UNITS AND DIMENSIONS hysical Quantity and Units quantity that can be measured and expressed in number which is used to describe a physical phenomenon santitatively is called a physical quantity, unit is a'standard physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which other physical quantity of ¢ same kind are compared to express their value, When we say that Mt. Everest is 8848 meters tall, we mean \at it is 8848 times as tall as standard meter stick, which we define to be 1 meter long. he measured value of a physical quantity (Q) ean be expressed as follows: Q=nU (where n is numerical value and U is the unit of the physical quantity). The product of numerical value and U is the amount or magnitude of a physical quantity. The physical quantities which do not depend upon any other physical quantity are called fundamental quantities, Fundamental quantities are mass, length, time, temperature, luminous intensity, current and amount of substance contained and their units are called fundamental units. Those physical quantities which ‘depend upon other physical quantities are called derived quantities and their units are called derived units. ‘stem of Units + CGS system: In this system the unit of length is centimeter (em), that of mass is gram(g) and that of time is. second(s) » FPS system: In this system the unit of length, mass and time are foot(f), pound (Ib) and second (s) respectively. » MKS system: In this system the units of length, mass and time are metre (m), kilogram (kg) and second (s) respectively. * SI system: SI is an abbreviation “Le systeme International d' unites”. It is used widely throughout the world in which seven different quantities are introduced as fundamental quantities and their units are called as fundamental units. Seven Fundamental Units Quantity Unit Symbol -ength ‘Meter -M lass Kilogram, Kg Time Second. Ss Temperature Kelvin K SJectric current ‘Ampere A Luminous intensity Candela Cd Quantity of matter Mole: Mol Two more quantities have been introduced as Supplementary Quantities and their units are called supplementary units. They are: Quantity Unit Symbol Plane angle Radian Rad Solid angle Steradian, Sr INTEL Bridge Course/Physics-17 Some SI Derived Units uantity Units Symb, eaieney a Hertz ae Force. Newton N Work or Energy Joule J Power Watt WwW Pressure or modulii of elasticity or stress Pascal Pa Coefficient of viscosity Poiseulli Pi Electric Charge Coulomb Cc Electric potential or Electromotive force Volt Vv Resistance Ohm Q Conductance Siemen. s Capacitance Farad FE Inductance Henry H Magnetic field intensity or magnetic flux density Tesla a Magnetic flux Weber Wb Luminous flux Lumen im Illuminance : Lux Ix Specific heat capacity _ Joule per kilogram-kelvin Jhkg .K ‘Thermal conductivity ~ Wait per meter-kelvin ~ Wim. k Some Prefixes for Power of Ten Prefix Symbol ‘Sub Multiple of Ten “atto- " A : = Femto f 07 —" pico- Bis OSS nano- N - 107 = _micro- a 10 = milli- M 107 ‘centi- Cc 102 Deci d 107 Prefix ‘Symbol Multiple of Ten kilo- K 10 mega- M_ 10 G 10” Te 107 P 10° E 10° Z 107 Some Frequently Used Units 1, Astronomical unit (AU): Average distance between centre of earth and centre of sun. 1AU.= 1.496 x 10!"'m 2. Par Sec(Parallactic second): Distance at which arc length of | A. U. subtends an angle of 1”. I Parsec = 3:1 x 10'6 m 3. Light year: Distance traveled by light in vacuum in one year, 1 ly= 9.46 x 10 m INTEL Bridge Course/Physies -21 chandrashekar limit (CSL) = 1.4 » mags of sun 1 shake = 10° seconds(s) I horse power = 746 watt Some other general units’ of length i) 1 inch = 2.54 em ii)] foot = 30.48 em iii)1 mile = 1.609 x 10° m iv) 1 nautical mile = 1.852 10° m v) 1 angstrom (1A) = 10" m vi) 1 X-ray unit(x unit)= 107m vii) | Fermi = 10% m Some general units’ of mass i) 1 ton or metric ton = 1000 kg ii) 1 quintal = 100 kg iii) pound (Ib) = 454 g iv) amu (atomic mass unit) = 1.67 * 1077 kg Some general units’ of pressure i)l bar = 10° Pa ii)| torr = 1 mm of Hg= 133 Pa iii)| atmospheric pressure = 760 mm of Hg = 1.013 x 10°Pa 0. Imaxwell = 10*webber 1, 1 gauss = 10“ tesla (gauss = Maxwell/cm? and tesla = webber /m?) 2. 1 Joule = 10’ erg (unit of work/energy in CGS) 3. I newton = 10° dyne (unit of force in CGS) dimension dimension of a physical quantity are the powers to which the fundamental units should be raised to represent the nit of that physical quantity. For example, the unit of force is kgms”. Dimensions of force are 1 in mass, 1 in ength, and 2 in time. dimensional formula of a physical quantity is the mathematical expression which tells us the fundamental uantities involved in the unit of that physical quantity and the powers to which they may be raised. The three undamental quantities mass, length and time are represented by.[M], [L] and [T] respectively. For example, the limensional formula for force is [MLT?]