CHAPTER 5 - Structural Steel 5-55

SECTION 505 The nominal compressive strength, P n shall be determined ,

based on the limit state of flexural buckling.

DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR
COMPRESSION P n = F cr A g (505.3-1)

505.1 General Provisions

The flexural buckling stress, Fcr ,
is determined as follows:

The design compressive strength, 0 c Pn ,

and the allowable
compressive strength, p n /a c ,
are determined as follows:
I. when —
KL
r
<4.71 (or F e > 0. 44Fy )
The nominal compressive strength, Pn ,
shall be the lowest
value obtained according to the limit states of flexural
buckling, torsional buckling and flexural-torsional buckling.
Fcr = 0 658 F e
L . (505.3-2)

1 . For doubly symmetric and singly symmetric members the

limit state of flexural buckling is applicable.

2. For singly symmetric and unsymmetric members, and

2. when —
KL
> 4. 71
I

J—
E ,
(or F e < 0. 44 Fy )
certain doubly symmetric members, such as cruciform
505.2
or built-up columns, the limit states of torsional or
flexural-torsional buckling are also applicable.
F cr — 0 877F e . (505.3-3)

where
(f> c = 0.90 CLRFD ) nc = 1. 67 (AS D)
Fe = elastic critical buckling stress determined according
Slenderness Limitations and Effective Length to Eq. 505.3-4, Section 505.4, or the provisions of
Section 503.2, as applicable, MPa.
The effective length factor, K ,
for calculation of column
slenderness, KL/r, shall be determined in accordance with
Section 503,
Fe = (505.3-4)
505.4

where
User Note: The two equations for calculating the limits and
L = laterally unbraced length of the member, mm
505.3 applicability of Section 505.3, one based on KL/r and one
r = governing radius of gyration, mm based on Fe ,
provide the same result.
K ~ the effective length factor, as shown below
Compressive Strength for Torsional and
User Note: For members designed on the basis of Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Members
compression, the slenderness ratio KL/r preferably without Slender Elements
should not exceed 200.
This section applies to singly symmetric and unsymmetric
Compressive Strength for Flexural Buckling of members, and certain doubly symmetric members, such as
Members Without Slender Elements cruciform or built-up columns with compact and
noncompact sections, as defined in Section 502.4 for
This section applies to compression members with compact uniformly compressed elements. These provisions are not
and noncompact sections, as defined in Section 502.4, for required for single angles, which are covered in Section
uniformly compressed elements. 505.5.

User Note: When the torsional unbraced length is larger The nominal compressive strength, P n shall be determined
,

than the lateral unbraced length, then Section 505.4 may based on the limit states of flexural-torsional and torsional
control the design of wide flange and similarly shaped buckling, as follows:
columns.
Pn = F crA g (505.4-1)

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP)

5-56 CHAPTER 5 - Structural Steel

where
1. For double-angle and tee-shaped compression
members: = gross area of member, mm 2

Cw = warping constant, mm 6

4f-, ry F c ,^
{E cry ^"crz) fl = xl+yl + '-^ (505.4-7)

(505.4-2)
B-l-***
ro
(505.4-8)

where F cry taken as Fcr from Eq. 505.3-2 or 505.3-3,

for flexural buckling about the y-axis of symmetry and n2 E
F (505.4-9)
KL KL (K x Lf
r ry
’
and
U J

GJ * **
F crz = (505.4-3) II
Vo JS
\ ry )
N (505.4-10)

2. For all other cases, F cr shall be determined according to

Eq. 505.3-2 or 505.3-3, using the torsional or flexural-
torsional elastic buckling stress, Fe ,
determined as (505.4-11)
follows:

a. For doubly symmetric members:

G shear modulus of elasticity of steel
77 200 MPa
n2 ECw 1
moment of about the principal axes,
Fe 2
+ GJ (505.4-4) /w Iy inertia
(Kz-O IX + Iy mm 4

J torsional constant, mm 4

b. For singly symmetric members where y is the axis Kz effective length factor for torsional buckling
of symmetry: coordinates of shear center with respect to the
Xo, Vo
centroid,. mm
F ez \ 4F F H
-f
1 - 1 - r0 polar radius of gyration about the shear center,
mm
V 2H )
mm
CFey ^ez) radius of gyration about y-axis,

(505.4-5)
User Note: For doubly symmetric I-shaped sections,
c. For un symmetric members, Fe is the lowest root
C w may be taken as Iyti/4, where h 0 is the distance
of the cubic equation:
between flange centroids, in lieu of a more precise analysis.
For tees and double angles, omit term with Cw when
CF e - F ex )(F e - Fey)(Fe - Fez ) computing F ez and take X 0 as 0.

