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Important Question

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regmiayush013
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General Electric System 1.1 Electric Circuit An electric circuit is a closed path composed of various components through which electric current completes its path. In simple words, electric circuit is called as an interconnection of electrical elements. Different constituent parts of an electrical system are (i) Source; provides energy to circuit such as battery, generators. (ii) Conductor; used to carry current such as wires, cables. (iii) Safety devices; for protection such as fuses, breakers. (iv) Controlling devices; for control such as switches. (v) Load; elements that utilizes electrical energy such as resistors. 1.2 Electric Current Cross-sectional ‘area(A) Electric current may be defiried as the time state of net motion of electric charge across a cross sectional area in definite direction. At normal state, there is only random motion of free electrons in a metal which doesn't constitute an electric current because there is no net transfer of charge across a cross sectional area. Let, nm -= number of free electrons ina metal (per m?) v= drift velocity of electrons (in meter per sec) A = cross-sectional area of the conductor dx = distance moved by electrons in a small time interval of dt =. vdt e = charge onanelectron Volume swept in time dt = dx A Net number of electrons transfer across dx section in dt sec = nA vdt Net charge transfer across dx section in dt sec is given by, dq = 1 2Avdt Now, Electric current, i= a = feAvat i = neAv (coulombs/sec or ampere) ‘Aysuap xny snaud_w soue}anpuy xny snaudey, a peiey aoueypeded W/AD wyo ‘aoUuRySIsaY w/a anaut rad 3j00 wsuays prey 202913, A yon gus ‘pd ‘fenuayod s/v'D quiojnoa Aypunpaya jo AnuEND IE. s/{'M eM Mog i v aradure quaumio 219], Toquidg au. 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Uy ‘eSeI0A Peo] Jo peo] UT UoRELeA ayUgUY ayidsap JUALIN pro] jueysuo paxy e sani YSU aomos yeYp st aamnos uaLIND [ap] UY sadMOg JuaLIND yeoyoeIy pur [eap] 7°3'L Om tee M*Ae "Quo D711 UatM SA=Auao = Y weUM 14-5, =A ‘Aq, wants s} a8ey[oa peo] jeuTuIa; pur aeyOA adinos Uaamyaq UONL|AL YL, aaunos a80}108 1024 fo sonsparzoany9 dun - 119,(9) £1 ta ‘a2unos a8oyjo4 yoy (0) Z°18td a NS, 3882 a03n0§ [22P| m1 “aouejsisax [eUIazUL ‘a8eyjon [apr ue se AljesHeuTayyeUT payway aq Ued 210s a3¥}]OA Jear y “aoUEysISAL yeuzaqut ut doxp a8e}[0a 0) anp yuaLMd peo| 0} Su;psod9v asearDap |]1M Peo] SsOIIe aBeyon yeuTuTa} ayy ‘aduapy ‘aduRysIsar [LUIE}UT BUTOs aAeY [JIM adunos aBeyOA Tenyoe uy “ajqissod jou st aopoezd ur aomnos aBeyoa yons jo uoneZIeoy | YM sauzas uy aoznos: 22unos a8vyox pvapt fo sonsuargoaoya duro - 1194 (4) 9°1 Stat ‘aaunos 280104 pap] (0) 9°1 “S14 1 1 yet] "A | SuuasuBug testnoig >1sea 7h ueySIS31 PLOT [e2AUApy Uv O} pa}auUod 7] yaLNd peo] pur 1, aFey[OA [CUTULIAT jo nea jeonuapr aonpoid Aayp Jt uapearnbs Buraq se pauyjop are s921N0s om, uoHeULIOJsURI], aINOS 6'T Sys] = 1A vay Q= Yo = Ty vay T= TI O= 1A ‘O= TA WHY “aqe Saseo awa Axa OM} ay} “apH ounos uauinsyoouooud fo souspanomunye dH ()6TL ———ssynoe asans yooucng (0) 61 Bd oO 1 ” SM se A Ist ‘Aq weat8 st quazm peo] arp ‘aamos juz ened e 10 2aunos puauin3 ‘Fop1 fo sousuaisasoy dum-94 (9) 8't Std 1 51 2ammos rain (02p] (0) $1 Sth ” waisks aun2ara ye2429| g ‘axiM TY JO Spua OM) ary ssode dosp a8L}OA_ veuszo =A, ore goo =e = 8 SZ ] w- on Z100='dw9 = 4 VWeaU-1=4ves'VS = 1 w-origzoo = 1d au colxtsez= -0rx 0) Eatphawrmgy = h ‘avyam z yey . “Ataanoadsar (np) seddos pue (jy) wmrurumye soy Z pur 1 sjoquids yduosqns Buisc :MOHN]Og bantey g902] worl 8200 s umpupumye 30 yey) pur wrt Z10'0 sf Zaddoo yo Ayanstsay ayy ‘oxyM saddoo jo soyaurerp ayy auua|aq “WU sf axTM UMpUTUMNTE Jo I9}>UIEIP ULL “Ve Sf ANN uMpuTUMNye ayy UE UALS ayy yeIp PUNO SF UOHEUTGWOD Premed ap y8nomp passed st yg jo yuaum> e way “Buoy Ww 9 ana zaddoo e ype jayfexed ur pajsauuos sy uo] wr gz aaEM uMTUFUMTE UY “LT Sug] GOsd pangos wofsumy 010g EE “Sig YW SA 8 —w—_ uowoaseidos aidan painos moun) (2) of 1 31d 24 (9) OF “Bd sajdurexg eo} 01 paramos aainot ¥(0) 01 1 Bd Ps A *S ™ : “3 fs ic i] | er 1 6 | SumoouSug peomoaig a1seq ee on ae Ae, a Boy T 10s ‘aures sU19)2Ur at pue yurysuod SY axLM Jo auINJOA ‘2DUIS (ena jo aumpoa = A’aryy) d= 2d=2d = y ‘MON rn a a wotnstasxl = 4 WOT x GBS = "EL f eu oreo = Y weap S131 Jayge pue a10Jaq AIM ay} J0J Z pue 1 sjoquuAs }duosqns Suns-) HOHM|OS 9902] 19] a0Ue]S]S94 1F SBOP TEYM “UTUNG sauIOIq Zo,oUTEED SIE JEL Os UANLIP V0 a>ue;sysax Jo pur LUE {TT 30 sa}aurEPp e SuTAEY AIM JO Uj T “UIUL 696'G 10 U,.OF x 696'0 St amtM raddoo Jo JayoureNp ‘aoUaEL WOLX 690 = py al jotxisz. = _b40 ipu WH. 40 Or «40% te Pore “1% = 1A 08 pypered ut paysouuoy are sama aug aouig = 7080 a Torx Wz wT A 9x Lx 2100 ‘all 1D Jo spud omy ay} y8nowy dozp a% 6 we 9x OL x L100 we, ne ay ATZ080= E2970 xE= "NT = 'A wiays.{5 21999]9, Tex2ua9 | Ol i dA [wpreysreg gooz] “2Au aya 30 2611 anyexadwsay ayy auyunz949q] “3.0 F H/,.01 jurpuym 1addoo ayy Jo aoueystsai Jo ua}oq3Ja09 asnyeraduray ayy Y SLT Sem aoueysisax ay) ‘Ped] [ny I STMOY 9 10J Au ayy BuyuUNL IazsV “Ty OST ‘SeM anueSIs9y PIAL; 9Y} ‘07 IV “2OULyS|s9 Surpurm ay} Jo WausaInseaut ayy Aq pauruuajap sem Surpurm pjayy ourypeur v yo asi amyexadwiay ayy D0/9ZT10'0 =" g+8100 (-09 +2 Ln. nitty T T “Do0E I BoURISISAI Jo JUaDYa09 amyeradwiay, (") VIre= st = 208 Jo amyeraduray snp 3e UAL USig9L = [ssxsztoo+tlor = [(ez- 08) +1] ta = %y D087 Tor Jo aoueysisay (1) D./szt70 =D [or >+1]or = st 40 [Gc-s9)"+t]sa = Fa “wat= 8 = /5,¢9 28 [09 Jo aouesisay Oz DOL= a SY ‘DZ re [09 jo aoueysisay ‘AIH sNOHNIOS [ys8uew 2907] “DoE 3” aoueysIsaq Jo UIIIJJa09 amyeradwiay, (1 "D008 0} paseasour sey amyeraduray syx uayM uaz rayeMMZ]eD “dury g 0} s9onpas juaimd pur D,c9 0} sasq1 amyeradwa} sy ‘uoyesado jo smoy ¢ 323 “DqGz JO amyeraduiay woos ye dury ZI 30 yuazm) & SMEIP 3] “AQZT JO 2220s 2p jULISUOD v sso PayatUOD S| [109 V “E Uso = UY OL x G7 (2282) s90 a =a AL 8 Z_ly sty 40 Na ‘ (ju ea» ‘ TT | Ses2oui8ug reauisoig aiseg SOPOC Owes e e EB = Ix NNT E = @NSV A direct current circuit comprises two resistors A of value 250 and By unknown value, connected in parallel together with a third resistor ¢, value 5 Q connected in series with the parallel group. The poteng difference across C