\ “a Po NTEREPRENCR Introduction The branch of Optics deals with Hw. Prodvetion,emissi and Propagation of light, its nature and the study of the phenowena of interference diffraction andl polarization ¢ called Physical Op tis. The locus of all points which aye inthe Same phase called a wavefront, fre any Instant /the direetion of flor of enargy ts perpendicular'to the wavehont. Bach point of | wave front ica source of seaondary disturbance and tase Sphartcal Secondary wove lets: emanating. from these point Spread out in all dyeetions usith the same Speed of He wave The envelope of all these wavelets gives the shap of He New wavefront. Principle of Superposition When two or tore waves, pass Hwough o medium ts portides, are effected, by each wave independently, At any Fime the veaultant Ais placement ota particle, is the algebra sum of te dis placements: of tha saumne particledue to each wogste in the absence of the remaining waved. This is know as prineiple of Super position. This 1s te foundation of the henry of interference. © scanned with OKEN ScannerThe ussltent displacement ¥ of the particle dueto twa waves oeking togekhor 1s expressed by Y= yes The weasificaton of intensity obtalred lay the: Super pas. Leon of [Link] tore beams of ight ts called interferers I Relation between Path difference ara Phase di Herenwe The path ctifference bebween the two wanes 1s equal & the wave length , the corven pording ‘phase-difference 1s 27 sot) Suppose for a'path difference: af & tho covrespordi Dhose difference ty @ Thon 7 | Date difference = 2 Path difference 9-28 B ov 6-554 Coherence The two Sources whid) taintaln roo’ or any Constant phase velation berween thom are kndwn as coherent sources. This phenomenon {i known at cohorence. Coherence 13.4 Property, of light. whore as interference sa process of Interaction: Cohererve Ts property of waves’ that helps gesting sie” ~ Honan) ‘interferere. le the interference ushich ts tempo © scanned with OKEN Scannerally and Spatially Constant. Actually the coherense 1S & measure of the correlation Hat exists between thy phase of the wave measured at different Paints. The cohwrance ofa Wane deperdls on the charocbori she of its Source. Temporal Cohorene ‘Temporal Coherence Isa measure ot the cone. A : > lawton between the phases te fa wave at Aifferent points along the diveetlon of wave propa.- - gation, u the. phase differenteof the wave crossing the two | Points Lying along the direstion of wave Propagation is indepen- ~ cent of: Hine, Hen the wave is sald to have temporal cohoreree Temporal coherence \s also kenown a longitudinal coherence. PTS Fells us how mono duo matic asource is. From figure a wave traveling along the positive x-divestion whore two points # and B axe lying onthe X-anis. Lek the phates ott wave at these pons at any instant + be Op ond dy Yetpestively, and ata later Hme ¥’ they be Pp ood Oy. Under this situation, if the phase difference Ga-On= Oh-Oy then tre wave \sisald to Kave temporal coharense, Spatial Coherence Spatial Coherence \s-a Treasure: of the conelation bebween, © scanned with OKEN Scanner[direction of propagation. Tf the phate difference of the soe Crossing tte wo points L¥ing On a plare pexperdi lar . the dlrestion of wave propagation 1s Independant of tine, then tre wave 1s satd to have spatial coherense. This tells y how unigown the phase of the wavefront ty! | the phases ot a wave at different points transverse to the | >X-arls f ‘ Seen i t 1 Roy | abba at be eon 5 y 1 Figure Shows aywave travelling “along the positive x-dent Jjwhure PARS iva transverse plane and A ahd’ B are Hy two points, situated on this plane uoithin Phe “wave pens. Ler te waves Crossing these points O-any time t have He same Phase @ and ata \aber time t the Phases gh te was areagatn the Same bur equal