Inverse matrices
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2X2
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴=# (
𝑐 𝑑
𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴!" = det 𝐴 # (
−𝑐 𝑎
det 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ≠ 0
If det 𝐴 = 0, then there is no inverse.
𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴!" = 𝐼#
1 0
𝐼# = # (
0 1
A way to prove it’s the inverse matrix by multiplicative identity:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑 −𝑏 𝑎(𝑑 ) + 𝑏(−𝑐) 𝑎(−𝑏) + 𝑏(𝑎) 1 0 It should equal to
𝐼# = # (# (=3 7=# ( this if not there is
𝑐 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑎 𝑐(𝑑) + 𝑑(−𝑐) 𝑐(−𝑏) + 𝑑(𝑎) 0 1
something wrong
3X3
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𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐴 = 8𝑥 𝑦 𝑧?
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
1 0 0
𝐼$ = det 𝐴 80 1 0?
0 0 1
det 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑦𝑟 + 𝑏𝑧𝑝 + 𝑐𝑥𝑞 − 𝑐𝑦𝑝 − 𝑎𝑧𝑞 − 𝑏𝑥𝑟 ≠ 0
To find the inverse of 3X3 matrix do elementary operations
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 1 0 0
Note: what we do on the left we
8𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 E0 1 0? do it on the right side too.
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 0 0 1
After we do the operation, it should be look like this:
1 0 0
80 1 0E ?
0 0 1
inverse of A
OR FROM THE CLASS
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐴 = 8𝑥 𝑦 𝑧?
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
𝑦 𝑧
𝐴" = (−1)"&" #𝑞
"
#
𝑟( = (−1) F𝑦(𝑟) − 𝑧(𝑞)G = 𝑀1
𝑥 𝑧
𝐴" # = (−1)"&# #𝑝 "&#
𝑟 ( = (−1) (𝑥(𝑟) − 𝑧(𝑝)) = 𝑀2
𝑥 𝑦
𝐴" $ = (−1)"&$ #𝑝 "&$
𝑞( = (−1) (𝑥(𝑞) − 𝑦(𝑝)) = 𝑀3
M4 =?
𝑎 𝑐
𝐴# # = (−1)#&# #𝑝 #&#
𝑟( = (−1) F𝑎(𝑟) − 𝑐(𝑝)G = 𝑀5
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴# $ = (−1)#&$ 3 7 = (−1)#&$ F𝑎(𝑞) − 𝑏(𝑝)G = 𝑀6
𝑝 𝑞
𝑏 𝑐
𝐴$ " = (−1)$&" 3 7 = (−1)$&" F𝑏(𝑧) − 𝑐(𝑦)G = 𝑀7
𝑦 𝑧
$&# 𝑎 𝑐
𝐴$ # = (−1) # ( = (−1)$&# F𝑎(𝑧) − 𝑐(𝑥)G = 𝑀8
𝑥 𝑧
$&$ 𝑎 𝑏
𝐴$ $ = (−1) 3 7 = (−1)$&$ F𝑎(𝑦) − 𝑏(𝑥)G = 𝑀9
𝑥 𝑦
𝑀1 𝑀2 𝑀3 0 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
!" "
𝐴 = det '()&*+,&-./!-(,!'+/!*.) 8 𝑀5 𝑀6? = 8𝑥 𝑦 𝑧?
𝑀7 𝑀8 𝑀9 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
**I don’t have M4 in my note but I think
𝑏 𝑐
𝐴# " = (−1)#&" 3 7 = 𝑀4
𝑞 𝑟
Multiplying matrices
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𝐴 = [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 ] = 1 × 3
𝑥
𝐵 = V𝑦 W = 3 × 1
𝑧
𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 1 × 3 × 3 × 1 = 1 × 1 = [𝑎(𝑥) + 𝑏(𝑦) + 𝑐(𝑧)] = [ ]
𝑎(𝑥) 𝑏(𝑥) 𝑐(𝑥)
𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵 × 𝐴 = 3 × 1 × 1 × 3 = 3 × 3 = X𝑎(𝑦) 𝑏(𝑦) 𝑐(𝑦)Y = 8 ?
𝑎(𝑧) 𝑏(𝑧) 𝑐(𝑧)
Note: it should as the same row or column to be
able to do the multiplying. E.g.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐴=3 7=2×3 𝐴𝐵 = 3 × 1 × 1 × 3
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑥 𝑝 𝑛 𝑙 𝐵𝐴 = 1 × 3 × 3 × 1
𝑟 𝑚 𝑡? = 3×4 If it’s not the same then it’s not exist. E.g.