is found to 90V. If the total power in the circuit is 4y watt. Calculate (i) the value of resistor B (ii) the voltage applied to the en, of the whole circuit (jii) the current in each resistor. [2073 Chaitra, 2074 Bhadra, 2075 Bhad, Solution. Raa Here, current flowing through resistorR. = 5 Qis, @ i) I= Grve I= 18A ‘The total power in the circuit, Pr = 4320 or, * Rs = 1252 The voltage applied to the ends of the whole circuit, Ra Ro 25x 12.5 a i[Re+ Bei fio [5 + ES | 20 vat iii) in Re, Los 3 TBA 1 18 CurrentinRa = gy TPs 125" DETTE X25 OA Currentin Ry 2 T=current in Ra 18-6120, 20. Find the current supply by each source using Kirchhoff's law. [2074 Bhadra} wv 00 wv isa nov 10a! Solution: Let the direction of flow of currents hy, Ip and Is be as shown in figure. eee wv wa A 8 D heov isa 2 -wy roy 10a Applying KVL to loop ACBDA, we get - 60-201, +151, +80=0 or, ~ 201, +151, =~20.......(i) Applying KVL to loop ADBEA, we get 80 - 151, - 10(1; + I.) +120 =0 or, ~ 80 ~ 151, ~ 101, - 101, + 120=0 or, - 101, - 251, =-40. (ii) Solving equations (i) and (ii), we get 1=169A, 1=092A I=], +1,=169A+0.92A=261A Hence, I, and I, is charging current while Isis discharging current. 21. A circuit containing of three resistances 12 Q, 18 Q and 36 Q respectively jointed in parallel, is connected in series with a fourth resistance. The whole is supplied at 60 V and it is found that the power dissipated in the 52|DC Circuits 12 A resistance is 36 W. Determine the value of the fourth resistance anj the total power dissipated in the group. [2075 Baishaky Solution: Let R be the fourth resistance corinected in series with the parallel combination ¢ 12.0, 18.9 and 36 Q. In parallel combination, the voltage across every resistance is same but the current differs. h, Ip and Ig represents the current flowing throug 12.0, 18M and 360 respectively. I= ly + h + bys the current flowing throug resistance R. By question, Power dissipated in 12.9 resistance = 36 W or, = x12=36 cy) =1.732A Voltage drop in 12. resistance =1, x 12 =1.732 x 12 = 20.784 V Current flowing through 18 © resistance, I, = 207 1.155 A 20,784 Current flowing through 36 Q resistance, l= —gg-= 0.577 A Current flowing through resistance,I = 1, +I, +1; = 1732+1,155 + 0577 = 3.464 A Voltage drop in R resistance, Ve = 60~20.784 or, IR, = 39216 or, 3464R = 39.216 aR = 1319 Total power dissipated = 60x 3.464 + P= VI = 207.84W 22. A source of unknown emf is connected as shown in the figure. If tH voltage drop across 8 ohm resistor measured by the voltmeter is 20V, wh? will be reading on the ammeter? Also what is the emf of the sour! [2077 Chait Basic Electrical Engineering |77 20 Solution: The three loop currents are shown in figure. For these loops, applying Kirchhoff's voltage law, Here, Is = -3A Loop I: . 