to 9’. Under this situation the waves are sald to have spatial coherence. z= © scanned with OKEN ScannerCoherence Time ard Coherence Length. A mono chromatic source ¢ Kght erits tadiation fo Single frequency. Tn praotce. howener, even the beat source d Uighnt omits vodiattons witha finite range of wave lengths: Fora single frequana Wwone Te Hime ‘interval over whidn te Plate veinains constent is-calledl the coherence time. The Coherence time is Tepresented by At. ly a tnonochvornatic sinusoidal wove tre Coherense titre is Infinity beeawde the phase remains constant throughout. However proatically the cohorence Hime eadsts and the distance traveled bythe light pulses during this coherence time is known af che. ~rence length AL. The aherence length is aso called the | Spatial interval. The . coherence length ond cohwrente time are | selated to eachother according to the fallowing formola, AL =CAt. Condition for Susstcined Interfere nee: 1 Coherent sources: The tivo ‘interfevinigs Sources must ex veo having a Constant Phase difference between thom. H the phase difference lek ween two sources does not Yemain Constant then the Places of maximum and minimum intensities shift Continuowrl and Sustained Interference is not possible, © scanned with OKEN Scanner) dome query ov wave length The fe interfering sowees Should emit light of the Same frequeruy or wave length. 14 THs NOESO, the maxima and minting plates will change with Hme. n) Equality of two anplitucles | The amplitudes of two interfering waves Should be equal OY Approx mabely equal. WW) Nawow Sources: ja ! | The two Sources should ke namrow. A broad Source may be thought tobe made-up of a large twenber of Sowrces card exah | pair of coherent Sources gives ans inter erence Daten of We own. This veaults Into overlapping of different pattem and leads to unifomm ‘uminaklon. / V) Srnall Separation WAd=4A The Separation between two coherent Sources shoul be Small. Up the segavation 2d) 1° laige thon the fringe wid MD } | P= ag will be very sriall and Lhe Lines VN nob ; - rately visible. " Soe ee Nn) Some Stabe of Polarizatlon If interference is tobe studted \n cate of polarize! \ight , then the state of Polar zatton of vibrations from th Sources ehould berha seme, : © scanned with OKEN Scannerae jasimple anrange - Vit) Same Direetion The vowefronts of the Interfering wave trains mustbe trave- -\ing Inthe Sane direetion or making aveny small angle usith each otlver. Fresnels Bi prism F ves nel denised ser =ment for the 28 5 production + of Tnrreterenne Patten Yisoril ued oppo ou Oy" Figure shows the ! Y biprism NBC Condistsof two acute angled prisms placed bose to base Cfrctually Atis Constructed ob a single prism of obtuse angle of about 114) The auste angled on both sides Isahout ad (2) The prisms placed with its refasting edge parallel to the Vine of source S Sudh that SA is normal te the fone BC of the Pristh. When light trom S falls onthe lower portion d tha prism VE is bent upwards and appears ty Come From the virtual Source $2. Similarly light from § © scanned with OKEN ScannerFalling on the upper portion f the prism {s bent ran and appears to Come from the virtual Source $; Thoredore sand So ack as two coherent, Sources. Tf a screen XY jy Posed at 0, inverference fringes of equal width aire obey -ved Wekween Kand® but beyond & andr Fringes af large J osidth ave observed. The fringes canbe viewed by ‘replaulng Sureen walk an eye- fieee. Theo The aR oO*'V , a giidibtant froin Srand So. Thorefore Wh has Moxitrwm fibensiby, On both sides af 0 , alternatively bright ond dork fringes are produced. Any pola on the, soreen will be at the contre ba bight fringe if its distance is 0) MUP fiom 0 The joint oe at Une centre ofa dark Farge it tb distance 1S (anad Pr from 0) where, n2o,\,h <-- eke The