 Computers 5 10 40

3 15. First and second place in a contest 16. A grade has 81 girls and 72 boys.
use a ratio to share a cash prize. When The grade is split into groups that
first place pays $100, second place have the same ratio of girls to boys
pays $60. How much does first place as the whole grade. How many girls
pay when second place pays $36? are in a group that has 16 boys?

First 100 Girls 81

Second 60 36 Boys 72 16

ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in making the ratio table.
17. 18.

✗ A
B
3
7 12
8 13
17 ✗ A
B
5
3
25
9
125
27

19. DONATION A sports store donates basketballs and soccer

balls to the boys and girls club. The ratio of basketballs to
soccer balls is 7 : 6. The store donates 24 soccer balls. How
many basketballs does the store donate?

20. DOWNLOAD You are downloading songs to your MP3 player.

The ratio of pop songs to rock songs is 5 : 4. You download
40 pop songs. How many rock songs do you download?

SCRAMBLED EGGS In Exercises 21–25, use the ratio table showing

different batches of the same recipe for scrambled eggs.

Recipe A B C D E F 21. How can you use Recipes B and D

to create Recipe E?
Servings 4 2 6 3 5 9
Eggs 8 4 12 6 10 18 22. How can you use Recipes C and D
1 1 3 3 5 1
to create Recipe F?
Milk (cups) — — — — — 1—
2 4 4 8 8 8 23. How can you use Recipes B and C
to create Recipe A?

24. How can you use Recipes C and F to create Recipe D?

25. Describe one way to use the recipes to create a batch with 11 servings.

202 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

Two whole numbers A and B satisfy the following conditions. Find A and B.
26. A + B = 30 27. A + B = 44
A : B is equivalent to 2 : 3. A : B is equivalent to 4 : 7.
28. A − B = 18 29. A − B = 25
A : B is equivalent to 11 : 5. A : B is equivalent to 13 : 8.

30. CASHEWS The nutrition facts label on a

container of dry roasted cashews indicates
there are 161 calories in 28 grams. You eat
9 cashews totaling 12 grams.
a. How many calories do you consume?
b. How many cashews are in one serving?

31. REASONING The ratio of three numbers

is 4 : 3 : 1. The sum of the numbers is 64.
What is the greatest number?

32. SURVEY Seven out of every 8 students surveyed

owns a bike. The difference between the number of
students who own a bike and those who do not is 72.
How many students were surveyed?

33. BUG COLLECTION You and a classmate have a bug collection

for science class. You find 5 out of every 9 bugs in the
collection. You find 4 more bugs than your classmate.
How many bugs are in the collection?

Problem
34. Solving You and a friend each have a collection of tokens.
Initially, for every 8 tokens you had, your friend had 3. After
you give half of your tokens to your friend, your friend now
has 18 more tokens than you. Initially, how many more tokens
did you have than your friend?

Factor the expression using the GCF. (Section 3.4)

35. 54 + 27 36. 60x − 84 37. 42x + 28y

38. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which expression does not give the

area of the shaded figure? (Section 4.3)

( 1
A 2(6) + 2 —(6)(2)
○ 2 ) ( 1
B 2 —(3)(2 + 6)
○ 2 )
○ 2 ( 1
C 6(6) − 4 —(3)(2) ) 1
D 6(6) − —(6)(2)
○ 2

Section 5.2 Ratio Tables 203

 5.3 Rates

How can you use rates to describe changes in

real-life problems?

1 ACTIVITY: Stories Without Words

Work with a partner. Each diagram shows a story problem.
● Describe the story problem in your own words.
● Write the rate indicated by the diagram. What are the units?
a.

80 mi

b.

c.
Population of Sunny Acres Condos
1 0
140
1200
0
tion

100
0000
Populati

800
600
0
400
200

COMMON 0
2008 2009 2010
201 201
011
1 201
012
2 2013 2014
CORE Y ar
Ye
Rates
In this lesson, you will
● understand the concepts d.
of rates and unit rates. January 2010
● write unit rates.
January 2014
Length: 3 ft
● solve real-life problems.
Length: 7 ft
Learning Standards
[Link].1.2
[Link].1.3a
[Link].1.3b

204 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 2 ACTIVITY: Finding Equivalent Rates

Math Work with a partner. Use the diagrams in Activity 1. Explain how you found
each answer.
Practice
Specify Units a. How many miles does the car travel in 1 hour?
How do the given b. How much money does the person earn every hour?
units help you find
c. How much does the population of Sunny Acres Condos increase each year?
the units for your
answer? d. How many feet does the alligator grow per year?

3 ACTIVITY: Using a Double Number Line

e
Work with a partner. Count the number of timess
you can clap your hands in 12 seconds. Have
your partner keep track of the time and record
your results.
a. Use the results to complete the double
number line.
Number of claps
0

0 3 6 9 12
Seconds

b. Explain how to use the double number line to find the number
of times you clap your hands in 6 seconds and in 4 seconds.
c. Find the number of times you can clap your hands in 1 minute.
Explain how you found your answer.
d. How can you find the number of times you can clap your hands in
2 minutes? 3 minutes? Explain.

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use rates to describe changes in
real-life problems? Give examples to support your explanation.
5. MODELING Use a double number line to model each story in Activity 1.
Show how to use the double number line to answer each question in
Activity 2. Why is a double number line a good problem-solving tool for
these types of problems?

Use what you learned about rates to complete Exercises 3 and 4

on page 208.

Section 5.3 Rates 205

5.3 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary
rate, p. 206
unit rate, p. 206 Rate and Unit Rate
equivalent rates, Words A rate is a ratio of two quantities using different units.
p. 206 A unit rate compares a quantity to one unit of another
quantity. Equivalent rates have the same unit rate.
Numbers You pay $27 for 3 pizzas.

Unit rate: $9 : 1 pizza

Study Tip
Rate: $27 : 3 pizzas
In a rate a : b, you can
divide both a and b by
b to find the unit rate. a
Algebra Rate: a units : b units Unit rate: — units : 1 unit
b

EXAMPLE 1 Writing a Rate

The double number line shows the rate at which you earn points for
successfully hitting notes in a music video game. Write a rate that
represents this situation.
Points
0 150 300 450 600 750

0 1 2 3 4 5
Notes 600 points for 4 notes

One possible rate is 600 points for every 4 notes.

EXAMPLE 2 Finding a Unit Rate

A piece of space junk travels 5 miles in 8 seconds. How far does
it travel per second?
Use a ratio table and divide by 8 to write an equivalent rate in
which the time is 1 second.
÷8

5
Distance (miles) 5 —
8
Time (seconds) 8 1

÷8
5
The rate 5 miles : 8 seconds is equivalent to — mile : 1 second.
8
5
So, the space junk travels — mile per second.
8

206 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 1. Write another rate that represents the situation in Example 1.
Exercises 3–14 2. A Japanese bullet train travels 558 miles in 3 hours. How far does it
travel every hour?
3. You pay $8 for 16 ounces of sliced turkey. Write a rate that gives the
price for each ounce of turkey.