12-5(h -b)-2(h-h)=0 or, 12-5h+5h-2h+2h=0 or, 12-5h-15-2h+ or, -7h+2h= Loop II: -6-2(k-h)-6(2-b)=0 or, -6-2h+2h- 6h +6h=0 or, 2h-8h-18=6[: h=-3A] or, 2h-8h=24 i) Solving (i) & (ii), we get 1h=~1.3846A = -33462 A . ‘The negative sign indicates that the current flows in the direction opposite to our assumptions. Suppose 0 be the reference node So, Vi=12V,V3=6V b=-3A] Ure aU rant HEU. nee wee eee 4 4 — Determine the current flowing through each resistor in the circuit shown below. [2064 Shrawan] 84| Network Theorems Solution: Rent oy wf > i eee ee ey The three loop currents are shown in figure. For these loops, applying ky Loop - I: 24-5 -3(h- hh) -6=0 or, 24-5h-3h+3h-6=0 or, -8h+32=-18 i) ov Loop Il: 6-3(-h) - 4h + 6-2 (b-b)+6=0 or, 6-3h+3h- 4 +6-2h+2b+6=0 or, 3h-9h+2h=-18.. ii) Loop III: 6-2 (Is~ i) - 8s +36 =0 or, 6-21 + 2h- 8h +36=0 or, 2h-10b= ii) Solving equation ( we get 11= 3.7926 A, In = 4.1137 A, lp = 3.8227 A Hence, Current flowing through Rj resistor = 3.7926 A Current flowing through Ra resistor = 4.1137 - 3.7926 = 0.3211A, Current flowing through Rs resistor = 4.1137 ~ 3.8227 = 0.2910 A Current flowing through Rj resistor = 3.8227 A Current flowing through Rs resistor = 4.1137 A 10. Use loop - current method to find the currents through each of resistance for the network given in figure below. [2064 Po" mv in Basic Electrical Engineering | 85, Solution: Consider loop currents be as shown in figure. Here, =10A, Is=-7.5A Applying KVL on loops J, Il and Ill, We get Loop I: -4 (h-b) -3(h -b) - 2(h-L) =0 or, -9h+3h+45=-20 Loop Ii: -5(h-k)-4(b- or, 3h-122+513=30. Loop III: 10 -15- 5 (b-h) - 405, or, 4h +5h-10=-10 Solving equations 1, = 2.2737 A, =~ 14349 A, I= 1.1921 A Now, Current flowing through R; = 2.2 resistor =10 -2.2737 = 7.7263 A Current flowing through Rx = 40 resistor = 2.2737 - 1.1921 = 1.0816 A Current flowing through Rs = 30 resistor = 2.2737 + 1.4349 = 3.7086 A Current flowing through Ry = 50 resistor = 1.1921 + 1.4349 = 2.6270 A Current flowing through Rs = 40 resistor = 7.5 ~ 1.4349 = 6.0651 A Current flowing through Ry = 10 resistor = 1.1921 A 11. Determine the current in the 5Q. resistor in the network shown below, using loop formulation method. [2066 Kartik] 86] Network Theorems Setation: Consider loop curnats be as shown in Figur, Hore, ‘mesh Land mesh if forms supermesh. 50- 5(s-h}-10(s-1)=0 ox, 50-5 +51;- 101+ 101:=0 of, 5h #10 p= 15s =- 50 nena (i) Solving equations 9, i) and (ii) we get 11 = 173333 A, Ip = 15.3338 A, Is = 19.3333 So, The current flowing in 59 resistor = 13 - = 19.3333 - 173333 =2A 12, Calculate the current through 15 0 resistor in figure given below: [2066 Ma Here, Jy ~ 1p =8 snmnnen Oo} ‘Applying KVL on supermesh, we get “15h; - 8h; - 1212 - 5(l2-) = 0 or, -%3h- 122-512 + 5-0 or, -Bh-17h+5) Applyign KVL in mesh Ill we get w (ii) .~ 1 i - eae 18 Find the power dissipation in 15 Q resistor shown in figure below 4, mresh analysis. [2072 Chai Consider loop currents be as shown in figure. Applying KVL on mesh I, we get 400 - 201; - 80 (i - 2) =0 or, -1001, + 8012 =-400.. ) Applying KVL on mesh II, we get -15]2 - 90 (In - 1s) - 80 (2-h) =0 or, ~15]2- 9012 + 9013 - 80h2 + 80; = 0 or, 801; - 18512 + 901s = 0.........44 (ii) Applying KVL on mesh III, we get -1013 - 200 - 90 (Is ~ hk) = 0 or, 901 - 10013 = 200...... Basic Electrical Engineering | 93 Solving equations (i), (i) and (ii), we get = 68A, b= 35A,1= 115A .. The power dissipation in 159 resistor = Ip x 15 =3.5* 15 = 183.75 W 19, Use nodal analysis to find the current through 6 &2 resistor for the network shown below. [2073 