𝐵 = 8𝑦
𝑧 𝑞 𝑠 𝑤 𝐴𝐵 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 4
𝐵𝐴 = 3 × 4 × 2 × 3à no exist
𝐴𝐵 = 2 × 4
𝑎 (𝑥) + 𝑏(𝑦) + 𝑐(𝑧) 𝑎(𝑝) + 𝑏(𝑟) + 𝑐(𝑞) 𝑎(𝑛) + 𝑏(𝑚) + 𝑐(𝑠) 𝑎(𝑙) + 𝑏(𝑡) + 𝑐(𝑤)
𝐴𝐵 = $ ;
𝑑 (𝑥) + 𝑒(𝑦) + 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑 (𝑝) + 𝑒(𝑟) + 𝑓(𝑞) 𝑑 (𝑛) + 𝑒(𝑚) + 𝑓(𝑠) 𝑑 (𝑙) + 𝑒(𝑡) + 𝑓(𝑤)
𝐵𝐴: 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
Determinate
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4X4
𝑎 𝑥 𝑝 𝑞 𝑦 𝑙 𝑟 𝑏 𝑙 𝑟 𝑏 𝑦 𝑟 𝑏 𝑦 𝑙
𝑏 𝑦 𝑙 𝑟
𝐴 = X 𝑐 𝑧 𝑚 𝑡 Y = 𝑎 8 𝑧 𝑚 𝑡 ? − 𝑥 8 𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 ? + 𝑝 8 𝑐 𝑧 𝑡 ? − 𝑞 8 𝑐 𝑧 𝑚?
𝑑 𝑤 𝑛 𝑠 𝑤 𝑛 𝑠 𝑑 𝑛 𝑠 𝑑 𝑤 𝑠 𝑑 𝑤 𝑛
𝑦 𝑙 𝑟 𝑧 𝑚
𝑚 𝑡 𝑧 𝑡
𝑎 8 𝑧 𝑚 𝑡? = 𝑦 # (−𝑙# (+𝑟# (
𝑛 𝑠 𝑤 𝑠 𝑤 𝑛
𝑤 𝑛 𝑠
= 𝑦F𝑚(𝑠) − 𝑡(𝑛)G − 𝑙F𝑧(𝑠) − 𝑡(𝑤)G + 𝑟F𝑧(𝑛) − 𝑚(𝑤)G = 𝐾1
𝑏 𝑙 𝑟 𝑐 𝑚
𝑚 𝑡 𝑐 𝑡
𝑥 8𝑐 𝑚 𝑡? = 𝑏 # (−𝑙# (+𝑟# (
𝑛 𝑠 𝑑 𝑠 𝑑 𝑛
𝑑 𝑛 𝑠
= 𝑏F𝑚(𝑠) − 𝑡(𝑛)G − 𝑙F𝑐(𝑠) − 𝑡(𝑑)G + 𝑟F𝑐(𝑛) − 𝑚(𝑑)G = 𝐾2
𝑏 𝑦 𝑟 𝑐 𝑧
𝑧 𝑡 𝑐 𝑡
𝑝 8𝑐 𝑧 𝑡? = 𝑏 # (−𝑦# (+𝑟# (
𝑑 𝑠 𝑑 𝑠 𝑑 𝑤
𝑑 𝑤 𝑠
= 𝑏F𝑧(𝑠) − 𝑡(𝑑)G − 𝑦F𝑐(𝑠) − 𝑡(𝑑)G + 𝑟F𝑐(𝑤) − 𝑧(𝑑)G = 𝐾3
𝑏 𝑦 𝑙 𝑧 𝑚 𝑐 𝑚 𝑐 𝑧
𝑞 8𝑐 𝑧 𝑚? = 𝑏 #𝑤 𝑛 ( − 𝑦 #𝑑 𝑛 ( + 𝑙 #𝑑 𝑤 (
𝑑 𝑤 𝑛
= 𝑏F𝑧(𝑛) − 𝑚(𝑤)G − 𝑦F𝑐(𝑛) − 𝑚(𝑑)G + 𝑙F𝑐(𝑤) − 𝑧(𝑑)G = 𝐾4
𝑎 𝑥 𝑝 𝑞
𝑦 𝑟 Y = 𝐾1 − 𝐾2 + 𝐾3 − 𝐾4
𝐴 = X𝑏
𝑐 𝑧
𝑙
𝑚 𝑡
𝑑 𝑤 𝑛 𝑠
Rank of a matrix (Echelon form)
so the rank is non-zero rows. e.g.:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐴 = 80 𝑒 𝑓 ? = 3
0 0 𝑔
𝑥 𝑝 𝑞
0 𝑙 𝑟
𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐴 = X0 0 0Y = 2
0 0 0