EXAMPLE 3 Finding Equivalent Rates

a. A chef buys 6 pounds of salmon fillets for $51. How much will the
chef pay for 9 more pounds of salmon fillets?
Using a ratio table, divide to find the unit rate and then multiply to
find the cost for 9 pounds of salmon fillets.
÷6 ×9

Cost (dollars) 51 8.5 76.5

Salmon (pounds) 6 1 9

÷6 ×9

So, the chef will pay $76.50 for 9 more pounds of salmon fillets.

b. You buy 2 pounds of tilapia fillets for $16. What is the cost for
Study Tip 7 pounds of tilapia fillets?
The unit rate of cost per
Because $16 is easily divided into halves, fourths, and eighths, it is
unit is called unit cost.
The unit cost of the appropriate to model the rate using a double number line.
salmon in Example 3(a)
is $8.50 per pound. Dollars
0 16 32 48 56 64
7 is halfway between 6 and
8. So, find the value halfway
0 2 4 6 7 8 between 48 and 64.
Pounds

So, the cost for 7 pounds of tilapia fillets is $56.

4. Your download speed is 3 megabytes every 4 seconds.

Exercises 17
a. How many megabytes can you download in 1 minute?
and 18
b. Construct a double number line that represents the
situation. How many megabytes can you download in
10 seconds?

Section 5.3 Rates 207

5.3 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. WRITING Describe a unit rate that you use in real life.

2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What is the cost per bagel? What is the cost per dozen bagels?

What is the unit cost of a bagel? How much does each bagel cost?

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Write a rate that represents the situation.

1 3. Words 4. Students
0 15 30 45 60 75 0 9 18 27 36 45

0 10 20 30 40 50 0 4 8 12 16 20
Minutes Computers

5. Inches 6. Gallons
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 30 60 90 120 150

0 3 6 9 12 15 0 5 10 15 20 25
Years Seconds

Write a unit rate for the situation.

2 7. $28 saved in 4 weeks 8. 18 necklaces made in 3 hours
9. 270 miles in 6 hours 10. 228 students in 12 classes
11. 2520 kilobytes in 18 seconds 12. 880 calories in 8 servings
13. 1080 miles on 15 gallons 14. $12.50 for 5 ounces

15. LIGHTNING Lightning strikes Earth 1000 times in

10 seconds. How many times does lightning strike
per second?

16. HEART RATE Your heart beats 240 times in 4 minutes.

How many times does your heart beat each minute?

3 17. CAR WASH You earn $35 for washing 7 cars.

How much do you earn for washing 4 cars?

18. 5K RACE You jog 2 kilometers in 12 minutes. At this

rate, how long will it take you to complete a 5-kilometer race?

208 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

Decide whether the rates are equivalent.
19. 24 laps in 6 minutes 20. 126 points every 3 games
72 laps in 18 minutes 210 points every 5 games
21. 15 breaths every 36 seconds 22. $16 for 4 pounds
90 breaths every 3 minutes $1 for 4 ounces
23. PRINTER A printer prints 28 photos in 8 minutes.
a. How many minutes does it take to print 21 more photos?
b. Construct a double number line diagram that represents the situation.
How many minutes does it take to print 35 more photos?

24. SUN VISOR An athletic director pays $90 for

12 sun visors for the softball team.
a. How much will the athletic director pay to buy
15 more sun visors?
b. Construct a double number line diagram that
represents the situation. What is the cost of
16 sun visors?
25. FOOD DRIVE The table shows the Homeroom A Homeroom B
amounts of food collected by two Students 24 16
homerooms. Homeroom A collects
Canned Food 30 22
21 additional items of food. How many
Dry Food 42 24
more items does Homeroom B need to
collect to have more items per student?

26. MARATHON A runner completed a 26.2-mile marathon in

210 minutes.
a. Estimate the unit rate, in miles per minute.
b. Estimate the unit rate, in minutes per mile.
c. Another runner says, “I averaged 10-minute miles in the he
marathon.” Is this runner talking about the kind of ratee
ning.
described in part (a) or in part (b)? Explain your reasoning.

27. Logic You can do one-half of a job in an hour. Your

friend can do one-third of the same job in an hour. How long ng
will it take to do the job if you work together?

Write two fractions that are equivalent to the given fraction. (Skills Review Handbook)
1 5 2 4
28. — 29. — 30. — 31. —
3 6 5 9

32. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which expression is equivalent to 6(x) – 6(2)? (Section 3.4)
A 2(x − 6)
○ B 6(x − 2)
○ C 12(x − 1)
○ D 36(x − 2)
○

Section 5.3 Rates 209

 5.4 Comparing and Graphing Ratios

How can you compare two ratios?

1 ACTIVITY: Comparing Ratio Tables

Work with a partner.
● You make purple frosting by adding 1 drop of red food coloring
for every 3 drops of blue food coloring.
● Your teacher makes purple frosting by adding 3 drops of red food
coloring for every 5 drops of blue food coloring.
a. Copy and complete the ratio table for each frosting mixture.

Your Frosting Your Teacher’s Frosting

Drops of Red Drops of Blue Drops of Red Drops of Blue
1 3
2 6
3 9
4 12
5 15

b. Whose frosting is bluer? Whose frosting is redder? Justify your answers.

c. STRUCTURE Insert and complete a new column for each ratio table above
that shows the total number of drops. How can you use this column to
answer part (b)?

2 ACTIVITY: Graphing from a Ratio Table

y
Work with a partner.
15
a. Explain how you can use the 14

values from the ratio table for 13

COMMON 12
CORE your frosting to create a graph
11
Ratios and Rates in the coordinate plane.
Drops of blue

10
In this lesson, you will b. Use the values in the table to 9
● compare ratios.

● compare unit rates.

plot the points. Then connect 8
7
● graph ordered pairs to the points and describe the
6
compare ratios and rates. graph. What do you notice?
5
Learning Standards
[Link].1.2 c. What does the line represent? 4
[Link].1.3a 3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 x
Drops of red
210 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates
 3 ACTIVITY: Comparing Graphs from Ratio Tables

Math Work with a partner. The y

Practice graph shows the values 25

24
Look for from the ratio table for
23
Patterns your teacher’s frosting. 22
á
What patterns do a. Complete the table 21
you notice in the 20
graph? What does and the graph. á
19
this tell you about 18
the problem? á
17
16

Drops of blue
15
14 á
Your Teacher’s 13
Frosting á
12
Drops Drops 11
of Red of Blue 10
9 á
3 8
á
7
6 6
5
9 4 á
3
12 á
2
1
á
15 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 x
Drops of red

b. Explain the relationship between the entries in the ratio table

and the points on the graph.
c. How is this graph similar to the graph in Activity 2? How is
it different?
d. How can you use the graphs to determine whose frosting has
more red or blue in it? Explain.

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you compare two ratios?

5. PRECISION Your teacher’s frosting mixture has 7 drops of red in it. How can
you use the graph to find how many drops of blue are needed to make the
purple frosting? Is your answer exact? Explain.

Use what you learned about comparing ratios to complete

Exercises 3 and 4 on page 214.

Section 5.4 Comparing and Graphing Ratios 211

5.4 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

One way to compare ratios is by using ratio tables.

EXAMPLE 1 Comparing Ratios

You mix 8 tablespoons of hot sauce and 3 cups of salsa in a green bowl.
You mix 12 tablespoons of hot sauce and 4 cups of salsa in an orange
bowl. Which mixture is hotter?
Use ratio tables to compare the mixtures. Find a larger batch of each
mixture in which the amount of hot sauce or salsa is the same.
Green Bowl Orange Bowl
×4 ×3

Hot Sauce Hot Sauce

8 32 12 36
(tablespoons) (tablespoons)
Salsa (cups) 3 12 Salsa (cups) 4 12

×4 ×3
The tables show that for a larger batch of each mixture
using 12 cups of salsa, the orange bowl would have
36 − 32 = 4 more tablespoons of hot sauce.
So, the mixture in the orange bowl is hotter.

