World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Vol:1, No:8, 2007

Analysis on Modeling and Simulink of DC

Motor and its Driving System Used for Wheeled
Mobile Robot
Wai Phyo Aung

techniques, their wheels are drive by DC Motors. For the

Abstract—Wheeled Mobile Robots (WMRs) are built with their Differential Drive of WMR, the two left/right wheels are
Wheels’ drive machine, Motors. Depend on their desire design of driven with each DC gear motor. This is the concept of the
WMR, Technicians made used of DC Motors for motion control. In Robotic Technology and DC Motors and its driving system.
this paper, the author would like to analyze how to choose DC motor
International Science Index, Electrical and Computer Engineering Vol:1, No:8, 2007 [Link]/Publication/3689

to be balance with their applications of especially for WMR.

For the DC Motor Modeling, it can be analyzed with
Specification of DC Motor that can be used with desire WMR is to control techniques of Step response, Impulse response and
be determined by using MATLAB Simulink model. Therefore, this Bode plot by using MATLAB Simulink. All data based on the
paper is mainly focus on software application of MATLAB and internal circuit of a simple DC Motor and its features can be
Control Technology. As the driving system of DC motor, a analyzed both by Control System design calculation and by
Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) based control system is MATLAB software. By the effect of MATLAB modeling
designed including the assembly software technology and H-bridge results of DC Motors, all others types of DC Motors can be
control circuit. This Driving system is used to drive two DC gear chosen with their desire applications. Combination of Control
motors which are used to control the motion of WMR. In this technology and Robot technology are now become real-time
analyzing process, the author mainly focus the drive system on
challenges. By the advance control analysis of easiest way,
driving two DC gear motors that will control with Differential Drive
technique to the Wheeled Mobile Robot . For the design analysis of high-tech can be solved with the help of Modeling and
Motor Driving System, PIC16F84A is used and five inputs of sensors Simulink using MATLAB. This is the concept of DC Motor
detected data are tested with five ON/OFF switches. The outputs of Control and MATLAB software.
PIC are the commands to drive two DC gear motors, inputs of H- The paper is mentioned on the basic research of developing
bridge circuit .In this paper, Control techniques of PIC a Wheeled Mobile robot. This is a type of Sensor-based
microcontroller and H-bridge circuit, Mechanism assignments of Mobile Robot and it mainly function as an Obstacle
WMR are combined and analyzed by mainly focusing with the Avoidance Vehicle. All these processes are design in this
“Modeling and Simulink of DC Motor using MATLAB”. research and it is mainly focus to analyze the DC gear motor
by using MATLAB. This is the concept of the whole paper
Keywords—Control System Design, DC Motors, Differential with using techniques, hardware and software:
Drive, H-bridge control circuit, MATLAB Simulink model,
Hardware: PIC, DC Motors, H-bridge circuit
Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC),Wheeled Mobile Robots.
Software: Assembly used in PIC STARTPLUS, M-
I. INTRODUCTION file programming, Modeling and Simulink used in MATLAB.

C ONTROL System Design and Analysis Technologies are

widely suppress and very useful to be applied in real-time
II. MODELING A DC MOTOR
To be modeling a DC Motor, simple circuit of its electrical
development. Some can be solved by hardware technology
and by the advance used of software, control system are diagram as shown in Fig. 1 is considered. To be Modeling
analyzed easily and detail. DC Motors can be used in various and Simulate the DC motor, the following steps are to be
applications and can be used as various sizes and rates. As an made step by step;
application of Wheeled Mobile Robot, DC Motor can be used Step1: Represent the DC motor circuit diagram.
as wheel drive machines and by using a simple controller of Step2: Represent system equations
PIC16F84A, the rotation of Motors or the Motion of Robot Step3: Calculate the Transfer function
can be controlled easily. An Obstacle Avoidance Mobile Step4: Convert to model block
Robot can be designed using a PIC and obstacles detected Step5: Create the m file to simulate the model.
Sensors. As a Wheeled Mobile Robot, depend on its drive Step6: Analysis
A. Closed-Loop System Consideration
Manuscript received November 15, 2007. This work was supported in part To perform the simulation of the system, an appropriate
by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Union of Myanmar. model needs to be established. Therefore, a model based on
Wai Phyo Aung is with the Mandalay Technological University,
Mandalay, Myanmar (phone: 095-2-88704 (Electronic Engineering the motor specifications needs to be obtained. Fig. 1 shows
Department), fax: 095-2-88702 (Office,MTU), e-mail: aungwp@[Link]).