usidth age Leight or darly farge pahs gives he Hr. whore Dis distance of Sereen fom source $24 is on Lekween virtual images Syand Ss ara )\ 1s voaselength | of the monochromatic Light: _ Dakemoination g wave length ¢ light Eacperi mental Sed-up A good quality optical bench of about bs tm length is gral « © scanned with OKEN Scanneruated im Centimeters and milli mebers Krvoughout The bench’ cartes foux uprights marked a8) 112.3, tespestively. First upright holds & variable AikS fitted with micro mater Sorew fo alter Its width ard a tangent Sore tp rotate it ina vetteal plane: Secord upright holds “a biprisin P ina frame whieh canbe votated In a vertical plane by means da tangent serew. Third up nght is Lor convexlens L. Fourth’ upyight holds Rams den 2ye-pleee & fitted wlth a rsloro- Be Re rhs stroke Sore) M of fi east /couint (Prem | ‘} order. All uprights canbe given a nog yt fey Lb rootton are Mighty: 6 Fp eo ao, an angles va the Leingth gf optical bench by means: of seven provided for Tk and can be raised, lowered or tilted, In order to align inthe principal’ cutis of the optical System suitably. The uprights can be moved along the length of the bench ond can be fixed ak any desived position...» Ad just ments for fringe | ovmation j 1) The optical bench 's levelled with the help dja spit level Wang lene lling Screw S. © scanned with OKEN ScannerH) Najust uprights tothe same level Sothat Slit bidriom, and eye piete are of Same height. IW) Eye- piece is adjusted So that Cross -wyes are clear. Ww) Slit As wade nawow and vertieal. Te is illuminated with strong, Source of wonochromatic Light whose wave length is to be determined. Ww Edge g the biprism on upright Is trode vertical or paral «| bo. the slit oe “|W Upright-four is kept’ at suitable distance from biprist and interference yegion is viewed rough the tye-piece E. The tangent surew of béprism is rotated until.a clear bright ord | dark bands appear. i i ; NI) On moving the eye-Piete B away from bi prism ©. the fringe pattern of Fen Shits feorn, initial position. This is | Krom oS Lateral shift. The lateral SKift, aisey: when Pht Line Joining the slit and biprism is, not parallel to the length of the. optical bench. By, taving the prism Perpendicular bo the \ength of Hre- optical bench the lateral SiC can be vemoved Now Stationary interference Patern Can be observed for any Position. of eye- piece. | © scanned with OKEN ScannerProcedure The vertical cross wire of eye plece \s made to coincide with one bright fringe and the micrometer Yeading 2 is noted. The eyepiece Is moved aerass the fringes and mivromeker Yeading 2 is noted after crassing ao finges: Then fringe width o little Separated as B= “Sp is Jou We positions of Slit and eye- Pleee is noted using scale onthe optical bench, tron distance D between slit and eye- plese is found. Tn order to know \velue,the distance between virtual sources Sand Sa. le 2d should bé determined. Determination g the distance \2id seen the two Virtwal sou For this purpose, *liwe vse lens displacement method. * conven lens 1s Plazed on thivel upright - between the bipyism | cind the: eye Plece tn sich » aposttion, that the.’ Images of the virtual Sources Srand, are seon in the field of view of the 2ye-Piece Suppose the lens \w portion L, measure the distance dvbetween VmagesS,andSs, ox Seen Inthe eye-plece, Tnthis case ay, UW © scanned with OKEN ScannerNow rove the lens towards eye-plece and at Some othe, position L, again image of Sand Si are Seen early Navough /-eyesplece. Now the: distanve d.. bekween two lmages Observed Ty eye- Piece is measured. | ; Hore 2 = => adi = | 2d= did | substituting B.D, 24 Values Ty the equation Nee We Gn | caluilate wsave length: d. [Displacement of fringes Gow Thickness of a thin bransparent Now chiscuss: the change x |‘ the