~ F e2 (F e -F ey 505.5 Single Angle Compression Members

)(^J
2
~ F 2 {F e - F ex ) =0 The nominal compressive strength, P n of single angle ,

(g members shall be determined in accordance with Section

505.3 or Section 505.7, as appropriate, for axially loaded
members, as well as those subject to the slenderness
(505.4-6)
modification of Sections 505.5(1) or 505.5(2), provided the
members meet the criteria imposed.

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP)

 CHAPTER 5 Structural Steel 5-57

The effects of eccentricity on single angle members are For unequal-leg angles with leg length ratios less than
permitted to be neglected when
members are evaluated as
the 1.7 and connected through the shorter leg, KL/r from
axially loaded compression members using one of the Eqs. 505.5.3 and 505.5.4 shall be increased by adding
effective slenderness ratios specified below, provided that: (1)
6[(&//& s )
2 — l], but KL/r of the member shall not
members are loaded at the ends in compression through the
same one leg; (2) members are attached by welding or by
be less than 0. 82L/rz ,

minimum two-bolt connections; and (3) there are no

intermediate transverse loads.
where

~ length of member between

L For equal-leg angles or unequal-leg angles connected L work points at

through the longer leg that are individual members or are

truss mm
chord centerlines,
bf
= longer leg of angle, mm
web members of planar trusses with adjacent web
members attached to the same side of the gusset bs = shorter leg of angle, mm
plate or
chord:
L rx = radius of gyration about geometric axis
a. When 0 < —
r
<80: parallel to connected leg, mm
x
rz = radius of gyration for the minor principal axis,

—
KL
r
= 72 + 0.75—
L
rx
(505.5-1)
mm
3. Single-angle members with different end conditions
When L from those described in Section 505.5(1) or 505.5(2),
b.
—
r
>80: with leg length ratios greater than 1.7, or with transverse
x loading shall be evaluated for combined axial load and
flexure using the provisions of Section 508. End
—
KL
r
= 32 + 1.25— < 200
rx
L
(505.5 2)
connection to different legs on each end or to both
the use of single bolts or the attachment
legs,

of adjacent web
members to opposite sides of the gusset plate or chord
For unequal-leg angles with leg length ratios less than shall constitute different end conditions requiring the use
1.7 and connected through the shorter leg, KL/r from of Section 508 provisions.
Eqs. 505.5.1 and 505.5.2 shall be increased by adding

4[(6|/ft s )
2 — l], but KL/r of the members shall
505.6 Built-up Members
not be less than 0. 95L/rz .

505.6.1 Compressive Strength

2. For equal-leg angles or unequal-leg angles connected

1, The nominal compressive strength of built-up
through the longer leg that are web members of box or
members composed of two or more shapes that are
space trusses with adjacent web members attached to the
interconnected by bolts or welds shall be determined in
same side of the gusset plate or chord:
accordance with Sections 505.3, 505.4, or 505.7
subject to the following modification. In lieu of
L
rx
a. When 0 < — < 75: more accurate analysis, if the buckling mode involves
relative deformations that produce shear forces in the
connectors between individual shapes, KL/r is

KL L replaced by ( KL/r) m determined as follows:

= 60 + 0.8— (505.5-3)
r rx
a. For intermediate connectors that are snug-tight
L
b. When — > 75: bolted:

KL
= 45 + —L < 200 (505.5-4)
r rx

National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume I, 7th Edition, 2015

5-58 CHAPTER 5 - Structural Steel

For intermediate connectors that are welded or but rather to prevent relative movement between the
b.
pretensioned bolted: components at the end as the built-up member takes a
curved shape.

At the ends of built-up compression members bearing on

+ 0.82 2 components in contact with
(1 +a )
base plates or milled surfaces, all

one another shall be connected by a weld having a length not

(505.6-2) less than the maximum width of the member or by bolts

spaced longitudinally not more than four diameters apart for a

where distance equal to 1 1/2 times the maximum width of the
member.
modified column slenderness of
built-up member Along the length of built-up compression members between
the end connections required above, longitudinal spacing for
column slenderness of built-up
intermittent welds or bolts shall be adequate to provide for
member acting as a unit in the
on the
the transfer of the required forces. For limitations
buckling direction being
longitudinal spacing between elements in
of fasteners
considered
continuous contact consisting of a plate and a shape or two
a distance between connectors, mm
plates, see Section 510.3.5. Where a component of a built-
n minimum radius of gyration of
up compression member consists of an outside plate, the
individual component, mm maximum spacing shall not exceed the thickness of the
r ib radius of gyration of individual
component relative to its centroidal thinner outside plate times 0 75 J~E/Fy
.
,
nor 300 mm,
axis parallel to member axis of
buckling, mm when intermittent welds are provided along the edges of
the components or when fasteners are provided on all gage
a separation ratio = h/2r ib
between of lines at each section. When fasteners are staggered, the
h distance centroids
maximum spacing on each gage line shall not exceed the
individual co mp o n e n t s
perpendicular to the member axis of
buckling, mm
thickness of the thinner outside plate times 1 12
.