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Vol:1, No:8, 2007

the DC motor circuit with Torque and Rotor Angle ω ( s) K

consideration. Gv( s ) = = (10)
V (s) {[( R + Ls )( Js + b) + K 2 ]}

D. MATLAB Representation
To represent the model with m-file, we can perform the Fig.
2 data as follows;

A = tf (1, [L R]);
I = feedback (A, K);
T = I*K;
Gs=T*tf(1,[J b]);
Fig. 1 Schematic Diagram of a DC Motor [6] Ga=tf(1,[1 0])*Gs;

B. System Equation ‘tf’ means transfer function of data in its block and
The motor torque T is related to the armature current, i , by ‘feedback’ function is also used . And then the DC motor’s
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a torque constant K; rating in each part can be outputted as follows;

T = Ki (1)
The generated voltage, ea, is relative to angular velocity by; [Link] = 'Voltage';
[Link] = 'Speed';
dθ
e a = Kω m = K (2) [Link] = 'Voltage';
dt [Link] = 'Angle';
From Fig. 1 we can write the following equations based on the [Link] = 'Voltage';
Newton’s law combined with the Kirchoff’s law: [Link] = 'Current';
d 2θ dθ [Link] = 'Voltage';
J 2
+b = Ki (3) [Link]= 'Torque';
dt dt
di dθ
L + Ri = V − K (4) Before any consideration of the above equations, we must
dt dt know the constant values of data, K, J, b, V, L and R. This is
very important to the application of DC motor which we will
C. Transfer Function
be used. The motor specification of DC Motor which will be
Using the Laplace transform, equations (3) and (4) can be used as motion control machine of Wheeled mobile Robot are
written as: firstly assigned and require as follows;
Js 2θ ( s ) + bsθ ( s ) = KI ( s ) (5) Power P = 8 watts, Speed N = 5000 rpm (max), rotor inertia J
LsI ( s ) + RI ( s ) = V ( s ) − Ksθ ( s )
(6) is assumed to be 0.01 and Supply voltage Vt = 12 volts.
Therefore for the max speed rpm of 5000, it can be
where s denotes the Laplace operator. From (6) we can
calculate the torque constant K;
express I(s):
Vt (2πN )
[ I ( s ) = V ( s ) − Ksθ ( s )] ωm = = (11)
(7) K 60
R + Ls
K = 0.023 and ωm = 524 radsec-1
and substitute it in (5) to obtain:
dθ
K (V ( s ) − Ksθ ( s )) By using equation 3, for ω=
Js θ = bsθ ( s ) =
2
(8) dt
R + Ls
dω
This equation for the DC motor is shown in the block K ×i = + bω
diagram in Fig. 2. From equation (8), the transfer function dt
from the input voltage, V (s), to the output angle, θ, directly
follows: At the steady state (used as analyzed data), both I and ω are
θ (s) K stabilized;
Ga( s ) = = (9)
dω
V (s) {s[( R + Ls )( Js + b) + K 2 ]} =0
From the block diagram in Fig. 2, it is easy to see that the dt
transfer function from the input voltage, V (s), to the angular P
And T = ; where W mentioned as the minimum
velocity, ω, is: W
possible speed to rotate the DC motor, 1200 rpm;

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Vol:1, No:8, 2007

T = 15.27 mNm following value are assigned to be used for our desire DC
Therefore, the total equivalent damping b can be chosen the Motor Model.
value of; Vt=12; J=0.01; b =0.00003; K =0.023; R =1; and L =0.5;
(0.023*0.663) – b (524) = 0
b = 0.00003
By calculating and assuming the require data as above, the
International Science Index, Electrical and Computer Engineering Vol:1, No:8, 2007 [Link]/Publication/3689

Fig. 2 A Closed-loop System that Representing the DC motor

E. Analysis
As we may want plot the responses for the velocity and
angle in one figure, it convenient to group the two transfer
functions into a single system with one input, the voltage, and
two outputs, the velocity and the angle:

G = [Gv; Ga];

Another way is to first convert Ga into its state-space

representation and then add one extra output being equal to
the second state (the velocity):

G = ss(Ga);

set(G,’c’,[010;001],’d’,[0;0],’OutputName’,{’Velocity’;’An
gle’}); (a)
This extension of the state-space model with an extra output
has to be done in one set command in order to keep the
dimensions consistent. Now, we can plot the step, impulse and
frequency responses of the motor model:
figure(1); step(G,0:0.5:10);
figure(2); impulse(G,0:0.5:10);
figure(3); bode(G,0:0.5:10);

(b)

