Adjective Clause
Subject & Verb Agreement
Subject
•Erick visits many tourism places. (Noun)
1. Noun 5. Gerund
•We bought a lot of merchandises. (Pronoun)
2. Pronoun 6. To Infinitive
•The soldiers are coming home. (Noun Phrase)
3. Noun Phrase
•Who gives me a name card is my boss. (Noun Clause)
4. Noun Clause
•Drinking juice makes us healthy. (Gerund
•To get a high score in exam needs a big effort. (To Infinitive)
Bukan Subject
•Adjective A diligent student buys an ice cream.
•Adverb Usually, the students buy ice cream after the course.
•Preposition In front of the office, he buys ice cream.
•Conjunction After Dino buys ice cream, he goes to the class.
Intermediate Grammar 3
Advanced Structure A
Verb / Predicate
1. Ordinary (V1 & V2) walk, sleep, cook, study, read ….
2. Auxiliary (V1 & V2) is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had.
3. Modal: can, could, may, must, will, would …..
Verb Conj Verb Perbedaan V2 & V3
2V=1C
V2 + Noun
Verb Conj Verb Conj Verb
V3 + Prep.
3V=2C
4V=3C
Bukan Verb (Predicate) Bernie cooked the food
•V-ing is speaking The food cooked by him is sweet
•V3 was spoken
•To Infinitive have to speak
Intermediate Grammar 3
Advanced Structure A
Simple Sentence (S + V) Compound Conjunction
The man took a vitamin pill. FANBOYS
In the summer, Tom walks to his office. Complex Conjunction
For (Karena)
And (Dan
Compound Sentence 2 (S + V) Nor (dan …tidak)
Adjective Clause
Adjective Clause
But (tetapi Who, Whom, Which, That,
The man took a vitamin pill, and he drank a glass of orange juice. Or (atau Whose, When, Where, Why
Judy lives in northern California now, but she was raised in Ohio. Yet (tetapi)
So (Jadi)
Noun Clause
Complex Sentence 2 (S +V) /lebih
Noun Clause
The man took a vitamin pill because he had a cold. Whether, That + 8W + 1H
What, Who, Whom, Which,
(independent clause + adverb clause) Whose, When, Where, Why
How
I didn't realize that Nancy was here.
(independent clause + noun clause)
Adverbial Clause
Tom walks to his office, which is located on Broadway, every day during the Because, Although, Before,
summer. After, Since, Until, If, So, When,
(independent clause + adjective clause) While, Whereas, Where, Once,
Even though …
Advanced Structure A
It is important to be punctual for appointments.
4 Pola “It” (with the verb to be + adjective + infinitive)
It + to be + Adj + To Infinitve It was David who did most of the work.
(with the verb to be + noun + relative clause)
It + to be + Noun + Adj. Cl
It + to be + Adv. + Noun Cl. It was in 1959 that Alaska became a state.
(with the verb to be + adverbial + noun clause)
It + takes + time + To Infinitive
It takes a long time to learn a language.
(with the verb to take + time phrase + infinitive)
There + Be + Noun
There is/was > N. Singular There are many skyscrapers in New York City.
There are/were > N. Plural There was a good movie on television last night.
Advanced Structure A
TOEFL Practice
TOEFL Practice
1. __________ primary colors are red, blue, and yellow.
____ (A) There are three
____ (B) The three
____ (C) Three of them
____ (D) That the three
2. __________ who was elected the first woman mayor of Chicago in 1979.
____(A) It was Jane Byrne
____ (B) Jane Byrne
____ (C) That Jane Byrne
____ (D) When Jane Byrne
Subject Verb Agreement
Advanced Structure A
TOEFL Practice
3. On the Moon, ______ air because the Moon's gravitational field is too
weak to retain an atmosphere.
____ (A) there is no
____ (B) where no
____ (C) no
____ (D) is no
4. In some cases, ______ to decide if an organism is a plant or an animal.
____ (A) difficult if
____ (B) it is difficult
____ (C) the difficulty
____ (D) is difficult
Subject Verb Agreement
Advanced Structure A
TOEFL Practice
5. ____ almost impossible to capture the beauty of the aurora borealis in photographs.