EXAMPLE 2 Comparing Unit Rates

Which bag of dog food is the better buy?
Use ratio tables to find and compare the unit costs.
20-Pound Bag 30-Pound Bag
÷ 20 ÷ 30

Cost (dollars) 17.20 0.86 Cost (dollars) 25.20 0.84

Food (pounds) 20 1 Food (pounds) 30 1

÷ 20 ÷ 30
The 20-pound bag costs $0.86 per pound, and the 30-pound bag costs
$0.84 per pound.
Because $0.84 is less than $0.86, the 30-pound bag is the better buy.

1. In Example 1, you mix 10 tablespoons of hot sauce and 3 cups of

Exercises 3 –10 salsa in a red bowl. Which mixture is the mildest? Explain.
2. A 30-pack of paper towels costs $48.30. A 32-pack costs $49.60.
Which is the better buy? Explain.

212 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 EXAMPLE 3 Graphing Values from Ratio Tables
A hot-air balloon rises 9 meters every 3 seconds. A blimp rises
7 meters every 2 seconds.
a
a. Complete the ratio table for each aircraft. Which rises faster?

Balloon Blimp
Time Height Time Height
(seconds) (meters) (seconds) (meters)
3 9 2 7
×2 ×2
6 18 4 14
×3 ×3
9 27 6 21
×4 ×4
12 36 8 28

Every 6 seconds, the balloon rises 18 meters and the blimp rises
Rises 9 meters
21 meters.
every 3 seconds. So, the blimp rises faster.

b. Graph the ordered pairs (time, height) from the tables in part (a).
What can you conclude?
Write the ordered pairs.
Balloon: (3, 9), (6, 18), (9, 27), (12, 36)
Blimp: (2, 7), (4, 14), (6, 21), (8, 28)

Plot and label each set

Study Tip of ordered pairs. Then
Rising Speeds
y
When graphing speed, draw a line through 36 Blimp
you often place time each set of points. 32
on the horizontal axis (8, 28)
Height (meters)

28 (12, 36)
and distance on the 24 (9, 27)
vertical axis. (6, 21)
20
16 (4, 14) (6, 18) Balloon
12
(2, 7)
8 (3, 9)
4
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x
Time (seconds)

Both graphs begin at (0, 0). The graph for the blimp is steeper,
so the blimp rises faster than the hot-air balloon.

3. WHAT IF? The blimp rises 6 meters every 2 seconds. How does this
affect your conclusion?
Exercises 12 and 13

Section 5.4 Comparing and Graphing Ratios 213

5.4 Exercises
Help with Homework

y
1. WRITING Explain how to use tables to
compare ratios.

Earnings (dollars)
You
2. NUMBER SENSE Just by looking at the graph,
determine who earns a greater hourly wage.
Explain. Friend

x
Time (hours)

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Determine which car gets the better gas mileage.

1 3. 4.
Car A B Car A B

Distance (miles) 125 120 Distance (miles) 300 320

Gallons Used 5 6 Gallons Used 8 10

5. 6.
Car A B Car A B

Distance (miles) 450 405 Distance (miles) 360 270

Gallons Used 15 12 Gallons Used 20 18

Determine which is the better buy.

2 7. 8.
Air Freshener A B Kitten Food A B

Cost (dollars) 6 12 Cost (dollars) 15 9

Refills 2 3 Cans 18 12

9. 10.
Ham A B Cheese A B

Cost (dollars) 5.70 8.75 Cost (dollars) 3.59 5.12

Pounds 3 5 Slices 10 16

11. SALT WATER GARGLE Salt water gargle can

temporarily relieve a sore throat. One recipe
3
calls for — teaspoon of salt in 1 cup of water.
4
A second recipe calls for 1 teaspoon of salt in
2 cups of water. Which recipe will taste saltier?

214 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 Complete the ratio tables and graph the ordered pairs from the tables.
What can you conclude?
3 12. Water Tank Swimming Pool 13. Zoo Museum
Time Liters Time Liters Cost Cost
People People
(min) Leaked (min) Leaked (dollars) (dollars)
2 4 3 2 4 60 5 95
4 6 8 10
6 9 12 15
8 12 16 20

14. MILK In whole milk, 13 parts out of 400 are milk fat. In 2% milk,
1 part out of 50 is milk fat. Which type of milk has more milk fat
per cup?
15. HEART RATE A horse’s heart beats 440 times in 10 minutes.
A cow’s heart beats 390 times in 6 minutes. Which animal
has a greater heart rate?
16. CHOOSE TOOLS A chemist prepares two acid solutions.
a. Use a ratio table to determine which solution is
more acidic.
b. Use a graph to determine which solution is
more acidic.
c. Which method do you prefer? Explain.
17. NUT MIXTURE A company offers a nut mixture with
7 peanuts for every 4 almonds. The company changes
the mixture to have 8 peanuts for every 5 almonds,
but the number of nuts per container does not change.
a. Create a ratio table for each mixture. How many nuts are in the smallest
possible container?
b. Graph the ordered pairs from the tables. What can you conclude?
c. Almonds cost more than peanuts. Should the company charge more or less
for the new mixture? Explain your reasoning.

18. The point (p, q) is on the graph of values from a ratio table. What
is another point on the graph?

Divide. (Section 1.1)

19. 544 ÷ 34 20. 1520 ÷ 83 21. 8439 ÷ 245

22. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following numbers is equal to 9.32 when you
increase it by 4.65? (Section 2.4)

○
A 4.33 ○
B 4.67 ○
C 5.67 ○
D 13.97

Section 5.4 Comparing and Graphing Ratios 215

 5 Study Help
Graphic Organizer

You can use a definition and example chart to organize information about a concept.
Here is an example of a definition and example chart for ratio.

Ratio: a comparison of two quantities. Ratios can be part-to-part,

part-to-whole, or whole-to-part comparisons.

Example
4 to 5

Example
2:5

Example
teachers : students

Make definition and example charts to

help you study these topics.
1. equivalent ratios
2. ratio table
3. rate
4. unit rate
5. equivalent rates

After you complete this chapter, make

definition and example charts for the
following topics. “My math teacher taught us how to make a
definition and example chart.”
6. percent
7. U.S. customary system
8. metric system
9. conversion factor
10. unit analysis

216 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

5.1–5.4 Quiz
Progress Check

Write the ratio. Explain what the ratio means. (Section 5.1)
1. tulips to lilies 2. crayons to markers

Find the missing values in the ratio table. Then write the equivalent ratios. (Section 5.2)
3. Shoes 7 49 4.
Trains 3 12
Boots 2 8 Airplanes 8 48

Write a rate that represents the situation. (Section 5.3)

5. Liters 6. Tickets
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 5 10 15 20 25

0 3 6 9 12 15 0 20 40 60 80 100
Minutes Points

Write a unit rate for the situation. (Section 5.3)

7. 12 touchdowns in 6 games 8. 15 text messages in 5 minutes

9. 80 entries in 4 contests 10. 75 questions in 25 minutes

11. DOWNLOADS Three album downloads cost $36. How much do 5 album
downloads cost? (Section 5.3)

12. SHAMPOO You can buy 20 fluid ounces of shampoo for $4.40 or
24 fluid ounces for $4.80. Which is the better buy? Explain. (Section 5.4)

13. NBA CHAMPIONSHIPS Write each ratio.

NBA Championships, 1947−2012
Explain what the ratio means.
(Section 5.1)
Celtics 17
a. Celtics championships to
Lakers 16
Lakers championships
b. Pistons championships to Bulls 6

Spurs championships Spurs 4

c. Bulls championships to Pistons 3 â
2 championships

Lakers championships

Sections 5.1–5.4 Quiz 217

 5.5 Percents

What is the connection between ratios,

fractions, and percents?