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Vol:1, No:8, 2007

ylabel ('Wm in rad/sec')

subplot (4,1,3) % plot the angle vs. time
plot (y(:,4),y(:,5),'b')
title ('Angle');
ylabel ('theta in rad')

subplot (4,1,4) % plot the angle vs. time

plot (y(:,4),y(:,3),'g')
title ('Current');
xlabel ('time in sec')
ylabe l('I in Amp')

IV. DC MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEM USED FOR DIFFERENTIAL

WMR

A. General Operation
Fig. 5 shows the Schematic Circuit Diagram of the PIC-
International Science Index, Electrical and Computer Engineering Vol:1, No:8, 2007 [Link]/Publication/3689

(c) based DC motor drive system that support one part of the
Fig. 3 Step, Impulse Responses and Bode plot author’s research.

We can get the plots given in Fig. 3. Also we can analyze TABLE I
WMR DRIVING RESULTS DEPEND ON TWO MOTORS
on each part of DC Motor rating as follows;
Left motor Right motor WMR Drive
figure(4); step(I,0:0.5:10); Clockwise Clockwise Go forward
figure(5); impulse(I,0:0.5:10);
figure(6); bode(I,0:0.5:10); Clockwise Counter-CW Stop
figure(7); step(T,0:0.5:10); Counter-CW Clockwise Stop
figure(8); impulse(T,0:0.5:10);
figure(9); bode(T,0:0.5:10); Counter-CW Counter-CW Go backward

III. SIMULINK MODEL Stop Clockwise Go to Right

The block diagram of Fig. 2 can be represented and created Clockwise Stop Go to Left
as a model as shown in Fig. 4. The approaching to construct
this model can easily be done by using Simulink Library.
The M- file and Simulink model can be combined by the Differential Drive is defined as the two differential states of
following commands and these are commands used in M-file Motors can be controlled the control circuit. It used very
which can be solve it. simple statement of processes and for PIC itself; the program
will take only a few memory. For all type of control system
sim('[Link]',1.5) that used H-bridge circuit, the input state of DC Motor
figure (10); condition are all follows and it can be clearly mean that
the controller must be made to control the desire drive
subplot (4,1,1) % plot the torque vs. time position with its output. It can be known that current will flow
plot (y(:,4),y(:,2),'m'); in the right ways to drive the motor in only two states. When
title ('Torque T') transistor 1 and transistor 3 are ON or when transistor 2 and
ylabe l('T in N.m') transistor 4 are ON.

subplot (4,1,2) % plot the speed vs. time

plot (y(:,4),y(:,1),'y');
title ('Rotor speed')

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Vol:1, No:8, 2007
International Science Index, Electrical and Computer Engineering Vol:1, No:8, 2007 [Link]/Publication/3689

Fig. 4 Model that created in SIMULINK Toolbox of MATLAB

Fig. 5 PIC-based DC Motor Control System for WMR

provided by assembly software, at Port B: RB7-RB4. As for

B. Circuit Explanation of DC Motor Drive Circuit
PIC microcontroller, this part is supplied with 5VDC. In this
The inputs of this circuit shown in Fig. 5 are the obstacle circuit, PIC is used with a simple clock condition with 4 MHz
detected sensor outputs. It is assumed to be five sensors crystal.
application, Front sensor, two Left sensors and two Right The H-bridge circuit is supplied with 12VDC and the four
sensors. These sensors’ outputs are inputted to the bits outputs of PIC made this part to drive the desire
PIC16F84A at Port A: [Link] on the inputs state, conditions of DC Motor. Opto-coupler circuit is used to feed
the outputs conditions that controlled the H-brigde circuit are

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Vol:1, No:8, 2007

its output to the two transistors which will active one for each
time. There are two H-bridge circuits to drive to motors and
one part depends on two bits of PIC16F84A. Both circuits can
be derived the Motors to be rotate only in ‘10’ or ‘01’ of these
two bits. ‘00’ and ‘11’ means stopping Motor. Four NPN
transistors are used as switch to change or choose the direction
of current flows to the Motor.

V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The experimental results of both the Modeling and
Simulink procedures and the control system testing circuit are
shown in Fig. 6 to Fig. 12.
For the assembly software programming of the control
circuit, the process is very simply and the procedure can be
mentioned as the following steps.
Initialization
Ports Declaration: all Port A’s pins are declared as inputs,
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four MSB Port B pins are declared as outputs.