Magh] Os Solution: Let o be the einen node. The voltage of node 1, 2 and 3 be Vi, V2 and Vs respectively. Here,V =12V , Applying KCL at node 2, we get _ VacWi., Van0 | Va-Vs * oor. e 2+ 6° Vin 12 V2 Va-¥: o, 0 = Mee wy Wet . (2h y 2 Dio state) 5 _ Applying KCL at node 3, we get Vs-6 | Vs-V2 eT ty (2 Gg Wetl gti) vand Basic Electrica. Engineering [97 The negative indicates that the current flows in the direction opposite to ow assumptions. Branch currents in the given circuit is shown below. 23. Use loop current method to calculate the current through the 50 resistance for the network shown below, real ons a Solution: on: Son " is w 30 ms i) gna ‘ Consider loop currents be as shown in figure. Here, h=16A Applying KVL on loops Il, Ill and IV, we get Loop I: =10 (2-1) - 6 (2-1) -8 (2-1) =0 or, -10L+10h-6l,+6 15-8, +81=0 or, 24h + 615 +84 == 16 os) Loop Ill: . : = 915 ~5(- 1) - 6 (s-h) =0 or, -9b-5h+54-61+62=0 oF, 62-201s# 5 =0 eli) Loop lV: = 121)~8(4~h) -5(.-1) = 0 or, ~12l-84+8h-5h+5b=0 or, 8h + Sly 251) =0 nif) Solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 20 8 8 he 3g A be ggA = aA Hence, current flowing through 5Q resistance = I - la = 0A Solved Problems (Superposition Nhcorem) 1, Use Superposition theorem to calculate current through the 6 Q resistor in the following network, [2063 Kartik] 50 wy sh gu Solution: $0 . MG) (t) 5A Ge B Here are two sources in the given circuit, We shall determine the current through the 6 Q resistor due to each source acting alone. 124 | Network Theorems Considering 30 V source only; a “© be Here, The 5 A current source is open - circuited then by Ohm's law he ea = 2727 A (AtoB) Considering 5 A source only; “The 30V voltage source is short circuited as shown in figure. The 5A current source is supplying current to 5 and 62 resistors in parallel. By current division rule, h = sages = 2273.A (A toB) Now, from the principle of Superposition, Current through 6 @ resistor is, I =hth = 272742273 = 5A (AtoB) 2. Using Superposition theorem, find the current in resistor Rs in the circuit shown in figure below. [2065 Kartis] R40 Ry=60. Rut Basic Electrical Engineering | 125 Solution: Rye Here are two sources in the given circuit, We shall determine the current through the Ry resistor due to each source acting alone. Considering Bi * 24V source only; . 6x12 Total resistance = (6| 12) +4= G47 4=82 : 4 Current supplied by battery == 3A Using current division rule, 3 Current through 6 9 resistor, = em" 2 = 2A(AtoB) Considering B2 = 18V source only: Total resistance = ((4 || 12)+6)] | | (4+2] 4x12 9x6 -(-2 +6] 1 [6-911 6= 467369 126] Network Theorems Current supplied by the battery =25 =5 A Using current division rule, Current through 6 2 resistor, 5 hoe oo xt b [aTmegeaen “0 5 34646 %5 = 2A Bt0A) Now, From principle of Superposition, Current through 6 © resistor = Ih - In = 0A 3. Use Superposition theorem to find the current flowing through the 109 resistor shown in the figure. (2068 Baishald| 82 @ 102 Solution: WY 102, B Here are two sources in the given circuit, We shall determine the cut through the 10 2 resistor due to each source acting alone. Basic Electrical Engineering | 127 Considering 