1 ACTIVITY: Writing Ratios

Work with a partner.
● Write the fraction of the squares that are shaded.
● Write the ratio of the number of shaded squares to the total number
of squares.
● How are the ratios and the fractions related?
● When can you write ratios as fractions?

a. b. c.

Percent

A century is 100 years. A cent is one hundredth In Mexico, a centavo is

of a dollar. one hundredth of a peso.

COMMON
CORE
Percents
In this lesson, you will
● write percents as

fractions with
denominators
of 100.
● write fractions

as percents. Cent means one hundred, so percent means per one hundred. The symbol
Learning Standard for percent is %.
[Link].1.3c

218 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 2 ACTIVITY: Writing Percents as Fractions
Work with a partner.
● What percent of each diagram in Activity 1 is shaded?
● What percent of each diagram below is shaded? Write each percent as
a fraction in simplest form.

a. b. c.

3 ACTIVITY: Writing Fractions as Percents

Work with a partner. Draw a model to represent the fraction. How can you
write the fraction as a percent?

2
a. — = — = %
5 100

Math
Practice
Consider Similar
Problems
How is this problem
similar to ones you 7 3
b. — c. —
have seen before? 10 5
How does this
help you find 3 3
d. — e. —
the solution? 4 25

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS What is the connection between ratios, fractions,

and percents? Give an example with your answer.
5. REASONING Your score on a test is 110%. What does this mean?

Use what you learned about percents to complete Exercises 5–7

on page 222.

Section 5.5 Percents 219

5.5 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary
percent, p. 220
Writing Percents as Fractions
Words A percent is a part-to-whole ratio where the whole is 100. So,
you can write a percent as a fraction with a denominator of 100.

part
60
Numbers 60% = 60 out of 100 = — per
100
one hundred (whole)
n
Algebra n% = —
100

EXAMPLE 1 Writing Percents as Fractions

a. Write 35% as a fraction in simplest form.
Study Tip 35 Write as a fraction with
35% = —
Equivalent fractions 100 a denominator of 100.
and percents represent 7
the same number using =— Simplify.
different notations. 20

7
So, 35% = —.
20

b. Write 100% as a fraction in simplest form.

100 Write as a fraction with
100% = —
100 a denominator of 100.

=1 Simplify.

So, 100% = 1.

c. Write 174% as a mixed number in simplest form.

174 Write as a fraction with
174% = —
100 a denominator of 100.
87 37
= —, or 1 — Simplify.
50 50

37
So, 174% = 1 —.
50

Write the percent as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form.

Exercises 8–19 1. 5% 2. 168% 3. 36% 4. 83%

220 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 Writing Fractions as Percents
Words Write an equivalent fraction with a denominator of 100.
Then write the numerator with the percent symbol.
× 25

1 25
Numbers — = — = 25%
4 100

× 25

EXAMPLE 2 Writing a Fraction as a Percent

3
Write — as a percent.
50
×2
Because 50 × 2 = 100, multiply the numerator
3 6
— = — = 6% and denominator by 2. Write the numerator
50 100
with a percent symbol.
×2

EXAMPLE 3 Real-Life Application

A drought affects 9 out of 12 midwestern states. What percent of the
midwestern states are affected by the drought?
Midwestern United States
9 3
—=— Simplify.
12 4
75 3 × 25 75
=— —=—
100 4 × 25 100

= 75% Write the numerator with a percent symbol.

So, 75% of the midwestern states are affected by the drought.

Write the fraction or mixed number as a percent.

Exercises 21–28 31 7 19 1
5. — 6. — 7. — 8. 1—
50 25 20 2

9. WHAT IF? In Example 3, it rains in all the midwestern states.

In what percent of the states affected by drought does it rain?

Section 5.5 Percents 221

5.5 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. WRITING Explain how you can use a 10-by-10 grid to model 42%.
2. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which one does not have the same value as
the other three? Explain your reasoning.

10 1
— 10% — 0.01
100 10

3. OPEN-ENDED Write three different fractions that are less than 40%.
1
4. NUMBER SENSE Can 1 — be written as a percent? Explain.
4

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Use a 10-by-10 grid to model the percent.

5. 10% 6. 55% 7. 35%

Write the percent as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form.

1 8. 45% 9. 90% 10. 15% 11. 7%
12. 34% 13. 79% 14. 77.5% 15. 188%
16. 8% 17. 224% 18. 0.25% 19. 0.4%

✗
20. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the
error in writing 225% as a fraction. 225 9
225% = — = —
1000 40

Write the fraction or mixed number as a percent.

1 1 11 2
2 21. — 22. — 23. — 24. —
10 5 20 25
27 18 17 41
25. — 26. — 27. 1— 28. 2 —
50 25 20 50

✗
29. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the
14 14 14 × 4 56
error in writing — as a percent. — = — = — = 0.56%
25 25 25 × 4 100

30. LEFT-HANDED Of the students in your class, 12% are left-handed. What
fraction of the students are left-handed? Are there more right-handed or
left-handed students? Explain.

31. ARCADE You have 125% of the tickets required for a souvenir. What fraction of the
required tickets do you have? Do you need more tickets for the souvenir? Explain.

222 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

Find the percent.
32. 3 is what percent of 8? 33. 13 is what percent of 16?
34. 9 is what percent of 16? 35. 33 is what percent of 40?

36. SOCIAL NETWORKING A survey asked students to Social Networking Number of

choose their favorite social networking website. Website Students
The results are shown in the table. Website A 35
a. What fraction of the students chose Website A? Website B 13
b. What percent of the students chose Website C? Website C 22
Website D 10

37. GEOGRAPHY The percent of the total area of the United States that is in each
of four states is shown.
Alaska Florida Hawaii Illinois

17.5% 1.5%
0.288%
1.7%

a. Write the percents as fractions in simplest form.

b. How many times larger is Illinois than Hawaii?
c. Compared to the map of Florida, is the map of Alaska the correct size?
Explain your reasoning.
d. RESEARCH Which of the 50 states are larger than Illinois?

38. CRITICAL THINKING A school fundraiser raised 120% of its goal last year and
125% of its goal this year. Did the fundraiser raise more money this year?
Explain your reasoning.

1
39. CRITICAL THINKING How can you use a 10-by-10 grid to model —%?
2
1
40. Write — as a percent. Explain how you found your answer.
12

Divide. Write the answer in simplest form. (Section 2.2)

1 1 3 5 1
41. — ÷ — 42. 9 ÷ — 43. 10 ÷ — 44. — ÷ 2
6 3 4 8 6

45. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following is not equal to 15? (Section 2.1)

○
A
3
—
4 ⋅ 20 ○
B
5
—
9 ⋅ 27 ○
C 35 ⋅ —37 ○
D 28 ⋅ —57

Section 5.5 Percents 223

 5.6 Solving Percent Problems

How can you use mental math to find the

percent of a number?

“I have a secret way for “10% is 8, and 1% is 0.8.” “So, 21% is 8 + 8 + 0.8 = 16.8.”
finding 21% of 80.”