. *rinciple of Homogeneity of Dimensions “he dimensions of all the terms in a physical equation must be same. In other words, dimensional formula of all erm in a physical equation must be same if the physical equation is correct. For example, in the physical 1 es 1 : expression x = ut +7 at’, the dimensions of x or ut or 3 at” are same. i.e. [M°L'T’]. Dimensionless Quantity The dimensional formula for dimensionless quantity is generally written as M°L°T” ) .) Pure numbers are dimensionless. >) Ratio of physical quantities having the same dimensions are dimensionless. Examples of this category of quantities are as follows: 1) Relative density 2) Mechanical equivalent of heat 3) Coefficient of friction 4) Refractive index 5) Magnifying power 6) Dielectric constant and many more mt oe :) The trigonometric ratios; exponential, logarithms ae ier wy YOM uw we ue 4. t INTEL Bridge Conntips 3Formulae and Dimensional Formulae of Some Important Quantities Mechanics i) Moraine ce Speed = Piss -5- LT! <.Velocity/ Speed = [M °L'T'] ii) Momentum Momentum = Mass * Velocity :. Momentum = [MLT"] iii) Force Change in velocity _\, ar’) Time (1) Force = Mass * Acceleration = Mass * +. Force =[M'L' T°] Force, thrust and weight have same dimensional formula and same unit newton. iv) Work Work(W) =F x d=(M'L'T *) x (L) 2. W=MLT] Note: work, energy, het, all have same dimensional formula. v) Torque(t) Foran <= Force x Distance = (MLT*) x (L) -- Torque = [ML?T*] vi) Impulse() 1=FxT=(M'L'T?) xr) + Impulse = [M'L'T"] vii) Gravitational constant (G) MM; F 2) x Ly? a ~ MiM2 th 2 G=[M"LT?] viii) Coefficient of viscosity(n) i According to stokes law, F = 6x rv F N56 a ey ¥ Note: (pascal second ) also has same dimension as that of 7 ix) Surface tension (T) F ar bia 4 “at way x) Stress(S) =F _(MLT*) 2$=[ML'T’] Note: Pressure, modulus of elasticity, energy density have same dimension as that of stress. INTEL Bridge Course/Physics 4Heat In dimensional formula, temperature which is a fundamental quantity is represented by @ or K; and mole which is also the unit of fundamental quantity is represented by mol. i) Coefficient of linear expansion (a) Ae ek Lae ~ (L) (0) a= [M°L°T"] Note: Coefficient of area expansion and coefficient of volume expansion also have same dimension as that of linear expansion. ii) Specific heat (c) Q=mCae ac. - MET) Mad ~ (M) (0) 2 C= [MLT°6"] iii) Latent Heat [L] 2. L=[MVT] iv) Gas constant (R) PV=nRT PV _ ("ra nT ~ (mol) (8) 2. R=[ML°T"¢"mol"] =>R= Electricity In dimensional formula, current which is a fundamental quantity is represented by A. i) Charge(q) char Current =e => Charge(q)= A xT ©. Charge = [AT] v ii) Electric potential i _W Mr? =q > AT 2 V=[MUTA"] iii) Permittivity (<,) =o aa “pee 2g AT oa 2 ME META] iv) Resistance(R) INTEL Bridge Course//Physics -5Uses of Dimensional Kquatlons To check the correctness of physical equations: Any physical equation will be correct only when dimensicns of af) torres cn Meth site larczmne enya! dimensions of all terms on right side, To convent the units from one systemn to anclher system: M1 is based on the fact that the product of numerical value of phrysical gy constant. ‘That is n U = constant or ny U, = ny) Uz (It is because the magnitude of the physical quantity is always same, regardless tee wystern of oats.) If a physical quantity % has dimensional formula (S4'L'S"} and if units of that pyres’ quantity in system of units are (MPLS) and (MLIT S| and 1; 2nd ny; be the nornerical values in too wy respectively, then ny Uy =n Up 1 (PAY Ly Ti) = my (Maa Ts‘) (uy fea]? (Tye vonel Cel be Example; Relation between dyne and Newton: We kcnow that Newton and dyne are the units of force in M.K.S, and [Link]. system respectively, « dimensional formula becomes (M'L'T?].Let My, Ly, T; be the fundzmenta\ units in SI end Mz, Le 7 those in [Link], system. Then for | Newton = N dyne, we can write (My'Le'Ty7] =N [Mp'Ly'T3?] 2 wfel fel Fel” ~ PsP Esl ET we Pre N=10° +, | Newton = 10° dynes To derive the physical equation: If 2 physical quantity, X depends on other physical quantities P, Q and R (suppose), then we may w Ka. PORE wa) A %=K ORS, where k is proportionality constant without dimension. Then writing dimensional formula for X, P, Q and R and equating the dimensions on either sides, the v2 of a, b, ¢ may be determined. The substitution of these values gives new dimensional relation. Example; Given that time period of simple pendulum depends on its length (1) and acceleration dus gravity (8). Then we can write, Tol Sufatituting the dimensional formula on both sides, we find, T= LT) To (Lr (LT'j= (eT ty (sn) 260d its axvut (LY) ae INTEL. tiridye Course] PhystesComparing the dimensions on both sides, we find, 1=-2b and O=a+b Solving the equation, we find, 1 asgand b= Hence, T=l2g7 refi & T=K fi & Here, K the constant of proportionality has to be determined experimentally. We know that for simple pendulum K = 21 “team Limitations of Dimensional Analysis | It does not give any information about numeric constants used in physical equations. It gives no information about the dependences of a physical quantity on trigonometrical, exponential and logarithmic functions. If a physical quantity of mechanics depends on more than three physical quantities, then dimensional analysis cannot be used to derive their relationships. It does not give any idea whether the quantity is scalar or vector and physical relations involving addition or subtraction cannot be derived by this method. to Know ‘The poiseullie (unit of viscosity ) = pasealx second. That is PI= Pas. Pressure, stress, and miodulii of elasticity have same unit “newton/meter™. Thermal capacity, water equivalent and Boltzman constant have same unit Joule per Kelvin. Physical quantities defined as the ratio of two’similar quantities are diménsionless. Unitless quantities have zero dimension. Dimensionless constant include pure numbers and all trigonometric functions. Angle Time Angle, Solid angle, Mechanical equivalent of heat, loudness of sound and efficiency of electric lamp have units, although they are dimensionless. Dimensional formula of permeability of free space(Hio) is [MLT-?A~*] and of magnetic field intensity(B) is [ML°T-71-?] The