J E/Fy
nor 450 mm.
2. The nominal compressive strength of built-up members
composed of two or more shapes or plates with at least Open sides of compression members built up from plates

one open side interconnected by perforated cover plates or shapes shall be provided with continuous cover plates
or lacing with tie plates shall be determined in perforated with a succession of access holes. The
accordance with Sections 505.3, 505.4, or 505.7 subject unsupported width of such plates at access holes, as

to the modification given in Section 505.6.1(1). defined in Section 502.4, is assumed to contribute to the
available strength provided the following requirements are

505.6.2 Dimensional Requirements met:

Individual components of compression members composed of 1. The width-thickness ratio shall conform to the

two or more shapes shall be connected to one another at limitations of Section 502.4.

intervals, a,such that the effective slenderness ratio a /ri K

of each of the component shapes, between the fasteners, does User Note: It is conservative to use the limiting
not exceed three-fourths times the governing slenderness width/thickness ratio for Case 14 in Table 502.4.2 with
ratio of the built-up member. The least radius of gyration, the width, b ,
taken as the transverse distance between
rh be used in computing the slenderness ratio of each
shall the nearest lines of fasteners. The net area of the plate is

component part. The end connection shall be welded or taken at the widest hole. In lieu of this approach, the

pretensioned bolted with Class A or B faying surfaces. limiting width thickness ratio may be determined through
analysis

User Note: It is acceptable to design a bolted end connection

of a built-up compression member for the full compressive 2. The ratio of length (in direction of stress) to width of hole

load with bolts in shear and bolt values based on bearing shall not exceed two.
values; however, the bolts must be pretensioned. The
requirement for Class A or B faying surfaces is not intended
for the resistance of the axial force in the built-up member,

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP)

 CHAPTER 5 Structural Steel 5-59

3. The clear distance between holes in the direction of stress The nominal compressive strength, P n shall be determined ,
shall be not less than the transverse distance between based on the limit states of flexural, torsional and flexural-
nearest lines of connecting fasteners or welds.
torsional buckling.

4. The periphery of the holes at all points shall have a

minimum radius of 38 mm. ~~ F cr Ag (505.7-1)

As an alternative to perforated cover plates, lacing with tie KL

plates permitted at each end and at intermediate points if
is
a. When <4.71 i
(or Fe > 0. 44QFy )
the lacing is interrupted. Tie plates shall be as near the ends
r \QFy
as practicable. In members providing available strength, the
end tie plates shall have a length of not less than the distance QFy
between the lines of fasteners or welds connecting them to the Fcr = Q 0.658 pe (505.7-2)
components of the member. Intermediate tie plates shall have
a length not less than one-half of this distance. The thickness
of tie plates shall be not less than one-fiftieth of the distance
between lines of welds or fasteners connecting them to the b. When (or Fe < 0A4QFy)
segments of the members. In welded construction, the welding
on each line connecting a tie plate shall total not less than
one-third the length of the plate. In bolted construction, the
F cr = 0. 877 F e (505.7-3)
spacing in the direction of stress in tie plates shall be not
more than six diameters and the tie plates shall be connected -
Fe elastic critical buckling stress, calculated using
to each segment by at least three fasteners.
Eqs. 505.3-4 and 505.4-4 for doubly symmetric
members, Eqs. 505.3-4 and 505.4-5 for singly
Lacing, including flat bars, angles, channels, or other shapes symmetric members, and Eq. 505.4-6 for
employed as lacing, shall be so spaced that the L/r ratio of unsymmetric members, except for single angles
the flange included between their connections shall not where F e is calculated using Eq. 505.3-4.
exceed three-fourths times the governing slenderness ratio for
Q =1.0 for members with compact and noncompact
the member as a whole. Lacing shall be proportioned to sections, as defined in Section 502.4, for
provide a shearing strength normal to the axis of the member uniformly compressed elements
equal to 2 percent of the available compressive strength of the - QsQa f° r members with slender-element
member. The L/r ratio for lacing bars arranged in single sections, as defined in Section 502.4, for
systems shall not exceed 140. For double lacing this ratio uniformly compressed elements.
shall not exceed 200. Double lacing bars shall be joined at the