1 ACTIVITY: Finding 10% of a Number

Work with a partner.
a. How did Newton know that 10% of 80 is 8?
10
1
Write 10% as a fraction. 10% = — per =—

cent

Method 1: Use a model.

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

0 80

Method 2: Use multiplication.

COMMON 10% of 80 = — of 80 = — × =—=

10 10 10
CORE
Percents
b. How do you move the decimal point to find 10% of a number?
In this lesson, you will Move the decimal point one place to the . 10% of 80. =
● find percents of numbers.

● find the whole given the

part and the percent.

Learning Standard
[Link].1.3c 2 ACTIVITY: Finding 1% of a Number
Work with a partner.
a. How did Newton know that 1% of 80 is 0.8?
b. How do you move the decimal point to find 1% of a number?

224 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 3 ACTIVITY: Using Mental Math
Work with a partner. Use mental math to find each percent of a number.
Math
Practice a. 12% of 40 b. 19% of 50
Evaluate Think: 12% = 10% + 1% + 1% Think: 19% = 10% + 10% − 1%
Results
Does your answer
seem reasonable? 10% of 40 = 1% of 40 = 10% of 50 = 1% of 50 =
How can you check
your answer?
+ + = + − =

4 ACTIVITY: Using Mental Math

Work with a partner. Use mental math to find each percent of a number.

a. 20% tip for a $30 meal

b. 18% tip for a $30 meal

c. 6% sales tax on a $20 shirt

d. 9% sales tax on a $20 shirt

e 6% service charge for a $200 boxing ticket

e.

f. 2% delivery fee for a $200 boxing ticket

g. 21% bonus on a total of 40,000 points

h. 38% bonus on a total of 80,000 points

5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use mental math

to find the percent of a number?
6. Describe two real-life examples of finding a percent of a number.
7. How can you use 10% of a number to find 20% of the number? 30%?
Explain your reasoning.

Use what you learned about finding the percent of a number to

complete Exercises 3 –10 on page 229.

Section 5.6 Solving Percent Problems 225

5.6 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Finding the Percent of a Number

Words Write the percent as a fraction. Then multiply by the whole.
The percent times the whole equals the part.
Numbers 20% of 60 is 12. Model
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
1
— × 60 = 12
5
0 12 24 36 48 60

EXAMPLE 1 Finding the Percent of a Number

25% of 40 is what number?

Study Tip
25% of 40 = —
1
4 ⋅ 40 Write the percent as a fraction and multiply.

10
You can use mental 1 40
=— ⋅ Divide out the common factor.
math to check your 1 4
answer in Example 1.
10% of 40 = 4 = 10 Simplify.
5% of 40 = 2
So, 25% of 40 is So, 25% of 40 is 10. 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
4 + 4 + 2 = 10.
0 10 20 30 40

You can also use a ratio table to find the percent of a number.

EXAMPLE 2 Finding the Percent of a Number Using a Ratio Table

60% of 150 is what number?
Use a ratio table to find the part. Let one row be the part, and let the
other be the whole. Find an equivalent ratio with 150 as the whole.

The first column represents ÷2 ×3

the percent.
part 60
Part 60 30 90
— = — = 60%
whole 100 Whole 100 50 150

÷2 ×3
So, 60% of 150 is 90.

Find the percent of the number. Explain your method.

Exercises 3–22 1. 90% of 20 2. 75% of 32 3. 10% of 110 4. 30% of 75

226 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 You can use a related division equation to find the whole given the part
and the percent.

Finding the Whole

Write the percent as a fraction. Then divide the part by the fraction.
Words The part divided by the percent equals the whole.
Numbers 20% of 60 is 12.

1 1
— × 60 = 12 12 ÷ — = 60
5 5
Multiplication equation Related division equation

EXAMPLE 3 Finding the Whole

75% of what number is 48?
3
48 ÷ 75% = 48 ÷ — Write the percent as a fraction and divide.
4

= 48 ⋅ —43 Multiply by the reciprocal.

= 64 Simplify.

So, 75% of 64 is 48. 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

0 16 32 48 64

EXAMPLE 4 Finding the Whole Using a Ratio Table

120% of what number is 72?
Use a ratio table to find the whole. Find an equivalent ratio with 72 as
the part.

The first column represents ÷ 20 × 12

the percent.
part Part 120 6 72
120
— = — = 120%
whole 100 Whole 100 5 60

÷ 20 × 12
So, 120% of 60 is 72.

Find the whole. Explain your method.

Exercises 27–36 5. 5% of what number is 10? 6. 62% of what number is 31?

Section 5.6 Solving Percent Problems 227

 EXAMPLE 5 Real-Life Application
The width of a rectangular room is 80% of its length. What is the area
of the room?
Find 80% of 15 feet.
4 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
80% of 15 = — × 15
5
3 0 3 6 9 12 15
4 × 15
=—
Tim
e

5
1

15 fftt = 12 The width is 12 feet.

Use the formula for the area A of a rectangle.
A = 15 × 12 = 180

So, the area of the room is 180 square feet.

7. The width of a rectangular stage is 55% of its length. The stage

is 120 feet long. What is the area?

EXAMPLE 6 Real-Life Application

You win an online auction for concert tickets. Your winning bid is 60%
of your maximum bid. How much more were you willing to pay for the
tickets than you actually paid?

○
A $72 ○
B $80 ○
C $120 ○
D $200

Your maximum bid is the whole, and your winning bid is the part. Find
your maximum bid by dividing the part by the percent.
3
120 ÷ 60% = 120 ÷ — Divide the part by the percent.
5

= 120 ⋅ —53 Multiply by the reciprocal.

= 200 Simplify.

Your maximum bid is $200, and your winning bid is $120. So, you were
willing to pay 200 − 120 = $80 more for the tickets.

The correct answer is ○

B .

8. WHAT IF? Your winning bid is 96% of your maximum bid.

How much more were you willing to pay for the tickets than
you actually paid?

228 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

5.6 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What is twenty percent of 30? What is one-fifth of 30?

Twenty percent of what number is 30? What is two-tenths of 30?

2. NUMBER SENSE If 52 is 130% of a number, is the number greater or

less than 52? Explain.

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Find the percent of the number. Explain your method.

1 2 3. 20% of 60 4. 10% of 40 5. 50% of 70 6. 30% of 30
7. 10% of 90 8. 15% of 20 9. 25% of 50 10. 5% of 60
11. 30% of 70 12. 75% of 48 13. 45% of 45 14. 92% of 19
15. 40% of 60 16. 38% of 22 17. 70% of 20 18. 87% of 55
19. 140% of 60 20. 120% of 33 21. 175% of 54 22. 250% of 146

23. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in finding 40% of 75.

✗ 40% of 75 = 40% × 75 = 3000

24. PINE TREES A town had about 2120 acres of pine trees 40 years ago. Only
about 13% of the pine trees remain. How many acres of pine trees remain?

25. SPIDER MONKEY The tail

of the spider monkey is
64% of the length shown. 55
in.
What is the length of its tail?

26. CABLE A family pays $45 each month

for cable television. The cost increases 7%.
a. How many dollars is the increase?
b. What is the new monthly cost?

Section 5.6 Solving Percent Problems 229

 Find the whole. Explain your method.
3 4 27. 10% of what number is 14? 28. 20% of what number is 18?
29. 25% of what number is 21? 30. 75% of what number is 27?
31. 15% of what number is 12? 32. 85% of what number is 17?
33. 140% of what number is 35? 34. 160% of what number is 32?
35. 125% of what number is 25? 36. 175% of what number is 42?

37. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct

✗
20% of what number is 5?
the error in finding the whole.
5
5 ÷ 20% = —
20
1
=—
4
Grand Opening
dine-in, SPECIAL 38. COUPON You have a coupon for a restaurant.
take-out,
or 25% You save $3 on a meal. What was the original
cost of the meal?
delivery OFF

39. SURVEY The results of a survey are shown

at the right. In the survey, 12 students said
that they would like to learn French.
a. How many students were surveyed?
b. How many of the students surveyed
would like to learn Spanish?

40. WEIGHT A sixth grader weighs 90 pounds, which is 120% of what he weighed
in fourth grade. How much did he weigh in fourth grade?

41. PARKING LOT In a parking lot, 16% of the cars

are blue. There are 4 blue cars in the parking lot.
How many cars in the parking lot are not blue?

42. LOTION A bottle contains 20 fluid ounces of lotion and sells for $5.80. The
20-fluid-ounce bottle contains 125% of the lotion in the next smallest size,
which sells for $5.12. Which is the better buy? Explain.

230 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

Copy and complete the statement using <, >, or =.
43. 80% of 60 60% of 80 44. 20% of 30 30% of 40
45. 120% of 5 0.8% of 250 46. 85% of 40 25% of 136

47. TIME How many minutes is 40% of 2 hours?

48. LENGTH How many inches is 78% of 3 feet?

49. GEOMETRY The width of the rectangle is 75% of its length.

a. What is the area of the rectangle?
b. The length of the rectangle is doubled. What percent
of the length is the width now? Explain your reasoning. 24 in.

50. BASKETBALL To pass inspection, a new basketball should bounce

back to between 68% and 75% of the starting height. A new ball is
dropped from 6 feet and bounces back 4 feet 1 inch. Does the ball
pass inspection? Explain.

51. REASONING You know that 15% of a number n is

12. How can you use this to find 30% of n? 45%
of n? Explain.

52. SURFBOARD You have a coupon for 10% off the

sale price of a surfboard. Which is the better buy?
Explain your reasoning.
● 40% off the regular price
● 30% off the regular price and then 10% off
the sale price

53. On three 150-point geography tests, you earned grades of 88%,

94%, and 90%. The final test is worth 250 points. What percent do you need
on the final to earn 93% of the total points on all tests?

Multiply. (Section 2.5)

54. 0.6 × 8 55. 3.3 × 5 56. 0.74 × 9 57. 2.19 × 12

58. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the quotient of 75 and 2.4? (Section 2.6)

○
A 0.032 ○
B 0.3125 ○
C 3.2 ○
D 31.25

Section 5.6 Solving Percent Problems 231

 5.7 Converting Measures

How can you compare lengths between

the customary and metric systems?

1 yd

6 ft

1 ACTIVITY: Customary Measure History

Work with a partner.
a. Match the measure of length with its historical beginning.
Length Historical Beginning
Inch The length of a human foot
Foot The width of a human thumb
Yard The distance a human can walk in 1000 paces
(1 pace = 2 steps)
Mile The distance from a human nose to the end of an outstretched
human arm
b. Use a ruler to measure your thumb, arm, and foot. How do your
measurements compare to your answers from part (a)? Are they
close to the historical measures?

You know how to convert measures within the customary and metric systems.
Equivalent Customary Lengths
COMMON 1 ft = 12 in. 1 yd = 3 ft 1 mi = 5280 ft
CORE
Converting Measures Equivalent Metric Lengths
In this lesson, you will
● use conversion factors 1 m = 1000 mm 1 m = 100 cm 1 km = 1000 m
(rates) to convert units
of measurement. You will learn how to convert between 2.54 cm
Learning Standard the two systems.
[Link].1.3d
1 cm 2 3
Converting Between Systems
1 in. = 2.54 cm 1 in.
in.

1 mi ≈ 1.61 km
1 in.
232 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates
 2 ACTIVITY: Comparing Measures
Work with a partner. Answer each question. Explain your answer. Use a
Math diagram in your explanation.
Practice
Analyze Givens Metric Customary
What is the a. Car Speed: Which is faster? 80 km/h 60 mi/h
relationship
between the given b. Trip Distance: Which is farther? 200 km 200 mi
quantities? What c. Human Height: Who is taller? 180 cm 5 ft 8 in.
are you trying
to find? d. Wrench Width: Which is wider? 8 mm 5/16 in.
e. Swimming Pool Depth: Which is deeper? 1.4 m 4 ft

3 ACTIVITY: Changing Units in a Rate

Work with a partner. Change the units of the rate by multiplying by a “Magic
One.” Write your answer as a unit rate. Show your work.
Original Rate Magic One New Units Unit Rate

1
a. Sample:

$120 1h $120 $2
— × — = — = —
h 60 min 60 min 1 min

b. —
$3
min
×

1 = $—
1h

c. —
12 in.
ft
×

1 = —
in.
1 yd

d. —
2 ft
week
×

1 = —
1 yr
ft

4. One problem-solving strategy is called Working Backwards. What does

this mean? How can you use this strategy to find the rates in Activity 3?
5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you compare lengths between the
customary and the metric systems? Give examples with your description.

Use what you learned about converting measures between systems

to complete Exercises 4 and 5 on page 236.

Section 5.7 Converting Measures 233

5.7 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

The U.S. customary system is a system of measurement that contains

Key Vocabulary units for length, capacity, and weight. The metric system is a decimal
U.S. customary system of measurement, based on powers of 10, that contains units for
system, p. 234 length, capacity, and mass.
metric system, p. 234
conversion factor, To convert from one unit of measure to another, multiply by one or more
p. 234 conversion factors. A conversion factor can be written using fraction notation.
unit analysis, p. 234

Conversion Factor
A conversion factor is a rate that equals 1.
Relationship Conversion Factors
1m 3.28 ft
Example 1 m ≈ 3.28 ft — and —
3.28 ft 1m

You can use unit analysis to decide which conversion factor will produce the
appropriate units.

EXAMPLE 1 Converting Units

a. Convert 36 quarts to gallons.
Use a conversion factor.
1 gal = 4 qt
36 ⋅ 1 gal
36 qt ⋅—
1 gal
4 qt
=—
4

= 9 gal

So, 36 quarts is 9 gallons.

b. Convert 20 centimeters to inches.

Use a conversion factor.
1 in. = 2.54 cm

⋅ 2.54
1 in.
20 cm — ≈ 7.87 in.
cm
So, 20 centimeters is about 7.87 inches.

Copy and complete the statement. Round to the nearest hundredth

Exercises 6–17 if necessary.
1. 48 ft = yd 2. 7 lb = oz 3. 5g= mg

4. 7 mi ≈ km 5. 12 qt ≈ L 6. 25 kg ≈ lb

234 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

EXAMPLE 2 Comparing Units

Copy and complete the statement using < or >: 25 oz 2 kg.

Convert 25 ounces to kilograms.

1 lb = 16 oz 1 lb ≈ 0.45 kg

1 lb 0.45 kg
25 oz × — × — = —— ≈ 0.70 kg ⋅ ⋅
25 1 0.45 kg
16 oz 1 lb 16 1 ⋅
Because 0.70 kilogram is less than 2 kilograms, 25 oz < 2 kg.

EXAMPLE 3 Converting a Rate: Changing One Unit

How many liters does the human heart pump per minute?