smallest measurement that can be actually taken by an instrument is called Jeast count. Frequency (= 3) and angular velocity (= 1 ine pened ) has same dimensional formula i.e. is [M°L°T—1]. INTEL Bridge Course//Physics-7Multiple Choice Questions 1, What are the fundamental units of electric 11. ‘The dimensional formula of light year is a) (LT) * b)(T] o) {L] d) [MJ] resistance? a)Kgms! A® b)Kgms'A* c)Kgms* A! d)Kgt A? 12. Unit of work is 2. Dimensional formula of surface tension is a) [ML'T?] b) [ML°T°) c) [MLT?] OMLT*) b) Joule c) Newton meter d) All of the aby 13. The time taken by the sun light from sun to 3. CGS unit of specific heat capacity is earth is eae 5) Jems Ca a) 8.5 minutes b) 500 minutes al gmC d) erg kg °C c) 500 seconds d) 24 hours 4. The unit of Young’s modulus mula of density is a) Nm" b) LM? Bo ine 4) None 5. Unit of magnetic moment a) Vm! c) Am is equivalent to b) Pressure d) Upthrust 6. The dimension of energy ‘unit volume) is same as that a) Momentum c) Force _b) 10’ erg d) 10” dyne 7. If pressure be (P) and volum has same unit of a) Force c) Energy a) Leap Year c) Lunar Month 9. One nanometer is equal to a) 10° mm c) 107 em 10. Fundamental units involved a)Kgs® c)Kgm’s? L Bridge Course//Physics 8Dimensional formula for length (1) in a system of units in vu the fundamental units are 23. A pair of quantities having the same force(F), ition (A) and time (T) i : fear e so eration ( ant PA ON dimensional formula are c) [F'AT] d(P AT? ] a) Momentum, Impulse b) Momentum, Energy The dimensions for nee c) Energy, Pressure ma : d) Force, Power a) Acceleration b) Velocity c) Time d) Energy swers: L. 2. 3. 4. 3. 6. TH 8. 9. 10. | UW. [ 12. d d € c d b d d c b c d 3, (14 | 15 | 16 [17 | 8 p19. ]207 arf 227 23. c € a b b b c c d b a planation to Some Selected Questions 3 _ Density = 20 g/em? = 20 x 22 = Gortnyt = 20% 10°kg/m? = 20000 Kg/m? . Letl= PAT? Substituting the dimensional formula for different quantities in the conventional systems of units (M, L, T), we find, L=(MLT?)(LT?yT? or, L=M'LSY T2912 Comparing the dimension on both sides, we find, O=x l=xty 0=-2x-2y+z Solving these equations, we get, x=0,Y=landz=2 Hence the required dimensional formula becomes 1=[F°AT?] Also, When the relations are known by formula, we can get the desired answer by formulas as, wf And L becomes AT? t. Remember that C (speed of light) = “View: » a) Be %q ve sort . aoe ¥ Y% 4e e Ne + ft y wv + a Q'S ¥ sy MS INTEL Bridge Course//Physics - 9\ SCALAR AND VECTOR Scalar Quantity The physical quantities which require only magnitude for their complete-description are called scalar quant Length, area, volume, density, charge, pressure, energy, work, mass, flux of vector, electric flux, magnetic Potential (Gravitational potential, Electric potential) are scalar quantity. e The scalars are added and multiplied in accordance with the rules of algebra. Vector Quantity The physical quantities which require both magnitude and direction for complete description are called y quantities. 7 Force, velocity, acceleration, displacement, electric field, magnetic field, weight etc. are vector quant Gradient of scalars (Temperature gradient, velocity gradient, pressure gradient, energy gradient) is vector. strength/intensity (Gravitational field strength/intensity, Magnetic field strength) is vectors. * — Vectors are added and multiplied in accordance with the rules of vector algebra. © Current is a scalar because both charge and time in its equation are scalars. Yet, we often repres current with an arrow to indicate that charge is moving. Such arrows are not vectors, however, and th not require vector addition. e ~ Pressure is a scalar, because it has no intrinsic direction. Vectors a) Parallel Vectors: Two vectors A and Bare said to be parallel vectors if their directions are parallel figure. zx Se b) Negative Vectors: The negative of a vector RB is the vector whose magnitude is equal but directic opposite to that of A . In the figure, if the line OP represent vector & , the line PO represents the neg: vector (-R ). 2, =o c) Equal Vectors: Two vectors RB and B are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude and the s: direction. That is & =B if [A| =[B| andthe directions of X and B are the same. d) Collinear Vectors: Two vectors A and B are side to be collinear if they pass through the same line a figure. - a B ++ —_ INTEL Bridge Course//Physics -10Unit Vector: A vector whose magnitude is unity is called a unit vector, The unit vector of a A is m yom i y ee represented by putting a cap or hat over it. That is the vector A represents the unit vector of A . The i f a > >. Fath direction of the unit vector (A) is the same as that of the vector A, The vector A_ in terms of its unit vector can be written as R = A.A(where A is the magnitude) The unit vectors along X, Y, and Z axes are denoted by f,J and K respectively. Resultant of vector: A single vector whose effect is same as that of two or more vectors is called resultant vector. Suppose A, B, C, D...... are the number of vectors and their combined effect is same as that of single vector R. Then R is called resultant vector of A,B,C, D ..... That is A+ B+ C+D R Angle between two vectors: The angle between two vectors is measured by putting their tails together. If two vectors are not acting on a point, then angle between them is can be obtained by displacing one of the vectors parallel to itself so that the tails of two vectors meet at a point, Here, the angle between vector A and B is the angle (2). iangle