THREE BASIC TYPES OF VALVE TRAINS USED IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES
1. PUSH ROD ENGINE 2. OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT 3. DOUBLE OVERHEAD
ENGINE (O.H.C.) CAMSHAFT (D.O.H.C.)
Camshaft in the engine
block. Camshaft is in the Camshaft in the cylinder
cylinder head. head.
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
All automotive engines are internal combustion type (combustion takes place inside the engine) internal
combustion engine are classified according to:
1. Number of cylinders
2. Arrangement of cylinders
3. Arrangement of valves
4. Firing order
5. Type of cooling
6. Types of fuel used
7. Number of stroke per cycle
8. Method of ignition (spark or compression)
9. Reciprocating or rotary (winkle and turbine)
10. Number of valves
1. NUMBER OF CYLINDERS
Automotive engines have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and
12.
2. ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS
A. IN-LINE ENGINE
- The cylinder arranged in a single row this type is used most frequently
because it provides the simplest construction.
B. V-TYPE ENGINE
- The cylinder block is formed into a V-shape. This type allows the overall
engine height and length to be reduced.
C. HORIZONTALLY OPPOSED TYPE
- Cylinder is set horizontally opposing each other. This arrangement
reduces the engine height.
3. VALVES ARRANGEMENT – It is the way how the intake and exhaust valves are arrange in the engine.
L-HEAD ENGINE valves in a row and located at the cylinder
– The intake and head.
exhaust valves
are located side
by side in the
cylinder block
and to one side F-HEAD ENGINE – An engine having one
of the cylinder. valve in the head and the other in the
Also called flat block. The position of the valves is
head. creating an F shape in combination with
I-HEAD ENGINE combustion chamber.
– The intake T-HEAD ENGINE – This either L-head or I-
and exhaust head location of the valves but arrange in
left and right banks of the cylinder.
4. CLASSIFICATION BY
COOLING
- It is the way of the
engine maintains its normal operating temperature.
AIR COOLED ENGINE
- Uses metal fins
surrounding the
cylinder so that heat will
be carried away by air.
LIQUID COOLED
ENGINE
- Uses liquid to take heat from the engine. The liquid is called the
coolant, water mixed with additives.
5. CLASSIFICATION BY FUEL USED
GASOLINE ENGINE – Uses gasoline as fuel (spark ignition
engine).
DIESEL ENGINE – Uses diesel fuel as fuel (compression
engine).
MULTI FUEL ENGINE – Uses more than one type of fuel e.g. LPG.
6. CLASSIFICATION BY CYCLE
A. TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
B. FOUR STROKE CYCLE ENGINE
A. TWO STROKE CYCLE ENGINE – The
intake and exhaust strokes are
combined and the power and
compression strokes are combined.
B. FOUR STROKE CYCLE ENGINE – The engine
requires four piston strokes (intake,
compression, power, exhaust)
NOTE: In four stroke cycle engine, the power stroke in each
cylinder occurs in every two crankshaft revolution. In two
stroke cycles engine power stroke occurs in each cylinder for every one revolution of engine or in every T.D.C.
of piston there is power stroke.
GASOLINE FUEL – Is a hydrocarbon compound produced by refining of cure oil because its vapor is extremely
flammable, it is commonly used as fuel for spark ignition engines.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GASOLINE
1. It is highly volatile, that is it vaporizes easily at normal temperature.
2. It is a color less and transparent.
3. It can dissolve rubber.
4. It generates large amount of heat. It leaves little residual hydrocarbon (ash) after combustion.
REQUIREMENTS OF GASOLINE
COMBUSTIBILITY – Uniform combustion inside the combustion chamber with a minimum of knocking.
VOLATILITY – The gasoline must be capable of vaporizing easily to provide the appropriate air and fuel
mixture.
OCTANE NUMBERS – The octane number of rating of a fuel is the measure of the anti-knock
characteristics, the gasoline with higher octane rating are less liable to cause knocking than
those with lower rating.
PROPERTIES OF GASOLINE
1. PROPER VOLATILITY – determine how quickly gasoline vaporizes.
2. RESISTANCE TO KNOCKING – that will prevent or avoid piston to engine knocking.
3. OXIDATION INHIBITORS – which prevent formation of gum in the fuel system.
4. ANTI TUST AGENT – which prevent rusting in metals in the fuel system.
5. DETERGENT – which help the carburetor clean.
6. DYE FOR IDENTIFICATION – to identify the gasoline is.