Interferense pater. | Produced by Ineroduelng a Hain transparent plate i | inthe path of one Ci the two Interforence ‘Iyearns. Suppose [Link] ave two coherent Sources Separated by Ja diworwe 2d as shown In figure The :Point, 0 squids tart | from S:and 5: on the screen KY. When. a transparent plate of thickness § and refactive index Lis Introduced in He yor of beams), Yoon ine fringe originally ak O shifts to P So we can understand: Prat the. time taken by Ure wave to travel fom Sq,t0 P and Si toP Should be equal, Here the © scanned with OKEN ScannerWave moving from Sat P is in aiv where as the wave moving fom Sito P is travelling a distance (gip-t) Ww aiv and t in the mmeativm, Lek Cand ¢ be the Velodties of light inair ond che medium “Tree taken t travel the wave from $10 P = time taken to travel frown $2f0P. SP _Sttyt —O eet Ns Sob = Stat & = siP-t ppt ( | Sa 0-SiP = ptt = ty) —O Ly Dis the position of wh ange originally when there is no Sneek then Sipe4P =nh —O) i From eqn ©&@ we can uovite | t 4) =n —4® ; nee x of the fing from 01s given by x:8 nro BAA —©) From 24n@ and ® xd Gi) Bs i DUE Fringe shift X= ed Ws principle \s used to determine the thickness of transparent Sheet = spa) © scanned with OKEN Scanner9| Phase change on reflection or) Optical veversi bility bic This principle States that tn the absence of any absorption a light ray trak is vefleded or refweted will vetvate ity origiral path iLiH cliveetion is veversed. Lek us Consider a’ light vay Incident on an Interfate dt two media of vefrostive indices Wk and Jar as shown In fig Ler the reflection and trans mission coefficients be Tarde | Yespestively. Tf the amplitude of tnci dent ray is a, then the amplitude of reflected yoy {3 ay, and of refracted Tay | is at : RC awaY an? Now we | condider a YOY of amplitude at Incident on medtvm \ fom 2 and a ; ek ray of amplitude ar, Incident on medivn 2 from os sham Figure Let va and tr bethe reflection and trans mission co-efficients when a ray is Incident oM’ media | from 1 Thon kre voy of amplitude ah will dive & reflected vay of amplitude ate Ih medium aland a'transmnitted Ye of amplitude ante. Similarly, tae vay of amplitude ay) © scanned with OKEN Scannerwill give a reflected ray of amplitude an” and refracted! ray of amplitude an ty 1. From the principle qf optical teresibitity aw yah. = 0 CArmplinde gf wove along ho'> amplitude of wave alarga Shree —O Wnitially Khare is no vay along OD So: atyarant =o Yi2-y, —®O “The negative Sign Indicates that Hore tsa phase change 7 for vebleation from vater to denser oF denser to Yate tnedivm. Eocpenitnants shows that a ‘ray veblerted from the optically denver medion salbers Qa phase change of XN. Tre eqn Oend@, aire known a3 Stokes Yelattons. Derive the expression for Path difference In reflected light, due. to Oblique Incidence On 0 {hin transparent filo: of Viniform Trick ness. oY Oblique \nei dence of a Plane wave On a sn fi Consider a transparent nin uniform film ABCD. af Haicknesst and ‘refractive Wndex ju | In caly ab shown Infgure Lek & ray PO from mono dro matic Light of wave length ba incidenting onthe upper surface AB. of the film with ar © scanned with OKEN Scannerangle of Incidence ¢. This Is partly ‘reflected along QR ard Dery Teprasted along Qs. At $ the vay 1s vefleded along Sv and emerges out from ne filta along UR, The Yay URLIS Parallel | by the ‘Tay QR The waves ‘rep edted from Le upper ard loney suy fates of tre film Ynbetere. The path dit erence bebiven thom iy catuulabed as Fallows: Draw a normal | UG on QRi from u | N@E and. FS axe | normals Arawn to | the surfoxes ABard CD at Gand S respe- ~cbively. J. From geometry, we con wivite Angle of Inddence t= PON = NQR,=G08 Angle fi refrostiony Bas- ete = Pou Thickness of the Alm t= QR=SF Th reflected TOYS'QR, ard URa travel