Law of Vector Addition iangle law of vector addition is used to add two vectors. atement: This law states that if two vector acting simultaneously on a body be represented in magnitude and ‘ection by two sides of a triangle taken in an order (clockwise or anticlockwise), the resultant of the vectors is sresented in magnitude and direction by the third side of the triangle taken in the opposite order aticlockwise or clockwise). mnsider two vectors P and @ acting on a body. Let, the vector P be represented by the side OA and the rctor @. be represented by the side AB of the triangle OAB as in figure. Then, according to the triangle law of sctor addition, the side OB of the triangle represents the resultant (R) of the vectors both in magnitude and in rection. o 7 >! agnitude and Direction of Resultant ‘o find the magnitude and direction of the resultant, the line OA is’ produced. From the point B, a perpendicular 3C is drawn on the OA produced. Let 0 is the angle between the vectors P and @ ; and @ is the angle made by he resultant (R’) with the vector Pas in the figure. )B’ = OC? + CB? =(OA+ Agcy + CB* JB? = OA’ + AC? + [Link] + CB? INTEL Bridge Course//Physics - 11mi, We want to write every things in terms of P, Q and R. sind BC=QSing Cos0 = TS AC=QCos0 Substituting in terms of P, Q and R Where, AC? + CB? = AB? ». R?=P*+Q%42, [Link] P? + Q? +[Link] a BC Angle ¢ subtended by the resultant with vector A is, Tano = Ge = ows rapt QSind ) Or, $= Tan’ & + QCos6, Angle B subtended by the resultant with vector B is PSin@ — Tan:( —PSine_ aa & + ra) 2 Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition This law is also used to determine the resultant of two vectors acting on a body. However, it can also be 1 find the resultant of more than two vectors. However, only two vectors are to be considered at a time. Statement: If two like vector quantities simultaneously acting on a body are represented in both magnitu direction by the two adjacent sides drawn at a point of a parallelogram, then the resultant vector is repre both in magnitude and direction by the diagonal passing through the same point. yj B Subtraction of Vectors The difference of vectors A and B can be treated as the sum of A and (-B), where (-B) is the negative vec @). HR = Rae and the angle between A and B be @, then P? + Q—[Link] 4(_QSino and = Tan jerry + con Note: The angle between A and - Bis 180-6 Maximum and Minimum Number of |R| The resultant of two vectors is maximum, when the angle betwe: ae a case we find eters B. The resultant of two vectors is minimum, when the angle between the: © It means two vectors of unequal magnitude cannot have zer ultant. ence RT of different magnitudes having zero resultant it + Only such resultant is possible whose magnitude lies between ‘maximum |A + B|-and minimum |A - values INTEL Bridge Course//Physics -12olution of a Vector Process of splitting of a vector into two or more vectors is known as the resolution of a vector. The vectors ybtained are called component vectors. — A vector can have any numbet of components. Thus, components of a vector can be even infinite, stangular Resolution of a Vector us resolve OP = 2 into two rectangular components, For resolving it into two components, draw two lines . and OY at right angles to each other through point O. Suppose stor A is inclined at an angle @ with x-axis. From point P, drop PM i PN perpendicular to x-axis and y-axis respectively. Then according ‘Tiangular law of vectors, N Ob = O&M + MP Ice, MP =ON we have, Ob =OR + ON .ctors OM and ON are called rectangular components of vector. ° t OM= A, and ON= A, nw, Ay and A, are called magnitude of the component vectors along x-axis and y-axis respectively. om right angle triangle OMP, OM Cos0 = OP A 2. Ay= A Cos = horizontal component. so, .c. Ay= A SinO= vertical component.» viously; A =JAZ + Ay sector Multiplication Multiplication of vectors by scalars: When a vector R is multiplied by a number or a scalar, the magnitude of R is changed but the direction remains the same. That is, A =n. (Where, n is a number or scalar) Multiplication of a vector by a vector: i) Scalar product (dot product) between two veetors: The scalar or dot product of two vectors A and Bis defined as the product of the magnitudes of A > and B; and the cosine of the angle @ between them, It is represented as A.B (read as A dot B ). iB B =|R|/B [cos = ABCos0 Here, 0 is the angle between two vectors A and B . Form above, we derive e tiapjpak.k=1 ¢ fjapk=ki=0 INTEL Bridge Course//Physics - 13ii) Vector product (cross product) between two vector The vector or cross. product of two vectors R and Bis defined as the product of the magn Ran B ;and sine of the angle between them, It is represented as RB (read as R cross ] R xB =(R |B sinon = AB Sin0 . > Here, is the angle between two vectors A and B As A . > oo nis the unit vector perpendicular to both vectors A and B. ICR =tAy +JAyt RA, and B= 1By +JB,+ kB, tf j RxBalAy Ay AY B, By B, Curl the fingers of your right hand in such a manner as to push the vector and B as to push the vector R towards B through smaller angle between them, with the thumb stretched outwards. Then, the thumb gives the direction of A xB . Form above, we derive © 2RxB=-B xR (does not follow cumulative law) e fxt=pypokxk =0 © ixj=kjxk=i,kxisj e jxt=-kkxj=-ixk=—-J Nice to Know e All physical quantities having direction are not vectors. For example electric current. © Quantities which are neither scalar nor vector are relative density, density, viscosity, frequency, stress, specific