Prelims ● Gaussian Noise - noise where the
amplitude values follow a Gaussian
L3 - Noise
(normal) distribution
● Noise - unwanted
● Johnson Noise (thermal noise or
● Decibels - expressing change in
Nyquist noise) - noise generated by
power level
the random motion of charge
● Distortion - imperfect response of the
carriers (electrons) in a conductor at
system to the signal (sa sarili)
a non-zero temperature.
● Interference - external unwanted
● Shot Noise (burst) - arrival of
signals (galing sa labas)
electrons in output electrode in an
● Correlated Noise - internal noise
amplifying device. (Like a ‘pop’
related to signal
sound in popcorn)
○ Intermodulation Distortion - the
● Transit Time Noise - noise results
interaction of two or more signals,
from delayed time it takes for
creating sum and difference
individual charge carriers to transit
frequencies.
through a semiconductor device.
○ Harmonic Distortion -
(cars vs humps> delay)
nonlinearities that create multiples
● Flicker noise (pink noise)- noise
of the input signal's frequency.
that varies in intensity inversely with
● Uncorrelated Noise - Present even if
frequency. [1/f]
no signal available
○ Negligible above 500 Hz
● Atmospheric Noise (Static) - caused
● Resistance noise - Due to the base
by lightning and other electric
(greatest contributor), emitter,
disturbances in atmosphere
collector internal resistance.
○ Less severe at frequencies above
● Mixer-generated noise- introduced
30 MHz
into the system by the mixer itself
● Extraterrestrial Noise - noise
during the signal mixing process.
originates at sun and outer space
● Crosstalk - Interference signal from
○ Severe at 10 MHz - 1.45 GHz
one to nearby signal. (two loud
● Solar Noise - Constant noise radiation
speaker in a room)
from sun
● Avalanche Noise - noise is a type of
○ Repeat every 11 years and
noise that occurs in semiconductor
supercycles every 99 years
devices, particularly those
● Cosmic Noise (Thermal, Galactic,
undergoing avalanche breakdown,
Black Body) - noise comes from
such as avalanche diodes or
distant stars and other heavenly
transistors.
bodies
● Burst Noise - Low Frequency noise
● Industrial Noise (man made noise) -
(Pop-corn)
noise coming from motors,
● Partition Noise - random fluctuation
automobile, etc.
in the division of current (by group)
○ Severe at 15 - 160 MHz
● Impulse noise - short-duration
● White Noise - equal energy at all
disturbances or spikes (hits/impulse)
frequencies within a specified
in a signal due to relatively high
bandwidth. (wind blows)
amplitude. (cars vs humps> up and
down)