equal distares to Yeach Photographic’ plate Pwr eyed after crossing th points G ond U. So the optical path difference berween these rays before veashing P \s po : oo = © scanned with OKEN Scanner AA = Path Cas+Su) in mediven ~ path Gain aiv = ACAS +S) -O4 ! A= 2pas-eg —O e sit = 84. = OS -~ Ab Cr aretu From BS QQU Sint = @5 = QeyPU 2aF =2QF Sint = Sint cy sini spsSinr = rar psny (A> "Snr From egn® A = 2yias -2psinv AF —@ Prom At ase srs & a >> QS = Gay oa) and tany= ae = > oF = ttany 4) Substituting [Link] Qe from egnG and ean@ " ean we get pn. ray ~ 2 Sine. t- tany bY e-6 This optical path difference given. in egn@ is vsval called the Cosine law. At Q the veplection Is taking place from opttcall ash (sie) = a“ Gy © scanned with OKEN Scannerdenser medium: Sothure will be an additional path differen, A. tor the Tay QR Therefore nek optical path dit erence ps Ts A= 2yat cosy -% —O D Tf the par difference A= td where REO LS. ee constructive invert erence takes place and te film appears braght. pt Cosy-% = 0h (acer =e | for brightness. in reflected \ight ») if the bath difference Asm whore m=aola- 2 destructive interference takes place andthe film appem (Ae. aay A, alain), Dat Gb S/ (m4 » Were tris an inreger ony Uhurefore (wei) can talen as for darkness in Yefleeted Ligh ‘The above eqns give wa the Condittons of anima and minicom intensities ct te reflected Light from the film dueko interference... © scanned with OKEN Scanner& A Non -Refleating Film | dis ass the need at non-vellecting An nportant application af the thin film Interference Phenomenon \s the coating of optical Yens surfaces with non-vellecting film. Let us filmy in detail. | From figure when alight beam propagating ino medivin f vefradlive index py 1s Incident normally ona transparent Surface of vrefrautive Index Jar then tae ampli - ~tudes of veflected and transmitted beams are given bx one) aed antiga) ee respedively. Tt the ntendity ¢ the Incidenting Light beam yy T then intensity of the reflected and transmitted Vaght means ae ay \ y= ab =(G2n) TL and Ty zob=( Ay)! © Ae chv-qlass Surface (41,2) and jin 4S) the Intensity b of the rellested eam ly Webs = 4.0 = 00a. L => Se 20-040" Z ly > (8) L wt A © scanned with OKEN ScannerThis shovss that A fe the re ght | is rfl ected cand Yemraining 46% Is transmitted The vefl lected light is more usaste Tr optical Instruments regarding Intensity of | Irnaye We Know ewer Vens hag two Surfoses , acho matic objet telescope Is made Up of four \ensea So in Unis tele senpe nearly 30% of Incident light is reflected Cor lost) Thos dueto \nereate of nommber of reflecting Surates in Oprieal Instruments, Ye Intensity of the transmitted light | considerably deoreased. Ln order to veluce the reflex | losses the lens. surfores are coated, wsith a Cran parent Elm of - proper Rnickness This flim ts Kenewn as non-refle- tbh firs. The process of dewreasing veflectivity of 4 surfate using non- refleding Flin \sKrown as Blooming: Thickness of non-vebleeting film Ler + bethe thickness ©” of non-teflecting film af vefrastive Indexp. The Ineidenting light ‘ray on Po the surface of the hon- : eT reflecting film is reflected from. tee | upper and ewer surfetes of the film ob shown tn fiqure. These refl lect © scanned with OKEN Scanneryous interfere with eadh othur. Here If destructive interfer condition is sotistied, the veeflected light \s minimised, then the film works at non- refleding film. When light is incident on the non-reflecting flim nor - wally ne optical bah difference between the reflected vous “from the upper and Lower surfases df the filtr is given by A= Path OY tm medium othe film =2t —® |The vefrasiive index of the non-vefledting film is | qyxeaton Anan aly and less tran lass. So abrupt phase change dueto reflection ‘rors optically donser medium is