1 qt ≈ 0.95 L
Pumps 5
quarts of
blood per
—
5 qt
1 min ⋅—
0.95 L 4.75 L
1 qt
≈—
1 min
minute
The rate of 5 quarts per minute is about 4.75 liters per minute.

EXAMPLE 4 Converting a Speed: Changing Both Units

You are riding on a zip line. Your speed is 15 miles per hour. What is
your speed in feet per second?

(
15 mi 5280 ft
— — )(
1h
— =— )
15 5280 ft ⋅
1h 1 mi 3600 sec 3600 sec
79,200 ft
=—
1 mi = 5280 ft 3600 sec
22 ft
1 h = 3600 sec =—
1 sec

Your speed is 22 feet per second.

Copy and complete the statement using < or >.

Exercises 20–31
7. 7 cm 3 in. 8. 8c 2L 9. 3 oz 70 g
10. An oil tanker is leaking oil at a rate of 300 gallons per minute.
What is this rate in gallons per second?
11. A tennis ball travels at a speed of 120 miles per hour. What is this
rate in feet per second?

Section 5.7 Converting Measures 235

5.7 Exercises
Help with Homework

10 mm
1. VOCABULARY Is — a conversion factor? Explain.
1 cm
2. WRITING Describe how to convert 2 liters per hour to milliliters per second.

3. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

Convert 5 inches to centimeters. Find the number of inches in 5 centimeters.

How many centimeters are in 5 inches? Five inches equals how many centimeters?

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Answer the question. Explain your answer.

4. Which juice container is larger: 2 L or 1 gal?
5. Which person is heavier: 75 kg or 110 lb?

Copy and complete the statement. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.
1 6. 3 pt = c 7. 1500 mL = L 8. 40 oz = lb

9. 12 L ≈ qt 10. 14 m ≈ ft 11. 4 ft ≈ m

12. 64 lb ≈ kg 13. 0.3 km ≈ mi 14. 75.2 in. ≈ cm

15. 17 kg ≈ lb 16. 15 cm ≈ in. 17. 9 mi ≈ km

✗ ⋅ 0.951 L qt
18. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
8L≈8L —
converting the units.
= 8 L ⋅—
0.95 qt
19. BRIDGE The Mackinac Bridge in Michigan is the
1L
third-longest suspension bridge in the United States.
= 7.6 qt
a. How high above the water is the roadway in meters?
b. The bridge has a length of 26,372 feet. What is the length in kilometers?

199 ft

236 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

 Copy and complete the statement using < or >.
2 20. 8 kg 30 oz 21. 6 ft 300 cm 22. 3 gal 6L
23. 10 in. 200 mm 24. 1200 g 5 lb 25. 1500 m 3000 ft

Copy and complete the statement.

13 km mi 22 L L 63 mi mi
3 4 26. — ≈ — 27. — = — 28. — = —
h h min h h sec

3 km mi 17 gal qt 6 cm m
29. — ≈ — 30. — ≈ — 31. — = —
min h h min min sec

32. BOTTLE Can you pour the water from a full 2-liter bottle into a 2-quart
pitcher without spilling any? Explain.

100 120 140

33. AUTOBAHN Germany suggests a speed limit of
80 160 130 kilometers per hour on highways.
60 180
40
a. Is the speed shown greater than the
200
20 220
suggested limit?
MPH b. Suppose the speed shown drops 30 miles per hour.
Is the new speed below the suggested limit?

34. BIRDS The table shows the flying speeds of

several birds.
a. Which bird is the fastest? Which is the slowest?
b. The peregrine falcon has a dive speed of
322 kilometers per hour. Is the dive speed
of the peregrine falcon faster than the flying
speed of any of the birds? Explain.
Bird Speed
35. SPEED OF LIGHT The speed of light is about Spine tailed swift
Spine-tailed 2843 2 m/min
2843.2
300,000 kilometers per second. Convert the
Spur-winged goose 129.1 ft/sec
speed to miles per hour.
Eider duck 31.3 m/sec
36. One liter of paint covers 100 square Mallard 65 mi/h
feet. How many gallons of paint does it take to
cover a room whose walls have an area of 800 square meters?

Find the percent of the number. (Section 5.6)

37. 25% of 120 38. 65% of 47 39. 120% of 15 40. 3.2% of 80
41. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the area of a parallelogram with a base of
15 centimeters and a height of 12 centimeters? (Section 4.1)
A 90 cm2
○ B 175 cm2
○ C 180 cm2
○ D 205 cm2
○

Section 5.7 Converting Measures 237

 5.5–5.7 Quiz
Progress Check

Write the percent as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form. (Section 5

5.5)
5)
1. 14% 2. 124%

Write the fraction or mixed number as a percent. (Section 5.5)

13 1
3. — 4. 1—
20 4

Find the percent of the number. Explain your method. (Section 5.6)
5. 25% of 64 6. 120% of 50

Find the whole. Explain your method. (Section 5.6)

7. 60% of what number is 24? 8. 160% of what number is 80?

Copy and complete the statement. Round to the nearest hundredth

if necessary. (Section 5.7)
9. 6.4 in. ≈ cm 10. 4 qt ≈ L 11. 10 kg ≈ lb

12. ANATOMY About 62% of the human body is composed of water. Write this
percent as a fraction in simplest form. (Section 5.5)

⋅
13. SAVES A goalie’s saves ( ) and goals scored
against ( × ) are shown. What percent of shots
did the goalie save? Explain. (Section 5.5)

14. SHOPPING You went to the mall with $80. You

spent 25% of your money on a pair of shorts and
65% of the remainder on sandals. How much did
you spend on the sandals? Explain how you
found your answer. (Section 5.6)

15. WINDSURFING Determine which windsurfer is traveling faster. Explain

your reasoning. (Section 5.7)

Speed: Speed:
5 meters per second 720 feet per minute

238 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

5 Chapter Review
Vocabulary Help

Review Key Vocabulary

ratio, p. 192 unit rate, p. 206 metric system, p. 234
equivalent ratios, p. 198 equivalent rates, p. 206 conversion factor, p. 234
ratio table, p. 198 percent, p. 220 unit analysis, p. 234
rate, p. 206 U.S. customary system, p. 234

Review Examples and Exercises

5.1 Ratios (pp. 190 –195)

Write the ratio of apples to oranges.

Explain what the ratio means.

3 apples 3 to 5 5 oranges

So, the ratio of apples to oranges is 3 to 5,

or 3 : 5. That means that for every 3 apples,
there are 5 oranges.

Write the ratio. Explain what the ratio means.

1. butterflies : caterpillars 2. saxophones : trumpets

5.2 Ratio Tables (pp. 196–203)

Find the missing values in the ratio table. Trees 2 6

Then write the equivalent ratios.
Birds 5 30
You can use multiplication to find the
missing values.
×3 ×2

Trees 2 6 12
The equivalent ratios are 2 : 5,
Birds 5 15 30
6 : 15, and 12 : 30.
×3 ×2

Chapter Review 239

 Find the missing values in the ratio table. Then write the equivalent ratios.
3. 4.
Levers 6 18 Cars 3 6
Pulleys 3 6 Trucks 4 24

5.3 Rates (pp. 204–209)

A horse can run 165 feet in 3 seconds. At this rate,

how far can the horse run in 5 seconds? ÷3 ×5

Using a ratio table, divide to find the unit Distance (feet) 165 55 275
rate. Then multiply to find the distance
that the horse can run in 5 seconds. Time (seconds) 3 1 5

So, the horse can run 275 feet in 5 seconds. ÷3 ×5

Write a unit rate for the situation.

