Prof M.
Rashid Khan
MDCAT Unit: ELECTRONICS
Study of motion of electrons controlled by electronic devices such as PN-junction.
PN-junction is basic building block of electronics.
PN-junction
A PN-junction is formed when one half of pure crystal (Si or Ge) is doped with trivalent impurity and other
Half with pentavalent impurity.
Pentavalent Impurity- N type
Trivalent Impurity- P type Contains electrons as majority
Contains holes a s majority charge carriers and holes as
charge carriers and electrons minority carriers.
as minority carriers.
Depletion region:
Contain no charge carriers.
Diffusion of free electrons from N-region to P-region Develop a P.D across the PN junction
which stop further movement of electrons, known as P.B. It depends upon nature of crystal.
Symbol of PN-junction For Si P.B = 0.7 V
For Ge P.B = 0.3 V
Forward Biasing Reverse Biasing
. P-type is connected with +ve and N-type is connected –ve . P-type is connected with –ve and N-type is connected +ve
terminals. terminals.
. Majority charge carriers of both regions are pushed toward . Majority charge carriers of both regions are pulled away from
PN-junction and minority charge carriers are pulled away PN-junction and minority charge carriers are pushed toward
from PN- junction. PN- junction.
. Width of depletion region decreases to few ohm. r ≈ 0 . Width of depletion region increases to very large resistance.
. Resistance of PN-junction drop to almost zero. . Resistance of PN-junction to infinitely large. r ≈ ∞
. Forward current If begin to flow through PN-junction which .Reverse leakage current Ir flow through PN-junction which
varies non linearly with forward voltage Vf as shown in Fig. varies non linearly with forward voltage Vf as shown in Fig.
. Diode acts as closed switch. . Diode acts as open switch.
Which of the following diodes is forward biased?
-3 V 0V -5 V -3 V
-3 V 3V 5V
Diode can acts as.
Rectifier switch Light source sensor emf source
Rectification
Process of converting A.C into D.C, is called rectification. Rectification is of two types namely
1. Half wave rectification 2. Full wave rectification
1. Half wave rectification
In this type of rectification any one half of A.C cycle (either +ve Rectified output voltage varies in magnitude with time, called
or _ve) is converted into D.C . pulsating D.C.
V = 0V One cycle of pulsating D.C, is called ripple
T
During: 0 ⟶
2
+
V1 +V2 +V3 +V4 0+Vo +0+0 Vo
Vo = If R
On & r ≈ 0 < Vo >=< Vrip > = = =
4 4 4
If
- < Vo2 >= < 2
Vrip >=
V21 +V22 +V23 +V24
=
02 +V2o +02 +02 V2o
=
4 4 4
V = Vin
During:
T
⟶T - (Vrms )rip = < Vo2 >=
V2o
=
Vo
= 0.5 Vo <(Vrms )A.C
2 Off & r ≈ ∞ 4 2
Vo = 0
If = 0
frip = fA.C ⟹ Trip = TA.C
+
If current I = Io sin 100πt pass through half
wave rectifier then what will be frequency of Vin
ripples ?
RL
I = Io sin 2fπt
VO = +ve half
2fπ =100π ⟹ f = fA.C = 50 Hz cycle
f𝑟𝑖𝑝 = fA.C = 50 Hz
What is shape of output wave form in the circuit
Vin
shown in Fig?
RL
VO = A.C Wave
Vin
RL
VO = −ve half
cycle Vin
RL
Vin
RL VO =A line=0V
VO = +ve half
cycle
2. Full wave rectification
In this type of rectification both halves of A.C cycle are converted into [Link]
+ V1 +V2 +V3 +V4 0+Vo +0+Vo Vo
D1 < Vo >=< Vrip > = = =
4 4 2
Vin
2 V21 +V22 +V23 +V24 02 +V2o +02 +V2o V2o
< Vo2 >= < Vrip >= = =
4 4 2
D2
RL
- V2o Vo
(Vrms )rip = < Vo2 >= = = 0.7 Vo = (Vrms )A.C
2 2
- frip = 2 fA.C ⟹ Trip =
TA.C
D1 2
Vin
D2
+ RL
Q. What is shape of output wave form in the circuit shown in Fig?
Vin
Vin
VO =Full wave rectified
VR = +ve half cycle
Vin
RL Vin
RL
VO = +ve half cycle
VO = +ve half cycle
Pulsating D.C can be made smooth by circuit known as filter.
Capacitor acts as filter in a rectifier.
Half Wave Filter Action Full Wave Filter Action
Inversion Transistor Voltage Amplifier
Converse of rectification
Conversion of D.C into A.C
Transistor provide facility of inversion
Transistor can acts as
Invertor Oscillator switch amplifier
OP-Amp
An amplifier circuit is widely and frequently used in field of electronics. So, it is integrated on small Si chip and
is enclosed in capsule with requeste pin connection and is known as op-amp as shown in Fig.
Power +Ve Out put
Not
connected Off set null
Off set
null Power -Ve
Inverting Non inverting
input input
Op-amp perform various electronic functions and mathematical operations.
Op-amp is basic building block of electronic circuits
Symbol
Characteristics of Op-amp
Input Resistance: Resistance between inverting(-ve) and
non-inverting(+ve) inputs.
R in ≈ 106 Ω or 1 M Ω
Output Resistance: Resistance between output and ground.
R O ≈ few Ω
Gain: Ratio of out put voltage to the P.D between inverting
and non-inverting inputs.
VO
G=
V+ − V−
When fraction of 𝐕𝐎 is fed back to input, the gain is called closed loop gain.
When no fraction of 𝐕𝐎 is not fed back to input, the gain is called open loop
gain.
Open loop gain of Op-amp is very high ≈ 105
VO
GOL = ≈ 105
V+ − V−