2A current source only; Using current division rule, Current flowing through 10 resistor, i = Current flowing through 10 Q resistors, 2 5 I, = Feqg7gA (AtoB) Now, from the principle of Superposition, | Current through the 10. resistor = Ih-Iy | » .8.1.4 i 37373 | = 1333,A (AtoB) (4 Apply Superposition theorem to the circuit shown below to find the | voltage drop V across the 5 Q resistor. [2068 Bhadra} i Solved Problems (Thevenin's Theorem) 1. Use Thevenin's theorem to calculate current through 102 resistor, the following network. [2064 Shrawa, iu a Wu | . Solution: Here the a is, 202: 5 109. fis 200v To find Vin ; I 202 1002, Vin= Van Basic Llectrical Engineering | 151 Vin = Van® Va~ Vn 200 = 100 x 357759 - 100 [write KVL equation; move from B to Aj = 66.67 V This indicates that A is ata higher potential with respect to B. To find Rr; 20 x 100 Rmv= Ran = 29 | | 100= 39> 499 = 16.667 2 To find current Ii, in Ru =10Q Rn= 16.6672 A By Ohm's law, Th he Rm*Ri 66.67 = 76667 +10 =25A (A to B) a, jaance of the various arms of a Wheatstone ge shown in figure below. The battery has : of 2V. Using Thevenin's theorem, ie the value and direction of current in the [2070 Bhadra] = bx10 t Vas Va - Ve a 4 -—2 * 39 +39 * 10 = 05V oo " 156| Network Theorems { . Re Vio = Va-Vo 2 = heads 3795 *20=1.13V Now, Vm=Veo = Vav-Vas = 1143-05 =0.643V To find Rn; Rm= Roo = (10 | | 30) + (20 | | 15) 10x30 20x15 = Jo+30 + 20415 = 75 + 8.571 = 16.0719 To find current Ik in Ri = 400; Rustin B By Ohn's law, fs Le Oh Vn 060V R= 7 Rm+ Re 0.643 = Fear as 70.0115 A (BtoD) 6. For the circuit shown in figure below, calculate the current in tRe 10 ohm resistance using Thevenin's theorem. [2071 Shrawan] sa RV 5a 29 10a 20v Solution :- Here, the given circuit is, . A 82 12V 52 22 102 20v B es Basic Electrical Engineering | 157 To find Vin; ov Applying KVL on mesh I, we get 20-5h-2h = 0 or,7h = 20 2, Vin = Van=Va- Va = 2h-8%x0~-12[ write KVL equation; move from B to A J h = 20 = Ix> -12=-6.286V Which indicates B is at higher potential with respect to A. To find Rn : sc T——ww—0-0—o & 82 t 5a 20 Pa sc | 1____op Rm = 6 //2)+8=823 +8=9,4290 ‘Lo find current I; through Ri = 10.9; 9.4292 A 6.286 V| 102 IL B By Ohm's law, Vn __ 6.286 I Rye R, 79429410 03235 A (Bo A) 7. Using Thevenin's theorem find the current flowing through load resistance of Value 10 connected across terminals ab for the network shown below. 2076 Baishakh] 2d Determine the current I), through 15 Q resistor in the network by Norton's theorem. [2067 Ashadh] 109 ‘ 1 wvC) 200 200. 150 Solution: To find In; 102 A tov) 200 200 Is B With 15 Q resistor removed and terminals AB short circuited, - 10 Short circuit current, Iv = 7g = 1A (A to B) To find Rn; 102 172| Network Theorems Resistance of the network seen from the terminals A and Bis: 10« 20 «20 4000 Ry = 1011201120" 5539420 x20+20% 10" B00 “52 To find current I, through Ru = 150; Byes Yi, Weta Sia Using current division rule, Cusrent through 150 resisior= ¢ 75s x5= t= 025 A (A toBor top to bottom) 3, Calculate the current in the 69 resistor in the network shown below using Norton's theorem. [2067 Mangsit] Solution: To find In; Using mesh analysis, applying