heat, loudness, resistance. ‘ _ A vector can have only two rectangular components i in i plane and only three rectangular components in . hl flea thenfa+5]=20 2099 : = ©. If] R+B|=|2 -B| then & &B are perpendicular to each other. A then a -5| = 2asind/ ¢ Ifangle between A and B is 45°, then A.B =[A xB | INTEL Bridge Course//Physics -14COTS CRIT If the magnitude of the resultant of two equal vectors is equal to that of cither vector, the angle between them a) 60° c) 90° b) 120° ) 180° Can three forces of SN, 8N and 14N acting on a body produce zero resultant? a) Yes b) No ¢) Depends on mass 4) Depends on time Vectors have a) Magnitude only b) Direction only c) Both 4) None Which one of the following is a scalar? a) Work b) Power c) Current 4) All The magnitude of sum of two vectors is equal to the magnitude of their difference. The angle between those vectors will be: a) 60" b) 90" ©) 120° d) 180° For the resultant of two vectors to be maximum, the angle between them should be: a) 0° b) 60° c) 90° d) 180° ‘At what angle should the two vectors 2F andy/2 F act so that the resultant forge is F V0 a) 120° woo Fre ) 60° a) 45° The modulus of 2i -j + kis AIG b)2 4 46 It ial ing, then resultant of A and Bis a)A+B b)A-B c) (A? +B? + 2AB) [A? +B? 4 V2AB 4 ot oo ea) 10. The minimum number of coplanar vectors of unequal magnitude can be added to give zero resultant are aj2 b)4 As dys LL. A person moves 30m North, then 20m East, then 30\/2 m Southwest. His displacement from the original position is a) 15m East tom West 12. A particle is moving in a circular path of radius r with uniform velocity v. The change in b) 28m South d) 14m South-West velocity when the angular displacement @ is a)0 b)2v SPvssing 13, Fores ft’ and J act on a point mass in two mutually perpendicular directions. The magnitude of resultant force on the point mass 8 ©) 2v Cosy will be a) fit vie Ofi-f = Rt a ahch 14. Dot product between two vectors is always a) Scalar b) Vector ® Both d) None Y 15. Given that P +O + R=, which of the following statement is true? DP +CIH-R] iF +OI=iRI OP-RBi-iRi = oi -O1=1R1 16. A force of 120 N and a force of 20 N acting simultaneously at a point may produce a resultant force of 2) 80N —2xT40 N ©) 160N d) None of the above INTEL Bridge Course//Physics +1517, The potential gradient is ‘A vector c) Tensor b) A scalar 4) All 18. What is the angle between P x@ and O xP? a)0 b ©) n2 ) mld 19. Two parallel vectors R and Fare added. The resultant of these vectors is b) Twice of B d) Opposite to R a) Twice of c) Parallel to R 20. A vector can have how many numbers of components? a) Two b) Three ¢) Zero Sinfinite 21, The modulus of i+j+k a)3 22. Which of the following pair of force « added to give a resultant of 5 N? a) [Link] 8N b) 3. Nand 10) 2.N and 6 N d) 10 Nand 20 23. fC =A +B and C= A? +B’, then betyeen A and B is given by 10° b) 0° c) 180° d) 50° 24, Which of the following pairs of displacer can't produce a resultant displacement of 21 a) Imand Im b) Im and 2m ©) Imand 3m _@) Jarand 4m 25. The value off. (K x §) is a)o b)1 oF él yt 4) None Answers: 1. (2 oad |S] OTe JOO ate aos] oS, b b c d b a d a d c c d b 14[ 1s. | 16 | 17. | 18. | 19. | 20. | 21. | 22, | 23. | 24. | 25 se bet a tb a tate INTEL Bridge Course//Physics -16MOTION ALONG STRAIGHT LIN Rest A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its surrounding. For example: a man sitting on a chair. Motion A body which changes its position with respect to its surrounding is said to be in motion. For example: a man sitting in a moving bus. Particle Particle is a point mass. However, in practice a body may be treated as particle if its size is very very small as compared to the distance covered by it. Distance The actual length of the path travelled by particle is called distance covered. Displacement The change in position vector of a particle is called displacement vector. The shortest distance between the initial and final position of a particle gives the magnitude of the displacement of the particle. Zz & 2 r= displacement s Wo) 9 Ay 7 x Zz eg Speed The time rate of distance (x) covered by the particle is called speed of the particle. Thus, change is distance time The speed is a scalar quantity. Its unit is m/s. Speed Velocity The time rate of displacement (change of position vector) of the particle is called velocity. Thus, Velocity, v = hinge is displacement : time The velocity is a vector quantity. Its unit is mvs. © A body is said to have uniform velocity if it travels in a straight line and moves equal distances in equal intervals of time. : «If the body does not travel equal distance in equal intervals of time, the body is said to have non- uniform velocity. © A body is said to be moving with variable velocity if either its speed or direction is changing at every instant. INTEL Bridge Course//Physics - 17a) Average Velocity and Average Speed Average velocity is the ratio of the displacement that occurs during a particular time interval. total displacement total time The average speed involves the total distance covered (for example, the number of meters - independent of direction; that is, total distance total time Note : Sometimes magnitude of average velocity is the same as that of average speed . However, can be quite different. (@® When distances (s) and velocities (v) are known: When a body is moving along straight line and it covers distances s),52,83 ... S, at different c velocities V1,V2,V3 -.-Va, then Average velocity (v) = Average speed (s) O° S41 82 S3 wi V2 v3 Total displacement Total time —Sit$2+$3+...