CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Fiber cement boards have gained popularity in the construction

industry as a convenient alternative to build structures quickly and efficiently.

Fiber cement boards are ideal for flooring, furniture making, wall

coverings/paneling and even gates due to their indestructible properties. Fiber

cement board, also known as cellulose cement board, is a composite

construction material commonly used in roofing, facade, and ceiling works

because of its strength and durability (Rohit, 2023).

According to PaperIndex Academy (n.d.), Kraft paper, sometimes

mistakenly referred to as "craft paper" by some, was named after the German

word kraft, meaning "strength," which refers to a specific type of pulping

process that ensures strong paper. Kraft paper is well-known for its durability,

resilience, and adaptability. Because of its capacity to tolerate mechanical

stress, flexibility, and environmental friendliness, it has found widespread

usage in a variety of sectors, including e-commerce and food packaging

(ScienceDirect, 2018).

Steel scraps are waste materials produced from lathe and industrial

steel. These waste materials don’t have a good scrap value and they are not

reused properly. So, this waste can be effectively used in steel reinforced

concretes and the tensile capacity of the concrete can be increased by adding

the steel waste (Ramachandran, et. al., 2019). In addition, using of steel
scraps in concrete reduces the water absorption of the concrete resulting in

good strength to the concrete (Ramachandran, et. al., 2019).

By combining all the facts and ideas about fiber cement board, kraft

paper, and steel scrap, its properties given its availability adds up to the

conclusion and led the researchers to produce an eco-friendly and cost-

effective fiber cement board that is made up of kraft paper with concrete and

steel scraps as reinforcement.

Conceptual Framework

The Conceptual Framework of the study discuss the input or material

used in making the product, the process that has been used using the

material to produce the output which is the fiber cement board made up of

kraft paper and metal swarf.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Supplies and
Materials Planning and
-Kraft Paper Design
-Saw Dust
Gathering raw
-Cement
Materials
-sand
Preparing tools
-water
and equipment
-superplasticizer
Soaking Utilization of Kraft
Tools and
Blending Paper and Metal
Equipment Filtering Swarf as Fiber
-blender Sun Drying Cement Board
-Scissors Mixing
-strainer Components
-weighing scale Curing
-measuring cups Finishing
-Molder Testing
-Basin Trial and
Revisions

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

 Frame 1 represents the supplies and materials along with the tools and

equipment and the manual used in the study. Frame 2 shows the processes

includes procedural tasks in the construction proper of the output as well as

the tests needed to evaluate the product properties. Frame 3 represents the

final output of the study which is the fiber cement board made up of kraft

paper and metal swarf.

Objectives of the Study

Generally, this study aims to determine the potential of using Kraft

Papers with concrete reinforced with steel scraps as an alternative to the

production of cement boards.

Specifically, this research aims to determine:

1. The physical properties of Kraft paper cement boards with concrete

outer layers reinforced with steel scraps in terms of:

1.1. Density

1.2. Thickness Swelling

1.3. Water Absorption

1.4. Costing

2. The mechanical properties of Kraft paper cement boards with

concrete outer layers reinforced with steel scraps with a ratio of 70:30, 50:50,

and 40:60 concrete to kraft paper in terms of:

2.1. Bending Strength Test

2.2. Nail Pull-Through Test

 2.4. Brittleness Test

3. To compare the product with the commercial cement board in

costing.

4. To compute the estimated the Return of Investment (ROI) after one

year.

Significance of the Study

This research study will be beneficial to the following:

University

This research will serve as a product of the university that will be part

of growing system of the civil engineering department

College of Engineering

This research may help college’s accomplishment performance. The

college will also have a source of information on maximizing the potential use

eco-friendly materials as alternative materials for construction.

Faculty

This research will be beneficial to the faculty by using this research as

references and source of information in their teaching profession.

Students

This research will be beneficial to the students because the result and

outputs of this research will help them in their future as civil engineers.

Future Researchers
 This research will help the future researchers as this research will

serve as their references and give them important information related to the

study.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This research focuses on developing a fiber cement board using kraft

paper and metal swarf. The manufacturing process involves combining

cellulose fibers from kraft paper with cementitious materials, often reinforced

with metal swarf. This combination results in a robust and durable product

suitable for various applications in the construction industry.

Fiber cement boards using kraft paper and steel scrap exhibit versatility

in terms of applications. They can be used for siding, roofing, flooring, and

interior finishes, offering a range of possibilities in construction projects. The

dimension of the fiberboard is (.......). The fiber cement board made from kraft

papers and metal swarf is natural in color. It may have a smooth finish or a

wood-grain texture and fiber cement boards are typically rectangular, following

standard construction board shapes. The tests to be used in the study will be

Density Test, Thickness swelling and water absorption Test with the 70:30,

50:50, and 40:60 concrete to kraft paper ratio.

