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Inverse Matrices and Determinants Explained

The document discusses inverse matrices, including how to calculate the inverse of 2x2 and 3x3 matrices. It also covers multiplying matrices and discusses that AB is not always equal to BA. The document then explains how to calculate the determinant of a 4x4 matrix and defines the rank of a matrix as the number of non-zero rows in its echelon form.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3 views5 pages

Inverse Matrices and Determinants Explained

The document discusses inverse matrices, including how to calculate the inverse of 2x2 and 3x3 matrices. It also covers multiplying matrices and discusses that AB is not always equal to BA. The document then explains how to calculate the determinant of a 4x4 matrix and defines the rank of a matrix as the number of non-zero rows in its echelon form.

Uploaded by

rm6ykrq5rh
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Inverse matrices

[Link]
2X2
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴=# (
𝑐 𝑑

𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴!" = det 𝐴 # (
−𝑐 𝑎
det 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ≠ 0
If det 𝐴 = 0, then there is no inverse.

𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴!" = 𝐼#
1 0
𝐼# = # (
0 1

A way to prove it’s the inverse matrix by multiplicative identity:


𝑎 𝑏 𝑑 −𝑏 𝑎(𝑑 ) + 𝑏(−𝑐) 𝑎(−𝑏) + 𝑏(𝑎) 1 0 It should equal to
𝐼# = # (# (=3 7=# ( this if not there is
𝑐 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑎 𝑐(𝑑) + 𝑑(−𝑐) 𝑐(−𝑏) + 𝑑(𝑎) 0 1
something wrong

3X3
[Link]
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐴 = 8𝑥 𝑦 𝑧?
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟

1 0 0
𝐼$ = det 𝐴 80 1 0?
0 0 1
det 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑦𝑟 + 𝑏𝑧𝑝 + 𝑐𝑥𝑞 − 𝑐𝑦𝑝 − 𝑎𝑧𝑞 − 𝑏𝑥𝑟 ≠ 0

To find the inverse of 3X3 matrix do elementary operations


𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 1 0 0
Note: what we do on the left we
8𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 E0 1 0? do it on the right side too.
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 0 0 1
After we do the operation, it should be look like this:
1 0 0
80 1 0E ?
0 0 1
inverse of A
OR FROM THE CLASS
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐴 = 8𝑥 𝑦 𝑧?
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
𝑦 𝑧
𝐴" = (−1)"&" #𝑞
"
#
𝑟( = (−1) F𝑦(𝑟) − 𝑧(𝑞)G = 𝑀1
𝑥 𝑧
𝐴" # = (−1)"&# #𝑝 "&#
𝑟 ( = (−1) (𝑥(𝑟) − 𝑧(𝑝)) = 𝑀2
𝑥 𝑦
𝐴" $ = (−1)"&$ #𝑝 "&$
𝑞( = (−1) (𝑥(𝑞) − 𝑦(𝑝)) = 𝑀3
M4 =?
𝑎 𝑐
𝐴# # = (−1)#&# #𝑝 #&#
𝑟( = (−1) F𝑎(𝑟) − 𝑐(𝑝)G = 𝑀5
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴# $ = (−1)#&$ 3 7 = (−1)#&$ F𝑎(𝑞) − 𝑏(𝑝)G = 𝑀6
𝑝 𝑞
𝑏 𝑐
𝐴$ " = (−1)$&" 3 7 = (−1)$&" F𝑏(𝑧) − 𝑐(𝑦)G = 𝑀7
𝑦 𝑧
$&# 𝑎 𝑐
𝐴$ # = (−1) # ( = (−1)$&# F𝑎(𝑧) − 𝑐(𝑥)G = 𝑀8
𝑥 𝑧
$&$ 𝑎 𝑏
𝐴$ $ = (−1) 3 7 = (−1)$&$ F𝑎(𝑦) − 𝑏(𝑥)G = 𝑀9
𝑥 𝑦

𝑀1 𝑀2 𝑀3 0 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
!" "
𝐴 = det '()&*+,&-./!-(,!'+/!*.) 8 𝑀5 𝑀6? = 8𝑥 𝑦 𝑧?
𝑀7 𝑀8 𝑀9 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟

**I don’t have M4 in my note but I think


𝑏 𝑐
𝐴# " = (−1)#&" 3 7 = 𝑀4
𝑞 𝑟
Multiplying matrices
[Link]
𝐴 = [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 ] = 1 × 3
𝑥
𝐵 = V𝑦 W = 3 × 1
𝑧

𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 1 × 3 × 3 × 1 = 1 × 1 = [𝑎(𝑥) + 𝑏(𝑦) + 𝑐(𝑧)] = [ ]
𝑎(𝑥) 𝑏(𝑥) 𝑐(𝑥)
𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵 × 𝐴 = 3 × 1 × 1 × 3 = 3 × 3 = X𝑎(𝑦) 𝑏(𝑦) 𝑐(𝑦)Y = 8 ?
𝑎(𝑧) 𝑏(𝑧) 𝑐(𝑧)
Note: it should as the same row or column to be
able to do the multiplying. E.g.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝐴=3 7=2×3 𝐴𝐵 = 3 × 1 × 1 × 3
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑥 𝑝 𝑛 𝑙 𝐵𝐴 = 1 × 3 × 3 × 1
𝑟 𝑚 𝑡? = 3×4 If it’s not the same then it’s not exist. E.g.
𝐵 = 8𝑦
𝑧 𝑞 𝑠 𝑤 𝐴𝐵 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 4
𝐵𝐴 = 3 × 4 × 2 × 3à no exist
𝐴𝐵 = 2 × 4
𝑎 (𝑥) + 𝑏(𝑦) + 𝑐(𝑧) 𝑎(𝑝) + 𝑏(𝑟) + 𝑐(𝑞) 𝑎(𝑛) + 𝑏(𝑚) + 𝑐(𝑠) 𝑎(𝑙) + 𝑏(𝑡) + 𝑐(𝑤)
𝐴𝐵 = $ ;
𝑑 (𝑥) + 𝑒(𝑦) + 𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑 (𝑝) + 𝑒(𝑟) + 𝑓(𝑞) 𝑑 (𝑛) + 𝑒(𝑚) + 𝑓(𝑠) 𝑑 (𝑙) + 𝑒(𝑡) + 𝑓(𝑤)

𝐵𝐴: 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
Determinate
[Link]
4X4
𝑎 𝑥 𝑝 𝑞 𝑦 𝑙 𝑟 𝑏 𝑙 𝑟 𝑏 𝑦 𝑟 𝑏 𝑦 𝑙
𝑏 𝑦 𝑙 𝑟
𝐴 = X 𝑐 𝑧 𝑚 𝑡 Y = 𝑎 8 𝑧 𝑚 𝑡 ? − 𝑥 8 𝑐 𝑚 𝑡 ? + 𝑝 8 𝑐 𝑧 𝑡 ? − 𝑞 8 𝑐 𝑧 𝑚?
𝑑 𝑤 𝑛 𝑠 𝑤 𝑛 𝑠 𝑑 𝑛 𝑠 𝑑 𝑤 𝑠 𝑑 𝑤 𝑛
𝑦 𝑙 𝑟 𝑧 𝑚
𝑚 𝑡 𝑧 𝑡
𝑎 8 𝑧 𝑚 𝑡? = 𝑦 # (−𝑙# (+𝑟# (
𝑛 𝑠 𝑤 𝑠 𝑤 𝑛
𝑤 𝑛 𝑠
= 𝑦F𝑚(𝑠) − 𝑡(𝑛)G − 𝑙F𝑧(𝑠) − 𝑡(𝑤)G + 𝑟F𝑧(𝑛) − 𝑚(𝑤)G = 𝐾1

𝑏 𝑙 𝑟 𝑐 𝑚
𝑚 𝑡 𝑐 𝑡
𝑥 8𝑐 𝑚 𝑡? = 𝑏 # (−𝑙# (+𝑟# (
𝑛 𝑠 𝑑 𝑠 𝑑 𝑛
𝑑 𝑛 𝑠
= 𝑏F𝑚(𝑠) − 𝑡(𝑛)G − 𝑙F𝑐(𝑠) − 𝑡(𝑑)G + 𝑟F𝑐(𝑛) − 𝑚(𝑑)G = 𝐾2

𝑏 𝑦 𝑟 𝑐 𝑧
𝑧 𝑡 𝑐 𝑡
𝑝 8𝑐 𝑧 𝑡? = 𝑏 # (−𝑦# (+𝑟# (
𝑑 𝑠 𝑑 𝑠 𝑑 𝑤
𝑑 𝑤 𝑠
= 𝑏F𝑧(𝑠) − 𝑡(𝑑)G − 𝑦F𝑐(𝑠) − 𝑡(𝑑)G + 𝑟F𝑐(𝑤) − 𝑧(𝑑)G = 𝐾3

𝑏 𝑦 𝑙 𝑧 𝑚 𝑐 𝑚 𝑐 𝑧
𝑞 8𝑐 𝑧 𝑚? = 𝑏 #𝑤 𝑛 ( − 𝑦 #𝑑 𝑛 ( + 𝑙 #𝑑 𝑤 (
𝑑 𝑤 𝑛
= 𝑏F𝑧(𝑛) − 𝑚(𝑤)G − 𝑦F𝑐(𝑛) − 𝑚(𝑑)G + 𝑙F𝑐(𝑤) − 𝑧(𝑑)G = 𝐾4

𝑎 𝑥 𝑝 𝑞
𝑦 𝑟 Y = 𝐾1 − 𝐾2 + 𝐾3 − 𝐾4
𝐴 = X𝑏
𝑐 𝑧
𝑙
𝑚 𝑡
𝑑 𝑤 𝑛 𝑠
Rank of a matrix (Echelon form)
so the rank is non-zero rows. e.g.:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐴 = 80 𝑒 𝑓 ? = 3
0 0 𝑔
𝑥 𝑝 𝑞
0 𝑙 𝑟
𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐴 = X0 0 0Y = 2
0 0 0

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