+ 5) Or, v= M24 Se Ver Va OO Me Average velocity (v) = si . 5 P s (Here, yt = t) = time taken to cover s; distance with velocity v|) S,.=s, then, n times Case: If s}=s.=8 _ststs+ (v is harm ean of individual velocity v,,V2, ---5 Vn) (QD When velocities (v) and time (t) are known When a body is moving along straight line and travels at different constant velocities v), V2, ..., v different unequal intervals of time t), tz, ..., ta in same direction, then, Sits) t... +9 tt ty to ty (Here, s; = distance covered in time t; with velocity v,) ° M4 V2 v3 ty te ts Vth + Vat, + 22. + Vaty ttht.. tte v= 5 na 0 _ itt vot +... vat Case: Ifth=t'=...=G=tv- tee, n times SVE Ve tect Sa F ee a = t (Arithmetic mean of individual velocities) TEL Bridge Course//Physics -18Instantaneous Velocity The instantaneous velocity of a body at any instant is defined as the limit of the change in displacement per unit time when the time interval tends to zero. That is, the instantaneous velocity, lim As _ds Vins = At90 = "Ar = Gt Acceleration The time rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. Thus, acceleration = a= change in velocity _v-u * time It is a vector quantity. Its unit is m/s*, Retardation When the velocity of a particle decreases with time, the particle is said to be retarded. Thus, the time rate of decrease of velocity is called retardation. It is a negative quantity: One, Two and Three Dimensional Motion Motion along a line is called one dimensional. Motion in a plane is called two dimensional and that in space is called three dimensional. nematic Equations for one Dimensional Motion = initial velocity, v = final velocity, a = acceleration, t = time taken, s =. distance covered, then following ations are called kinematic equations. seultzat a= v=u tat v’ -u? = 2as seas ce tv os so average velocity is given by = = he Distance Covered in nth Second is Given ot a body has initial velocity u and uniform acceleration a. Then, the distance traveled by the body in n second given by, : 1 Ie S,=unt+zan — [..s=ut +z af andt =n} imilarly, the distance traveled by the body inn — 1 second is given by, 1 S.=un-1)+zan—-1P [. t=n-]] _ The distance traveled by the n" second is given by, 1 S, = S,— Sp = un +5 an? — fu (n- y+dan-yh +ton?—un+u-4a(n?—2n41) un +5 an’—un+u->a(n'—2n ) ey eent et dats an =utz an -9 an’ en's & 1 =uta(n-5) ale INTEL Bridge Course//Physics - 19The equation is still dimensionally correct, because the term “u” was multiplied by sec, and the tern multiplied by sec’, resulting in the dimension of distance. When the particle starts from rest, its initial velocity is zero i. 0 » The acceleration a is +VE when the particle speeds up and a is -ve when the particle speeds down (1 Graphical Representation of Motion , (a) Distance — Time Graph (Velocity) If a graph is plotted between the distance (s) and time (t) for a body, the graph obtained is called dista graph. For a uniform motion, the distance-time graph is a straight line as in figure. s Slope =-BC. =v Uses of s-t Graph The following are the uses of distance-time graph: i) The s—t graph is used to find the position of the body at-any time. ii) It can be used to find the distance covered by the body in any interval of time. iii) It can be used to determine the speed of the body at any instant of time. The slope of the s—t curve at any point gives the speed of the body at the point. v= $ = slope of curve atthe point corresponding oa particular time ‘t. (b) Velocity Time Graph (Acceleration) If we plot the velocity of a body against time, the graph obtained is called velocity-time graph or v — t grap ' v Constant velocity Uniform retardation (@) (©)Non uniform acceleration HE NTEL Bridge Course//Physics -20‘of Velocity-Time Graph Following are the uses of velocity — time graph: Velocity-time graph can be used to determine the velocity of the body at any instant of time. Tt can be used to determine the displacement of the body in a given interval of time. Displacement in a given interval of time (t to t2) = Area under the curve bound by vertical lines drawn at t; and t). It can be used to determine the acceleration of the body. dv : : . a= = slope of curve at the point corresponding to particular time ‘t’. ation under Gravity For freely falling body (a= g) > When a body is released from height H and falls under i) vegt ii) _ time taken to reach the ground i) striking velocity of the body on the ground , where T= Time of flight iv) distance covered in last second vy) _ velocity of the body when it is at height h above the earth surface is > When a body is thrown downward with initial velocity u i) v=utegt ii) Height travelled in time t haut te iii) =u? +2gh iv) Height covered in particular second h=ut$ (2-1) INTEL Bridge Course//Physics - 21b) When a body is thrown vertically upward with initial velocity u(a=-g) . w i) maximum height attained H aH g ii) time taken to reach maximum height t=u_ pa & Y iii) total time of flight t=2t= mH g ye" iv) velocity of the body at height h above the ground v= y2g(H-h =wa-2) vy) distance covered in last second of its upward motion is hy=u-§ 2t-1)= c) When the body passes a point at height h twice after time t, and t; from starting then, tet) i) Time taken to reach maximum height (t) = ee) ii) Total time T= t) + t : iit) Initial velocity (u) =§ (4-44) iv) h =f Xt att, +t) vy) Maximum height attained (H) = | Relative Velocity The velocity of a body with respect to another body which is also moving is called relative velocity. Some General Conditions to Find Relative Velocity > When two body say A and B, travel in same een with velocity Va and Vp respectively, then rel: velocity of B with respect toA is given by Va- > When two body say A and B, travel in eu “direction with velocity V4 and Vz respectively, relative velocity of B with respect to-A is given by Vp + Va Nice to Know « When a body starts from rest and moves with constant acceleration along a straight line then distance tray in successive equal intervals of time are in the ration of I: 39: [Link] wu. 2 Q u=0<+—s,—> ,<«———- s, ———_> S$) ———————————> ll | al | t seconds next t seconds next t second ie. Sy: Sp: S3.....S,=12325.......