KVL on mesh I, mesh II and mesh III Mesh I: -2h - 5(h-b) =0 or, -2h-5h+51s=0 j. Determine the value of 'I' shown in figure below, by using Norton's theorem. [2075 Bhadra] 20 Solution: The given circuit is 20 10v. 4a To find In; 182] Network ‘Theorems The three loop. rents are shown in figure Vor these lor p 3,4 Kirchhofi’s vi aye law, Loop b. 10-4 (h-hh) <0 or We tht ths oh + 6h =O or, = 10h 6h 4dhe == 10 ) Loop It =2(b= by - 10-81 “Wo or, -2h 421 - Me st-ol +6160 or 6h= 161, Loop Ill =U #10-2 (ls -1)-4 (hI) =0 of, = y+10-242p-4ls +4 =0 or, 4h +2h-B8h)=-10... ) Solving equations (i), (i) and (ii) we get 11=12/5A,h=3/5 A, b= 13/58 3 sIn=h> ZA (@ tob) To find Rx; 20 Rye Ro= (Hee 16) +2012] +8 = [ies 2} a] |+s = (G5 eahia}es 442, 5. 93750 Tofind current | through 40; | Ry=9.375 2 Engineering | 183 Using current division r Current through 4Q res tor, | = 737544 * 9.375 = 0.42 A (a to b) Find the current through f, in the circuit below using, Norton's 1" theorem, 400, oon " Rgua =v Solution: The given circuit is; 400 «oo M2. RS110 ey == 65v To find In; Iv “h+h= a. $4,083 A (a tob) To find Rn; 400 600 184! Network Theorems Resistance of the aetwork seen trom the [Link] a end b is; . 40 x 60 Ry = Rw = 40 | | 60 = Gay Gg = 242 To find current h. through Rr = 1122; 1y=4.083A Using curreni division rule, 4083 | : l= eu * 24=28 A (atob) 8 Peed the welee of R in the circuit of figure below such that maumum pemeer teainstier takes place. What is the amount of this power? 2 <2 seianor: : In order to determine the maximum power transfer, we determine the Thevenin's equivalent circuit. Tefind Vn; 208] Nerwork Theorems Applying KVL to mesh L we get 4-1 -Dh-b=0 oc 4+ h- Be M=0 oe SheMet wy Applying KVL to mesh IL, we get Sk-k-2L-h)=0 ee -6h-2)+2h=0 = mh-&=0_@ Solving equations () and (i), we get k = 16A,h=Q4A Va = Va =Vi-V; = 621%; [WriteKVL equation; move from y tox} = 6+1x04 Ra= Ry . 2 = 011925) 111=[3+5] 12% |p 1-0850 Now, For maximum power , Puinsxy R = Rn=0852 Yin Puimespome) = Rey 64 * «085 = 1204W 16. Find R to have maximum power transfer in the circuit given below. Also obtain the amount of maximum power, [2075 Baishakh) Basic Electrical Engineering | 209 Solution: In order to determine the maximum power transfer, we determine Norton's equivalent circuit. To find In; 2A 100 20 Iw Here, We use branch current method to find In. For this, Applying KVL in loop bedeb, we get 5h - 6-2 (-In) +10 (2-h)=0 or, -51,-6-2h +2in+ 20-101 =0 or, 171, + 2In=-14 Applying KVL in loop cxyde, we get 10+2(h-In)=0 or, 10+ 2h -2In=0 or, 2 2Iv=-10 (ii) Solving equations (j) and (ji), we get 1h = 1.6 A, Iv=6.6 A (x toy) To find Rn; 210] Network Theorems Ry = Ry = (l0+5)] 12 = 15}|2 15 x2 ~ 15+2 = 1.765¢ ro As per the maximum power transfer theorem, Rm=R= 1.7652 And, Amount of maximum power, 2 Iv) Pras 3) InR 6.621.765 “47 4 = 19.22 watt 244 | Alternating Quantities Solved Problems 1. Find the average and rms values of the traingular waveform of current shown in fig below. Also calculate the form factor and peak amplitude factor for the triangular wave form. . [2063 Kartik] i (amp) t Solution: For 0

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