Start program:
check RA4(MSB) high or low
check RA3 high or low
check RA2 high or low
check RA1 high or low
check RA0 high or low
4. Determined outputs:
- If all inputs data are low outputs RB7-RB4, “1010” for Fig. 6 Final result of M-file using ‘[Link]’
freely going forward.
- If one or both of right sensors RA0 and RA1 are high,
(A) check if any other sensor is high, outputs “1111” to stop.
(B) if no other sensor is high, outputs “1000” to go left. If one
or both of left sensors RA3 and RA4 are high, (A) check if
any other sensor is high, outputs “1111” to stop. (B) if no
other sensor is high, outputs “0010” to go right.
5. Special data: if RA2 is high, it mentioned that the
obstacle is at the front of WMR and therefore, with any
conditions of other inputs, it must be outputted “1111” to stop.

Fig. 7 Angle output from Simulink Model

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International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Vol:1, No:8, 2007

Fig. 11 Scope Output of all Ratings

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Fig. 8 Current output

(a)

Fig. 9 Speed Output

(b)

Fig. 10 Torque output

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Vol:1, No:8, 2007

REFERENCES
[1] Steven [Link], ‘Introduction to Simulink with Engineering
Applications’, Orchard Publications, [Link]
[2] Tan Kiong Howe, May 2003, Thesis, B.E (Hons), ‘Evaluation of the
transient response of a DC motor using MATLAB/SIMULINK’,
University of Queensland.
[3] MathWorks, 2001, Introduction to MATLAB, the MathWorks, Inc.
[4] MathWorks, 2001, SIMULINK, the MathWorks, Inc.
[5] MathWorks, 2001, What is SIMULINK, the MathWorks, Inc.
[6] EE505 Electrical Engineering Lab, Spring 2007, project paper, ‘Lab2.
DC Motor Control using a Microcontroller’.
[7] Carnegie,[Link], 2004, ‘A human-like Semi Autonomous Mobile
Security robot, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
[8] Microchip Technology, Inc.2001, PIC16F84A Data Sheet,
[Link]

Wai Phyo Aung was born in 1981, August 15. Got [Link] Certificate in 2000,
(c) November. Graduated in 3rd November, 2003 with B.E (Electronic) and
finished Master degree on March, 2006 with M.E (Electronic). Now, he is a
Fig. 12 Circuit Construction and Testing Photos
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PhD Candidate of Electronic Engineering Department, MTU, Myanmar.

He served as a Demonstrator at Mandalay GTC from May, 2002 to
VI. CONCLUSION AND FURTHER EXTENSIONS January, 2004 when he was attending the Special Engineering Course in
MTU. From February, 2004 to now, he promoted as an Assistant Lecturer of
Electric machines are used to generate electrical power in Dawei Technological University, Department of Technical and Vocational
power plants and provide mechanical work in industries. The Education, Myanmar. For his Master Thesis, he wrote the results of his
research “Design and Construction of PIC-based Frequency Counter”. Now,
DC machine is considered to be basic electric machines. The
he is making his PhD research at Mandalay Technological University (MTU),
aim of this paper is to introduce Technicians to the modeling Myanmar with the title of “Design and Construction of Motor Drive System
of power components and to use computer simulation as a tool used for mobile Industrial Robot’.
for conducting transient and control studies. Next to having an Mr. Wai Phyo Aung made his first publication of International Paper at
this paper “Analysis on Modeling and Simulink of DC Motor and Its Driving
actual system to experiment on, simulation is often chosen by System used for Wheeled Mobile Robot’.
engineers to study transient and control performance or to test
conceptual designs.
MATLAB/SIMULINK is used because of the short
learning curve that most students require to start using it, its
wide distribution, and its general-purpose nature. This will
demonstrate the advantages of using MATLAB for analyzing
power system steady state behavior and its capabilities for
simulating transients in power systems and power electronics,
including control system dynamic behavior.
This paper mentioned only a part of the author’s research
and approaching of his studies in MATLAB software. The
real application of this research paper is Robotic Control as
mentioned in above. Therefore future extensions of this paper
are based on Sensor Technology, Microcontroller
Technology, Motion Control and Optimization of Simulink
model using MATLAB. Optimizing of Model in MATLAB
can be performed by using PID controller technique which
can be analyzed in this MATLAB Simulink.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Firstly the author would like to thank his parents: U Hla
WIN and Daw Saw Shwe for their best wishes to join the PhD
research. Special thanks are due to his Supervisor/ Head of
Electronic Engineering Department, MTU, Myanmar: Dr. Yin
Mon Myint. The author would like to express his thank to his
partners: Ms. Aye Aye New and Ms. Aye Aye Zan. The
author greatly expresses his thanks to all persons whom will
concern to support in preparing this paper.

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