intersections. For lacing bars in compression, l is permitted to User Note: For cross sections composed of only
be taken as the unsupported length of the lacing bar between unstiffened slender elements, Qa = 1 then = . For
welds or fasteners connecting it to the components of the cross sections composed of only stiffened slender elements,
member
Qs = 1
built-up for single lacing, and 70 percent of that then Q = Qa . For cross sections composed of
distance for double lacing.
both stiffened and unstiffened slender elements,

User Note: The inclination of lacing bars to the axis of the

Q = QsQa
member shall preferably be not less than 60° for single
505.7.1 Slender Unstiffened Elements, Qs
lacing and 45 for double lacing. When the distance
between the lines of welds or fasteners in the flanges is
more than 380 mm, the lacing shall preferably be double
The reduction factor Qs for slender unstiffened elements is

or be made of angles.
defined as follows:

For additional spacing requirements, see Section 510.3.5. 1. For flanges, angles, and plates projecting from rolled
columns or other compression members:
505.7 Members with Slender Elements
a. When
This section applies to compression members with slender
sections, as defined in Section 502.4 for uniformly
compressed elements.
Qs = 1.0 (505.7-4)

National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume I, 7th Edition, 2015

5-60 CHAPTER 5 - Structural Steel

E b
Q s = 10 (505.7-10)

b. When 0. 56 —
Fy
<-<
t
1.03
E b E
When 0.45 -<-<0.91
b.

N
Fy t K
(505.7-5)
Qs = 1. 415-0. 74 (*)
Qs = 1. 34-0. 76 (*) 1Z (505.7-11)
E
N

c. When -> 1. 03 E
t When ->0.91
c.
t K
0.69F 0 53 E
= (505.7-6) .

Qs Qs = (505.7-12)
'7 ©*
2. For flanges, angles, and plates projecting from built-up where
columns or other compression members:

b Ek r b = full width of longest angle leg, mm

a. When -< 0. 64
t
4. For stems of tees

Qs = 1.0 (505.7-7) d [Z
—
a. When -<0.75,
t

Ekr b Ekr
io (505.7-13)
b. When 0. 64 <-<1.17 Qs =
Fy t

E d
Fy (505.7-8) b. When 0.75 —
F
<-<1.03
K t
E_

Qs = 1.415 -0.65^) Ekl y ^

b \Ek c OV J„ = 1. 908 — 1. 22 (—) 11. (505.7-14)

When E

0.90 Ek c d E
Qs - When -< 03
f?(t)
2 (505.7-9) t
c. 1.

M
Ky
where: 0. 69E
Qs = 2 (505.7-15)
,rfv
4 and shall not be taken less
Fy (i)
k cr = nr— — than 0.35 nor greater than y\tJ
V* 1'/ tw o.76 for calculation purposes where:

For single angles

b = width of unstiffened compression
3.
element, as defined in Section 502.4, mm
d = the full nominal depth of tee, mm
t = thickness of element, mm
a. When —< 0. 45
t

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (ASEP)

 CHAPTER 5 Structural Steel 5-61

505.7.2. Slender Stiffened Elements, Qa 1 . For axially-loaded circular sections:

The reduction
defined as follows:
factor, Q a for slender stiffened elements is When
ED
0.11— < — < 0.45 —
E
Fy t F y

(505.7-16) 0.038 E 2
Q=Q-=Fjm + 3 <
5057 - 19)
where:
where
A ~ total cross-sectional area of member, mm 2

D = outside diameter, mm
A eff ~ summation of the effective areas of the cross =
section based on the reduced effective width,
t wall thickness, mm
be ,
mm 2

The reduced effective width, be ,

is determined as follows:

1 . For uniformly compressed slender elements, with

b [e
—> 1. 49 I— ,
except flanges of square and

rectangular sections of uniform thickness:

0.34 [e
be 1.92 <b (505.7-17)

where

f is taken as Fcr with F cr calculated based on

0= 1 0. .

2 . For flanges of square and rectangular slender-

element sections of uniform thickness with

0.38 (505.7-18)
b e = 1.92 1 <b
Vm.
where:

/= PjA eff
User Note: In lieu of calculating

/ = PJAeff which requires iteration* / may be taken

equal to F
y This will result in a slightly conservative
estimate of column capacity.

National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume I, 7th Edition, 2015