(2n-1) * Magnitude of displacement < Distance covered INTEL Bridge Course//Physics -22straight line. For uniform motion that is for motion with uniform velocity the average velocity is equal to the instantancous ‘elocity. 3odies travel the same distance in last one second of theit upward journey irrespective of their initial velocities. ke ; : ! f a body is dropped from certain height, then the distance covered in n" second is given by 3 g (2n~ 1). Ifa man and rain are in relative motion, the man can protect himself from the rain, ifhe holds the umbrella in | Af the direction of relative velocity with respect to himself. NCAT ae TTT A stone is dropped from height of 45m. What | 6. The velocity time graph of a motion starting will be the distance covered by it during the last from rest with uniform acceleration is a straight * one second of motion? Take g = 10m/s*. line a) 45m b) 10m a) Parallel to time axis sm d) 35m b) Parallel to velocity axis c) Not passing through origin The slope of velocity time graph for motion d) Having none of above characters with uniform velocity is ; a) Initial velocity b) Infinity 7. Two balls are dropped from same point after an _syter0 d) One interval of 1 sec. If g = 10nv/s*, what will be < their separation 3 seconds after the release of A body falling freely from the top of a tower first ball? travels 50m in the last second before it reaches a) 5m b) 10m the ground, What is the height of the tower? in 4) 30m a) 100m eo : : c) 135.7m d) 124.5m 8. A train travels from one station to another at a speed 40 knV/hr and returns to the 1" station at A body is moving with uniform acceleration. the speed of 60’knv/hr. Average speed of the , | Its velocity after 5 second is 25 cm/s and after 8 train is Re atn second is 34 cmv/s. Calculate the distance a) 50 km/hr b) 0 km/hr traveled in 12" second. )48 knvhr d) 40 knvbr a) 12em b) 44.5cm = c) 30.8 om d) 70.5 em 9: The area bounded by velocity and time graph represents A stone is dropped from the top of a'tower 300 a) Momentum b) Acceleration m height. At the same time another ball is c) Speed d) Distance covered projected vertically upwards with a velocity of 75 m/s. The two object would meet after 10. An object is projected upwards with a velocity a)ft3s b)t4s of 100 m/s. It will strike the ground in about otss dt6 a)Ss = b) 10s 9%) asa ay d) 15s INTEL Bridge Course//Physics - 2311, Shortest distance between two points is Dd) Displacement d) Distance c) Length d) Meter 12. A body is thrown vertically upwards with initial velocity of 50 meter per second. If acceleration due to gravity is 10 meters per second per second, how long will the body take to return to the initial position? a) 15 seconds b) 4 seconds Ss 10 seconds d) 54 seconds 13. An ambulance covers a distance of 200m in 5 second. Its average speed is a) 20ms" b) 30 ms" c) 60m! A) 40ms" 14. The numerical ratio of velocity and speed is always. a= SS 1 c)21 d) 2.67 15. Rate of change of distance is _a Speed b) Velocity c) Impulse d) Power 16. Rate of change of displacement is a) Speed b) Power ¢) Force _aNelty 17. An object was dropped from a height of 20m. The velocity with which it strikes the ground is a) 10 ms" —»)20 ms" c) 40 ms" ‘ d) 30ms" 18. Two particles 'A' and 'B' have velocities of 30ms' and 40ms" respectively in the same direction, The distance between Ahem after 5 second will be a) 40m ‘50m ¢)30m 4) 10m 19. A stone dropped from a tower rea ground in 4 second. The height of the [g=10 ms”) a) 20m bysom ‘d) 60 c)40m 20. For a body thrown upward time of ascer 10 second. Then, the time of descendin neglecting air friction is ug 10 second b) 12 second c) 8 second d) depends or 21. The ratio of speed and velocity is Greater than or equal to one b) Less than or equal to one c) Always less than one d) Always greater than one 22. Ifa stone is dropped freely from a height How longtime it will take to reach the grc b) 4 sec d) I sec 23. If a car runs 100m,in 10 sec, what i average velocity of the car? a) 100 m/s b) 20 mis c) m/s _ Dims 24. The ratio of the speed of a body to the spe sound is called a) Sonic index b) Doppler ratic eta number d) Refractive in 25. A train moves on a straight-line track. It cc first half of the distance at a speed of 20k and the other half of the distance at a spec 30kmv/hr. The average speed of the fain is a) 25km/hr b)24 km/hr c) 28kmV/hr _ 4) 20V2 knvhr INTEL Bridge Course//Physics -24we A train takes 1 hour to go from one station to another. It travels at a speed of 20 knvhr for first half-hour and at a speed of 30 krv/hr for next half-hour. The average speed of the train is a) 25 Km/h b) 24 Kavh ¢)28Kmh 4) 20\2 Kivh A particle experiences a constant force for time 2T seconds after starting from rest. It travels a distance S; in first T seconds and a distance S: in next T seconds, Then b)S:= 