____ (A) Being
____ (B) It is
____ (C) There is
____ (D) Is
6. The first American novelist to have a major impact on world literature ___________.
____ (A) who was James Fenimore Cooper
____ (B) James Fenimore Cooper was
____ (C) it was James Fenimore Cooper
____ (D) was James Fenimore Cooper
Subject Verb Agreement
Advanced Structure A
Adjective Clause
Prep. + which/whom
That is the topic. I will write on it.
That is the topic on which I will write.
Quantity word + of + which/whom
He met with two advisors. He had known both of them for years.
He met with two advisors, both of whom he had known for years.
I read a number of articles. Most of them were very useful.
I read a number of articles, most of which were very useful.
Omitting
The painting which Ms. Wallace bought was very expensive.
The painting Ms. Wallace bought is very expensive. (which omitted)
Advanced Structure A
TOEFL Practice
1. After its introduction in 1969, the float process _____ the world's principal method of
manufacturing flat sheets of glass.
____ (A) by which it became
____ (B) it became
____ (C) became
____ (D) which became
2. In 1850, Yale University established Sheffield Scientific School, ______.
____ (A) engineers were educated there
____ (B) where engineers were educated
____ (C) in which were engineers educated
____ (D) where were engineers educated
Adjective Clause
Advanced Structure A
TOEFL Practice
3. In addition to being a naturalist, Stewart E. White was a writer ______ the struggle for
survival on the American frontier.
____ (A) whose novels describe
____ (B) he describes in his novels
____ (C) his novels describe
____ (D) who, describing in his novels
4. Diamonds are often found in rock formations called pipes, ______ the throats of extinct
volcanoes.
____ (A) in which they resemble
____ (B) which resemble
____ (C) there is a resemblance to
____ (D) they resemble
Adjective Clause
Advanced Structure A
Reducing Adjective Clause
Active (Ving)
Minnesota, which joined the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state.
(adjective clause with active verb)
Minnesota, joining the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state.
(participial phrase with a present participle)
Passive (V3)
William and Mary College, which was founded in 1693, is the second oldest university in the United States.
(adjective clause with a passive verb)
William and Mary College, founded in 1693, is the second oldest university in the United States.
(participial phrase with a past participle)
Letaknya juga bisa didepan Subject
Joining the Union in 1858, Minnesota became the thirty-second state.
Founded in 1693, William and Mary College is the second oldest university in the United States.
Advanced Structure A
TOEFL Practice
1. _______ in front of a camera lens changes the color of the light that reaches the film.
____ (A) Placed a filter
____ (B) A filter is placed
____ (C) A filter placed
____ (D) When a filter placed
2. The Massachusetts State House, ___________ in 1798, was the most distinguished
building in the United States at that time.
____ (A) completing
____ (B) which was completed
____ (C) was completed
____ (D) to be completed
Reducing Adjective Clause
Advanced Structure A
Appositive
Ada yang Adjective Clause atau hanya Noun Phrase
Oak, which is one of the most durable hardwoods, is often used to make furniture.
(adjective clause)
Oak, one of the most durable hardwoods, is often used to make furniture.
(appositive)
Ada yang setelah Noun atau sebelum Noun
Buffalo Bill, a famousfrontiersman, operated his own Wild West Show.
(appositive following a noun)
A famous frontiersman, Buffalo Bill operated his own Wild West Show.
(appositive before the subject)
Ada yang tanpa menggunakan koma, biasanya nama orang.
Economist Paul Samuelson won a Nobel Prize in 1970.
Advanced Structure A
TOEFL Practice
1. ___________ relations with friends and acquaintances, play a major role in the social
development of adolescents.
____ (A) What are called peer group relations are
____ (B) Peer group relations are
____ (C) Peer group relations, the
____ (D) By peer group relations, we mean
2. Joseph Henry, __________ first director of the Smithsonian Institute, was President
Lincoln's advisor on scientific matters.
____ (A) the
____ (B) to be the
____ (C) was the
____ (D) as the
Appositives
Advanced Structure A
Any Questions?