MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DJJ20063 – THERMODYNAMICS
(LABSHEET / WORKSHEET)
MAKMAL TERMODINAMIK
TITLE PRACTICAL TASK 4
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to: -
CLO 1. Explain fundamentals concept and properties of pure substances in thermodynamics
(C2, PLO1)
2. Apply Laws of thermodynamics and it processes (C3, PLO1)
3. Organize appropriately experiments according to the Standard Operating Procedures
(P4, PLO5)
OBJECTIVE At the end of the learning process, students are able to:
1. Conduct experiment on concept of entropy in Second Law of Thermodynamics.
2. Analyze experimental data and discuss the results from experiments.
INTRODUCTION / BASIC THEORY
Entropy and Disorder
Entropy is a way of measuring order. It is related to the number of arrangements of particles that lead to a
particulate state. It is enough to know that: (1) Well-ordered systems have low entropy – the more order,
the lower a system’s entropy. (2) Disordered systems have high entropy – the more disorder, the higher
system’s entropy.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics states that changer leading to greater disorder are favored over changes
that produce greater order. So, if there are no other influences in any spontaneous change, entropy
increases. Therefore, ΔS is positive for a spontaneous change. Diffusion of solute particles from a
compartment of higher concentration to one of lower concentration leads to an increase in the entropy of
the system. This is the driver for change.
Diffusion and Temperature Relationship
The rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the temperature of the system. Thermal energy
(temperature) can be stored in a particle (atom or molecule) as kinetic energy of motion (like a moving
billiard ball). Liquid or gaseous particles (atoms or molecules) with greater motion will bounce off of other
atoms or molecules more frequently and diffuse through them at a greater rate. The higher the
temperature the greater the rate of diffusion. The lower the temperature the lesser the rate of diffusion.
APPARATUS / MATERIALS / TOOL /EQUIPMENT
1. Beaker
2. Pipette
3. Dye
4. Water
5. Stopwatch
6. Thermometer
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DJJ20063 – THERMODYNAMICS
(LABSHEET / WORKSHEET)
SAFETY
Wear proper clothing and personal protective equipment during laboratory session.
PROCEDURES
1. Prepare two beakers with 500 ml of water each.
2. Drop the dye into the beaker.
3. Record the time and your observation.
4. Prepare two beakers.
5. Fill one beaker with 500 ml water at temperature 90°C while the other one with water at room
temperature.
6. Repeat step 2 and 3.
RESULT & ANALYSIS
Analyze the result and observation.
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DISCUSSION
Relate the result and observation with the theory of second law of thermodynamics
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DJJ20063 – THERMODYNAMICS
(LABSHEET / WORKSHEET)
CONCLUSION
(Draw the conclusions based on objective and discussion)
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REFERENCES
List out all the sources of references
1. Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles (1998) Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. McGraw Hill
2. T. D Eastop, & McConkey. (2006), Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologist, 5th Edition,
Pearson & Prentice Hall, Singapore.
3. Sonntag, R. E.,Borgnakke, C., and Van Wylen, G. J., 2003. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 6th
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4. John P. O’Connell, J.M. Haile (2005) Thermodynamics:Fundamentals Of Applications, Cambridge
University Press.
5. Myron Kaufman (2002) Principles of Thermodynamics, Marcel Dekker, INC
Prepared by: Verified by:
……………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………
ANISAH BT. KAMARUDIN
Course Coordinator Programme Leader / Head of Department
Pensyarah
Date: 13/12/2021 Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal Date: 13/12/2021
Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah
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