28) d) S48) - A passenger in a moving train facing the engine tosses a coin. If the coin falls behind him, the train must be moving ith an acceleration 'b) With Uniform speed ) With a deceleration d) Any of above 9. The distance moved by a uniformly accelerating body starting from rest in time Tis, proportional to aT” . HT oT dT” 0. A stone is dropped from the top of a tower. If it covers 24.5m in its last second of its motion, the beight of the tower is 44.1m b) 49m, c) 78.4m_ d) 72m $1. A particle at rest starts moving on a boon straight line with a uniform acceleration. The ratio of distances covered during the fourth and third seconds are a) 4/; b) 26/9 gue) pa d)2 Jah ae aut a / L 32. A stone released from a height falls freely under gravity. The distance covered by body in one, two and three seconds from starting are in the ratio a) I: by 1:23 spas d 1:49 33. The velocity time graph for a body with uniform velocity is a) Straight line parallel to y-axis. aa line parallel to x-axis, ¢) Straight line inclined to x-axis. 4) Straight line inclined to y-axis. 34. Which of the following formula represent the final velocity of the body, dropped from the height? a)2gh b) 2gh o)gt d) None of the above 35. A ball is thrown vertically upward. Which of the following graphs, represent velocity time graph of ball during its flight, ignoring air resistance? a) | » t 7 oy a) v Ne \ / 7 +36. The displacement of the body in 5 sec is a) 2m 2 b)3m ' ©) 4m voenyo Py d)5m i ae 2 INTEL Bridge Course//Physics-2537. A body covers x meter at constant velocity V, | 40. A skier is traveling downhill. The acce} and next + meter at constant velocity V> in ‘on hard snow is 4mv/s? and on soft st case first, In 2 case, body travel-with constant 2nvs*.Which graph shows the motion velocity V, for t hours and with velocity V2 for skier when moving from hard snow { next hours. Then respective average velocities snow?%(x- axis: time in seconds and y are speed in meter per second) ay Mitts vs ™V; 2V,V3 “Tandy | UV, yy Vy tV3 2V,V goyfa nd ayer and Se a) ae b) 38. A car starts to move from rest with uniform acceleration of 2ms*, The distance travelled by ‘5 second is b) 16m °) d ©) 20m 4) 25m 39. A train having length 100m is moving with constant speed of 4Snvhr. The time taken by it to cross a bridge having length 1km is a) 40 see b)44see Y* NS ©) 80 sec Je see D 1 2. 35 a 55 6 i 8. 9. 10, € c b b b d €. | ne a € i 12. 13. 1% 15. 16. 17. 18, 19. 20, a c d b.| a a b b -b a 21. 2. 23. 24. 25. 26, 27. 28. 29. 30. a a a ¢ b a € a ¢ a 31. 32. 33. 34, 35, 36. 37. 38. 39. | 40. c c bd a € b b a a c For constant acceleration ratio of distance covered in equal time interval is [Link]..... (2n-1) If the ball travels x in the 1* second, then 3x in the next and 5x in the 3 second (last second) Total distance = x + 3x + 5x Or, 9x = 45m “x= Sm Mey Distance travelled in last second, x =25m INTEL Bridge Course//Physi¢s -26cle thrown into space and moving in two dimensions under the influence of gravity alone with constant leration is called projectile. ectile Motion Near the Surface of Earth Consists of two Independent Motions: The horizontal motion at constant speed, it means there is no acceleration in horizontal direction. The vertical motion with constant acceleration due to gravity. tile Projected From a Height sider a projectile is projected horizontally with uniform velocity u from height ‘h’, therefore, initial vertical city is zero. Equation of Trajectory or Path: Equation of trajectory is the relation between horizontal and vertical distances traveled by the projectile in time ‘t’. Suppose ‘x’ and ‘y’ be the horizontal and vertical distances traveled by a Projectile in time ‘t’ (during which it will be at point p) =ut qa) (2) From (1) and (2), ype -(2) ee) This is the equation of parabola, Hence, the path of projectile is parabolic. Time of Descent: This is the time taken by the projectile to come down to the ground. 1 = et? a 8 Horizontal Range (R): It is the horizontal distance travelled by the projectile with horizontal uniform velocity ‘u” in the time of descent. -. R= horizontal velocity x time of descent or, R= ut INTEL Bridge Course//Physics -27 pur seesiv) Final Velocity: ve= yu? +g°T? = Ju? +2gH at angle 9= Tan’, /28H w Projectile Projected From the Ground Consider that a projectile is projected from a point O on the ground, Let the projectile moves with ve making an angle @ with the horizontal. The velocity up has two components. One is ugcos® along the horizontal. This component remains ur throughout the motion and is responsible for the horizontal movement of the projectile. The other is u, si ‘component takes care of the vertical motion of the projectile and acts as initial velocity for the upward m ty =14sin 8 When the projectile is projected, its vertical motion is due to (a) u, sind in upward direction which is the projectile at the time of throwing and (b) the acceleration due to gravity (g). So, when it moves vertical velocity goes on decreasing. The vertical velocity becomes zero when it travels a maximum After the maximum height, the vertical velocity goes on increasing in downward direction until the pr hits the ground. Now, for the upward motion, the initial velocity (u) = ug sind Final velocity (v) = 0 (at maximum height 'A') Height traveled (h) = bya (maximu height) Time in air (t) = t second Acceleration = g We have v=u- gt This is the time taken by the projectile for its upward motion (i. . motion from point O to point A). INTEL Bridge Course//Physics -28