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EPs e te) Reading Passage 1
Review
1 How many questions do you have to answer?
2 Does each task have the same number of questions?
3 How ong should you spend on this passage?
NOW FOLLOW THE ACTION PLAN REMINDER ON PAGE 71
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Our Vanishing Night
Most city'shies have become virtually empty of stars
Pee
TFhumans were truly arhome under the light of che moon and stars, ie would male
ro difrence ro us whether we were ou and about a night or during the day, the
‘midnight word as visible ro usa tito the vast nimber of nocturnal species on this
plane. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, meaning our eyes are adapted to living in
the su igh. This is a basic evolusionary fit, even though mos of ws dont chink of
‘outs diurnal beings any more than as primates or mammals or Earehlings. Yer
isthe only way to explain what we've done to the night: we've engineered i to meet
cur needs by filling twit ight,
| Tis kind of engineering is no diferent fom damming a iver Is benefice come
with consequences ~ called light pollution - whose effect scientists are only now
beginning to sud. Lighe pollution i angely the result of bad lighting design, which
allows arial ight to shine outward and upward into the sky, where i i noc wanted,
insead of focusing it downward, where es. Wherever human light spills ato the
rural world, some aspect of life ~ migration, epreduction, feeding ~ is affected
For most of human history, the phrase light polluion’ would have made no sens.
Imagine walking coward London on « monic night around 1800, when ie was one of
| Eatehs most populous cities. Nearly a million people lived there, making do, as they
aways had, with candles and lanterns. These would be no gslights inthe srets or
squats for another seven years
‘Now most of humanity lives under reflote, efiate light from overlie cities and
suburbs, fom ight-Roded roads and factories, Neal all of night-time Europe is
bright patch oflight, ts most of dhe United States and mach of Japan, Inthe South
Aas the glow from a single Fishing Mee squid fishermen luring thle prey wth
tal halide lamps ~ can be sen from space, burning brighter on occasions than
Bacoos Aires
Reading Passage 1
(Ci Real the tile and subse
NRE ich tel yeu what the
topics
(Cit Quick skim the passage
10 get a general dea of
att abaut and the
topic of eac paragraph
Don't wary abour words
you dont understand
{and don't spend too
tong tying to werk out
‘at they rei you
ead on, they may be
explained anynay
Test 2 Exam practice | 69 70
In mos cities the sky looks 2s though it has been emptied of tars and taking their place
Isa constant orange glow. Weve became so used to this tha the glory ofan uni night
= dark enough forthe planet Venus to throw shadows on Earth -is wholly beyond our
experience, beyond memory almost. And yet above the cis pale ecling lies the rest of
the universe uterly undiminished by the light we wast.
‘Weve li up the nighe as fie were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be
farther fom the truth, Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is
sconishing, Light ica powerful biological Force, and on many species it acts a a magnet.
“The effect iso powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being ‘capeured’
by searhlights on land or by the lighe fiom gas fares on marine ol platforms, circling
and cieling in the chousinds unl hey drop. Migrating a night, birds are ape ro collide
wich righ li buildings immature bids suffer in mach higher numbers than adults
Insees, ofcourse luster around streetlights, and feeding on those insets sa crucial
‘means of survival For many bat species. In some Swiss valleys the European leser
Ihorseshoe bat began to vanish ae seelghts were installed, perhaps because chose
valleys were sudlenly filled with light feeding pipistelle bars. Other noceurnal
mammal, ike desert rodents and badgers, are more cauious about searching for food
under che permanent full moon of light pollation because they've become easier target
forthe patos who are huncing them,
‘Some binds ~ blackbirds and nightingaes, among eters ~ sing at unnatural hours in
the presence of arifcial light. Scientists have determined that long atificial days ~and
tfclly shore nights ~ induce early breeding ina wide range of birds, And because 2
longer day allows for longer feeding, ic can also affect migration schedules. The problem,
‘of cours, i that migration, lke most other aspects of bied behavior isa precisely timed
biological behavior. Leaving prematurely may mean teaching a destination too soon for
nesting conditions tobe tight
[Nesting se eure, which seek our dark beaches, ind fewer and fewer of them ro
bury heir eggs on. When the baby sea cures emerge from the egs, they gravitate
toward che brighter, more reflective sea horizon but ind themselves confused by
arc lighting behind the beach. In Florida alone, hatching loses number in the
hundreds of thousands every year. Frogs and toads living on the side of major highways
sutfer nocturnal light levels cha ze as much asa million times brighter chan normal,
Aiscurbing nearly every aspect oftheir behavios including their night-time breding
chores
Ic was once thought tha light pollution only affected astronomers, who need to see
‘he night sky i alles glovious laity: And, in fac, some of the earliest civic efforts to
contol light polltion were made half'a century ago to protect the view from Lowell
‘Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. In 2001 Flagstaff was declared dhe fst International
Dark Sky City By now the efor to contol light pollution has spread around the globe.
‘More and mote cities and even entre countries have committed themselves to reducing
‘unwanted glare
| Test 2 Exam practice
Reading Passage 1 Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given
in Reading Passage 1?
Inboxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE ifthe statement agrees with the
information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the
information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this:
1 Few people recognise nowadays that human beings are
designed to function best in daylight.
2 Most light pollution is caused by the direction of
artificial lights rather than their intensity
3 By 1800 the city of London had such a large:
population, it was already causing light pollution.
4 The fishermen of the South Atlantic are unaware of the
light poliution they are causing,
5 Shadows from the planet Venus are more difficult to see
at certain times of year.
6 _ Insome Swiss valleys, the total number of bats
declined rapidly after the introduction of streetlights.
7 The first attempts to limit light pollution were carried out
to help those studying the stars. Questions 8-13
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
White your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.
CREATURE EFFECTS OF LIGHT
‘Songbirds and ‘The worst-affected birds are those which are
pone! 8 .. They bump into 9 «which
stand out at night.
Desert rodents and | They are more at risk from 10...
badgers
Migrating birds Early migration may mean the 11.
suitable on arrival
sees F NOL
Sea turtles ‘They suffer from the decreasing number of
12.
Frogs and toads —_| If they are near 13..
upset.
, their routines will be
(ip When you have completed the table, read it through, Do your answers
‘make sense? For example, in 8, 11 and 12 you need an adjective as,
well as 2 noun, You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on
Reading Passage 2 on pages 74-75.
Questions 14-20
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for A-G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, Fx, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
1 Acomparison between similar buildings
‘The negative reaction of local residents
‘An unusual job for a psychologist
Atype of building benefiting from prescribed guidelines,
v__ The need for government action
WA failure to use available information in practical ways.
vii Academics with an unhelpful attitude
ili A refusal by architects to accept criticism
ix Aunique co-operative scheme
x The expanding scope of environmental psychology
14 Paragraph A
18 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
20 Paragraph G
Reading Passage 2 A
“
Is there a psychologist in the building?
CHRISTIAN JARRETT reports on psychology’s place in new architectural development.
‘The space around us affects us profoundly ~
‘emotionally, behavioural, cognitively. In Britain that
space is changing a a pace not seen fora generation
Surely psychology has something to say about all
‘this change. But is anyone listening? There isa huge
amount of psychology research that irlevant. but
at the moment were raking to ourselves says Chris
Spencer, professor of environmental psychology at
the Unversity of sheffield Spencer recals.a recent
talk he gavein which he called on fellow researchers
tomakea greater effort to communicate their
findings to architects and planners." was amazed at
the response of many of the senior searchers, who
would say: “Fm doing my research For pure science,
the industry can take itor leave it” But there are
‘madels of how to apply enviconmental psychology
toreal problems ifyou know where to look
Profesor Frances Kuo isan example
Kuo’ website provides pictures and plain English
summaries of research conducted by her Human
Envonment Research taboratory. Among these is
study using police records that found inner-city
Chicago apartment buldings surrounded by more
vegetation sufered 52 per cent ewer crimes than
apartment blocks with tle or no greenery Frances
Kuo and her co-tesearcher Willam Sullvan believe
that greenery reduces crme— so long as visbilty
Is preserved — because it reduces aggression,
brings local residents together outdoors, and the
conspicuous presence of people deters criminals.
“Environmental psychologists ae increasingly
in demand! says David Uzzell, professor of
‘environmental psychology Wee asked to
contribute tothe planing, desgn and management
cof many cifferent environments, ranging from
neighbourhoods offices, schools, health, transport,
traffic and leisure environments forthe purpose
‘of improving quality of fe and creating a better
people-environment ft’ Uzzell points tothe
Test 2 Exam practice
rebuilding of one south London school asa striking
‘example of how bulding design can affect human
bbchaviour positively. Before its redesign, twas
ranked asthe worst school in the area ~ now itis
recognised as one of the country’s twenty most
Improved schools
Uzzell has been involved ina pioneering project
between MSc student ia England and Scotland.
Architecture students in Scotland acted as designers
while environmental psychology students in England
acted as consuants, as together they worked
‘on a community project in a un-down area of
Glasgow: ‘The psychology students encouraged
the architecture students to think about who their
client group was to consider sues of crowding
and social cohesion. and they introduced them
to psychological methodologies, for example
Ccbservation and interviewing local esiderts about
their needs’ The colaborative project current
stands 36 a one-off experiment. Hopefully these
trainee architects will now go away with some
understancing ofthe psychological issues involved
in design and wil take into account peoples needs
says Unel,
Hilary Barker. a recent graduate in psychology. now
works fora design consultancy. She's part of a four
person research team that contnbutes tothe overall
work ofthe company in helping clients use their
office space more productively. Her teamall have
backgrounds in psychology or social science, but
the rest ofthe frm consists mainly of architects and
Interior designers. What I dos pretty rare to be
honest! Barker sys. fee very privileged to be able
[Link] my degree in sucha way’ Barker explains that
the team carries out observational studies on behalf
‘of companies, to identify exactly how occupants
are using thelr bulding. The companies are often
surprised by the findings, for example that staff use
meeting rooms for quiet. ndlvidual work
Reading Passage 2 F One area where the findings from environment
behaviour research have certainly influenced
bolding i in hospital design. The government has a
checks of criteria that must be met inthe design
‘of new hospitals and these are derived largely from
‘the work ofthe behavioural scentst Professor
Roger Urich’ Chis Spencer sas. Ulich work has
shown, for example, how the view fom a patient’
window can affect thetr recovery. Even a hospitals
layout can impact on people’ health according to
DrJohn Zeisel. if people get lost in hospitals, they
get stressed, which lowers their immune system
and means the medication work less well You
righ think that way-finding round the hospitals
the responsibilty of the person who puts al the
slgns up, bt the truth is thatthe basi layout of a
baling is what helps people find their way around!