acquired boy the both veflested ways, and the net optical path difference is given by the. equation The necessary condition for the film ty work as non veflecting film Is that this path difference should “satisty the! condition of destructive. Interference. $0 A ean or 2 at = Qa): Whore, neol2--- From the! above equatton the minimum thickness of thé. non seflesting {lr is given bby Ue when 020) © scanned with OKEN Scanner| Fringe width of wedge shaped film A urdge shaped * | film is one whose plane surfoses are inclined ata certain | small angle. A wedge | Klin whose surfeces AB and CD are Inclined akan angle o ts i F shown figure.’ Lek Mo Ey) i bo the refrastive \nder f the material of the film. A rou, of trond chromatic \ight of wave Legth h is Incident Fata point Q G the film along PQ. The angle of incider ~ ce and ref reution are U and ves pettively. QR is a reflected vay, from the first surface AB. The refrasbed vay as is retlected from the point S on the Seeond suyfere cd along Su and finally emerges out along urs: the two reflected Yays QR, and URL Inter fore Te is observed | fromthe figure Ynat the Interfering waves an, and UR Not Parallel, but appemr tobe Aiveral int 5) The hh Jifforence betwen 6S waina Sem 9 od @ © scanned with OKEN Scanneras fullows Draw normals ak B cand S tp the co row ep, these normals intersect at an anjlect at E The optical path difference between two voys QR ond UR is given ‘ey, A= path (@s+80)\ in mediom - Path QG Inair = = JaCs+S0) - -Oq. A = ptaares Npac%n VS the Algkance between two Consecutive bright Fanges. So itis He feinge widlr B AB = ta Fringe width na wedge fil mm —{) TH the wedge film ts made upef aly Shs. AeA ond (= Fringe wide in air wedge From the above equation \eis dear that fange width \s independent of Ne Newtons Rings Tf we place a plano convex lens of large Yadivs of curvature on optically plane glass surface a thin film gf aly 1s formed between the curved Sur- hove tose of lens (hOB) and the plane glass plate (00Q), © scanned with OKEN Scannera as shown in figure The. .Waickness ofthe air filmis exo ot the point of contact © and ‘noreaset gradually ox we move anay | fiom oF on aittwr side. When Ynis flim ts viewed Inthe vebbeel ronochro mate Light, dueto \nterference , alternate bright ond dork congenic vings axe observed inthe Hl. These ave | colled Newtons rings, Light froma tono chromatic seurceS 1s rendered parle by a conver lense. This parallel beam falls ona thin partially reflecting glass PakeG. The rellected light from Gq falls normally on the air film formed bekween Une curved Suxfore of te Plano conver ens. and plane glass plate. P. Light sefleate from al film enters the microscope Mughida 4s fouwed } on air film atthe point of! cntast o of \ens andl glass plate. ‘ , ‘ © scanned with OKEN ScannerTn figuretbs the rays Land 2 are the reflected Toys from upper and lower surteces of the film corresponding to the inet - ~ dent ray cd. The rays | ond 2 interfere Thus the effective porn difference between the interfering rays 1s given by A = ryt Gor +4, —O Whore Avis Hoe tehrastive Index of the film (for awed) b Is votive Length of mono che matic Light Wed. tls the: Ahiccnese of the Lire ok the Point D, o& is the angle between the tangent plane ‘drawn’ \sthe len at D cand glass plabe P Cie wedge angle and. ¥ is the angle of vefrution inthe film For air-film, for normal inddence of Light 20 and when radius of cunnature- of the Plano convex bens ts very large dhe of 1s small So Gosden Cost 1, Bgn@) gives Aarteh —Q | At {he point of) contact 0 of the Leng and the plate $20 pAsh 3 bap 4 ef THis isthe Condition-for minimum Intensity thence the central spot is dark. The condi tion for maximum Intensity \s Aemh Ve ated ond ; —6 for brightness ‘iy, reflected light © scanned with OKEN Scanner