5. 12 stunts in 4 movies 6. 3600 stitches in 3 minutes
7. MUSIC A song has 28 beats in 4 seconds. At this rate, how many beats are
there in 30 seconds?

5.4 Comparing and Graphing Ratios (pp. 210–215)

There are 24 grams of sugar in 6 fluid ounces of Soft Drink A, and there are
15 grams of sugar in 4 fluid ounces of Soft Drink B. Which soft drink contains
more sugar in a 12-ounce can?
Use ratio tables to compare the soft drinks.
Soft Drink A Soft Drink B ×3
×2

Sugar (grams) 24 48 Sugar (grams) 15 45

Volume (fluid ounces) 6 12 Volume (fluid ounces) 4 12

×2 ×3
The tables show that a 12-ounce can of Soft Drink A has 48 − 45 = 3 more grams
of sugar than Soft Drink B.

So, a 12-ounce can of Soft Drink A has more sugar.

8. TUNA A 5-ounce can of tuna costs $0.90. A 12-ounce can of tuna

costs $2.40. Which is the better buy?

240 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

5.5 Percents (pp. 218–223)
3
Write — as a percent.
20

×5
Because 20 × 5 = 100, multiply the
3 15
— = — = 15% numerator and denominator by 5. Write
20 100
the numerator with a percent symbol.

×5

Write the percent as a fraction or mixed number in simplest form.

9. 12% 10. 88% 11. 0.8%

Write the fraction or mixed number as a percent.

3 43 21
12. — 13. — 14. 1—
5 25 50

5.6 Solving Percent Problems (pp. 224–231)

a. 75% of 80 is what number? b. 30% of what number is 27?

20
9
3
4
3 × 80
75% of 80 = — × 80 = — = 60
1
4
3
27 ÷ 30% = 27 ÷ — = 27 — = 90
10 ⋅ 1031
So, 75% of 80 is 60. So, 30% of 90 is 27.

Find the percent of the number. Explain your method.

15. 60% of 80 16. 80% of 55 17. 150% of 48

Find the whole. Explain your method.

18. 70% of what number is 35? 19. 140% of what number is 56?

5.7 Converting Measures (pp. 232–237)

Convert 8 kilometers to miles.

1 mi 1 mi
8 km × — ≈ 5 mi Because 1 mi ≈ 1.6 km, use the ratio —.
1.6 km 1.6 km

Copy and complete the statement. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.

20. 3 L ≈ qt 21. 9.2 in. ≈ cm 22. 15 lb ≈ kg

Chapter Review 241

 5 Chapter Test
Test Practice

Write the ratio. Explain what the ratio means.

1. scooters : bikes 2. starfish : seashells

Find the missing values in the ratio table. Then write the equivalent ratios.
3. 4.
Lemons 4 36 Rabbits 2 4

Limes 2 6 Hamsters 9 54

Write a unit rate for the situation.

5. $54.00 for 3 tickets 6. 210 miles in 3 hours

Write the fraction or mixed number as a percent.

21 17 2
7. — 8. — 9. 1—
25 20 5

Find the percent of the number. Explain your method.

10. 80% of 90 11. 30% of 50 12. 120% of 75

Find the whole. Explain your method.

13. 34 is 40% of what number? 14. 52 is 130% of what number?

Copy and complete the statement. Round to the nearest hundredth if necessary.
15. 5 L ≈ qt 16. 56 lb ≈ kg

17. SOUP There are 600 milligrams of sodium in 4 ounces of

Soup A, and there are 720 milligrams of sodium in 6 ounces
of Soup B. You prepare an 18-ounce bowl of each soup.
Which bowl of soup contains more sodium?

18. ORANGE JUICE A 48-fluid-ounce container of orange juice costs $2.40. A

60-fluid-ounce container of orange juice costs $3.60. Which is the better buy?

19. DOWNLOAD Your computer displays the progress

of a downloading video. What fraction of the video
is downloaded? Write your answer in simplest form.
46%
20. GLASSES In a class of 20 students, 40% are boys.
Twenty-five percent of the boys and 50% of the girls
wear glasses. How many students wear glasses?

242 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

5 Standards Assessment
Test-Takin
Solve Pro g Strateg
blem Befo y
1. What is the value of the expression below? re Lookin
([Link].1.1) g at Choic
es
4 2
8— ÷ 4—
9 3

17 8
A. 1 — C. 32 —
21 27
2 11
B. 2 — D. 39 —
3 27

2. Which fraction is not equivalent to 25%?

([Link].1.3c)
1 5 “Solve th
F. — H. — at the c e problem be
4 20 h fo
of 20 is oices. You kno re looking
5, so the w one-f
answer ourt
G. —
2
I. —
25 is 5 mile h
s.”
5 100

3. The school store sells 4 pencils for $0.50. At that rate,

what would be the cost of 10 pencils? ([Link].1.3b)

A. $1.10 C. $2.00

B. $1.25 D. $5.00

4. Which expression is equivalent to the expression below? ([Link].1.4)

2(m + n)

F. 2m × 2n H. (2 + m) × (2 + n)

G. 2m + 2n I. (2 + m) + (2 + n)

5. A service club wants to buy tickets to a baseball game. Tickets are

available for the grandstand and for the bleachers.

Which expression represents the total cost, in dollars, for g grandstand

tickets and b bleachers tickets? ([Link].1.2a)
A. 375( g + b) C. 25g + 15b

B. 40( g × b) D. 25g × 15b

Standards Assessment 243

 6. What property was used to simplify the expression? ([Link].1.3)

12 × 47 = 12 × (40 + 7)
= 12 × 40 + 12 × 7
= 480 + 84
= 564

F. Distributive Property

G. Identity Property of Addition

H. Commutative Property of Addition

I. Associative Property of Multiplication

7. What is 15% of 36? ([Link].1.3c)

8. If 5 dogs share equally a bag of dog treats, each dog gets 24 treats.
Suppose 8 dogs share equally the bag of treats. How many treats
does each dog get? ([Link].1.3b)

A. 3 C. 21

B. 15 D. 38

9. The figure below consists of a rectangle and a right triangle. (MACC.6.G.1.1)

7
4

What is the area of the shaded region?

F. 23 units2 H. 48 units2

G. 40 units2 I. 60 units2

244 Chapter 5 Ratios and Rates

10. What is the area, in square inches, 1
5 in.
of the trapezoid-shaped award? 2
(MACC.6.G.1.1)
1
4 in.
2

1
8 in.
2

11. Your friend evaluated an expression using k = 0.5 and p = 1.6 and got an
answer of 12. Which expression did your friend evaluate? ([Link].1.2c)

A. 5p + 8k C. 0.5k + 1.6p

B. 8p + 5k D. 0.8k + 0.5p

12. For a party, you made a gelatin dessert in a rectangular pan and cut the
dessert into equal-sized pieces as shown below.

The dessert consisted of 5 layers of equal height. Each layer was a

different flavor, as shown below by a side view of the pan. ([Link].1.3c)

Cherry

3
Your guests ate — of the pieces of the dessert.
5
Part A Write the amount of cherry gelatin eaten by your guests as a
fraction of the total dessert. Justify your answer.

Part B Write the amount of cherry gelatin eaten by your guests as a

percent of the total dessert. Justify your answer.

Standards Assessment 245