he says
Zeiel alc points tothe need fora better balance
between private and shared rooms in hospital. Falls
are reduced and fewer medication erors occur in
private rooms, he says. There's also research showing
how important is that patients have access tothe
‘outdoors and that gardens in hospitals are a major
contributor to wellbeing. However more generally
Zeisel shares Cris Spencers concerns that the
lessons from environmental psychology research
are not getting through. ‘Theres certainly agp
between what wein socal science know and the
world of designers and architects says Zeisel. He
believes that most industries, from sports to film
making. have now recognised the importance of
an evidence-based approach, and thatthe building
trade needs to formulate itself more in that vein,
and to recognise that there is relevant research out
there. tt would be outrageous, sly, to go ahead with
huge buiding projects without learning the lessons
from the new towns established between 30 ard 40,
years ago he warns
‘Test 2 Exam practice | 75 Questions 21 and 22
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 21 and 22 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following benefits are said to arise from the use of
environmental psychology when planning buildings?
better relationships between statf
improved educational performance
reduction of environmental pollution
fewer mistakes made by medical staff
easier detection of crime
mooa>
Questions 23 and 24
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 23 and 24 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following research methods are mentioned in the passage?
the use of existing data relating to a geographical area
measuring the space given to a variety of activities
watching what people do in different parts of a building
analysing decisions made during the planning of a building
‘observing patients’ reactions to each other
moom>
Questions 25-26
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
White your answers in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.
25. The students from England suggested that the Scottish students should
identify their...
26 John Zeisel believes that if the .........-of a building is clear, patient
‘outcomes will improve. Test 2 Exam practice AS ee)
Review
11 How many tasks are there usually n this part?
2 Does each tsk have the same number of questions?
3 How long should you spend on this passage?
NOW FOLLOW THE ACTION PLAN REMINDER ON PAGE 80
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which ae based on Feading Passage $ below.
once Hone etm not ve
O- cir or een ngage
eye ange! Tac nsw has
srovopslops areas ean aisle:
phase in human fossil. This is not merely an
trated ars wane oy
sri on tartare sme poe yee
trevor ler wh Cabtoig eat en
octet ttn fn on oh
cero ol cures now bes and eps
soca th coud eps undasard
pyre yd weaves owt prt
rine!
Until recenth, the dominant explanation was
that physical gromth is delayed by our need to
{70¥ large brains and to learn ll the behaviour
78 | Test 2 Exam practice
Have teenagers always existed?
‘The development of humans
Tene nine ot yeas 290)
ey rumans
patterns associated with humanity ~ speaking,
Seal Interaction and so on. While such behaviour
Is sll developing, humans cannot easily fend for
themselves. soit is best to stay small and look
youthful That way your parents and other members
ofthe socal group are motivated to continue
looking after [Link]'s more, studies of mammals
show a strong relationship between brain size
and the rate of development with argr-brained
animals taking longer to reach adulthood, Humans
are at the far end ofthis spectrum. f his theory
Is correctand the development of large brains
accounts for the teenage growch spurt the origin of
adolescence should have been with the evolution of
‘our own species (Homo sopiens) and Neanderthals,
starting almost 200,000 years ago. The trouble is
some ofthe fossil evidence seems to tll a diferent
story
Reading Passage 3 “The human fossil record i extremely sparse,
and the number of fossilized children minuscule
Nevertheless, inthe past few years anchropologiss
have begun to look at what can be learned of
the les of our ancestors from these youngsters.
(One of the most studied isthe famous Turkana
[Link] almose complete skeleton of Homo erectus
from 1.6 milion years ago found in Kenya in
1984, Accurately assessing how old someone is
from ther skeleton i a tricky business. Even with
‘modern human, you ean only make a rough
‘estimate based on the developmental stage of
‘teeth and bones andthe skeleton’ general siz.
You need at many developmencal markers as
possible co get an estimate of age. The Turkana
| boys eeth made hie 10 oF 11 years old. The
features of his skeleton put him at 13,but he
was as tall a modern 15-yearcld. Susan Anton
‘of New Yor University points to research by
Margaret Clegg who studied a collection of 18th-
and | eh-century skeletons whose ages ac death
‘were known. When she tried to age the skeletons
swihout checking the records, she found similar