Operational Definition of Terms

Based on the researchers’ materials, the following terms and concepts

were defined operationally for further understanding of the study:

Fiber Cement Board

Kraft Paper - a raw material used to make fiber cement board.

Metal Swarf – a raw material that is responsible for tensile strength of the

product.

Cement – used as the binding agent of the product.

Curing – it is the process that is needed to achieve the full strength of the

product.

Water – it will serve as the solvent of the mixture.

Molder – used to achieve the desire shape and size of the fiber cement

board.
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERETURE

FIBER CEMENT BOARD

According to Visaka (2023), composite materials consisting of cellulose

fibers, cement, and sand are called fiber cement boards. To be more precise,

they are made of Portland cement that has been covered in glass-fiber mesh.

These planks can be utilized alone or in conjunction with plywood.

According to McDonald (2019), About 35 years ago, fiber cement

siding was introduced to the market, making it a relatively new material. The

first fiber cement, known as "Eternit," was developed in 1901 by Austrian

Ludwig Hatschek and was made of cement and asbestos fibers. However, the

United States government established legislation restricting asbestos use in

the 1970s as the health dangers of asbestos exposure became widely known.

Thus, the building materials business James Hardie created a new fiber

cement formulation in the middle of the 1980s that used wood pulp instead of

asbestos fibers.

Sanle Group (2023) states that because of their outstanding durability,

fiber cement boards are a great option for both new construction and repairs.

These boards, which are made of a mixture of cement, cellulose fibers, and

additional chemicals, have a strong resistance to rot, dampness, and pests—

common problems that beset traditional building materials. Fiber cement

boards have an innate resilience that makes buildings made of them more

likely to last over time and require less repairs and replacements over time.
 Furthermore, the New Element Building Material Co. (2023) states that

Fiber cement boards are highly fire-resistant and have been classified as non-

combustible by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Stated

differently, these construction elements don't fuel the fire, which can assist

confine it and stop it from spreading to other areas of the building. Fiber

cement boards are therefore perfect for structures where fire safety is a top

priority.

Lastly, low maintenance is one of the best aspects about fiber cement,

especially when compared to wood shakes or boards. This siding absorbs

less moisture than other materials because of a unique drying process, so

there's less possibility of it fracturing or cracking. Fiber cement does not

require frequent pressure washing, in contrast to metal and vinyl (Alias, 2020).

KRAFT PAPER

According to Morris (2022), Kraft is a German word that means

"strong." At least 80% of the wood pulp used to make kraft paper is sulfate. It

works well as a packaging substrate since it is robust and coarse. On

occasion, a rough surface is added to it to stop bags from slipping off pallets.

Print from offset, flexography, and letterpress methods are all accepted.

Multiwall bags, shipping sacks, tape, sacks, envelopes, and wraps are among

the products that employ it.

Sawdust is used to make kraft paper. In order to diminish the original

strength of the damaged wood fiber, mild caustic soda and alkali sulfide

chemicals are added to the exposed sawdust, which breaks down into a solid

pulp at high temperatures. The pulp is then screened, cleaned, and bleached
to create Kraft paper. Following this procedure, the fiber and paper are tightly

blended to make the paper robust and resistant to cracking under continuous

tension. Kraft paper is incredibly robust and able to support larger objects

(Lee, 2021).

According to Jalan (2020), Kraft Paper has many industrial and

commercial uses because of its strength and durability. The substance is

utilized in packaging applications for void fill, bundling, packing, and wrapping

specific products. Additionally, Kraft paper can be used as load binders in

between palatalized product layers.

Besides offering exceptional durability and defense, it is completely

environmentally sustainable. It gradually breaks down in a few weeks, much

like leaves do when they fall from a tree. Not only does it not harm the

environment, but no one must wait for so long. Recycled kraft paper can be

used to make new packaging. Since more people are becoming aware of the

value of the environment and the need to protect it, having recycled

packaging that is FSC certified and eco-friendly can help boost sales of your

product (Iverson, 2023).

Building materials like gypsum boards, insulation, and roofing materials

are made using kraft paper in the construction sector. Because of its strength

and ability to withstand moisture, it serves as a vital component in these items

(Babar, 2023).

METAL SWARF

According to Reichert (2019), Metal swarf is the tiny chips and

shavings produced when parts made of brass, aluminum, and stainless steel
are cut, milled, or drilled could be but we call them "saw chips" or "turnings"

and generate tons of them every month. It is also Sharp edges and metal

fragments left over after machining. Processes like grinding and steelworking

can also result in the production of these swarf or chips. "Swarf" is the term

used to describe the shavings and chips left over after drilling and cutting

metal roof panels. These pieces are usually made of uncoated steel, and if

they are not removed shortly after they are manufactured, they will

unavoidably rust very rapidly. These shavings from the drill are from the self-

drilling screws that were used to affix brackets to exposed fastener roofs.

Based to Thareja (2014), The majority of the energy used to generate

bulk materials comes from the industrial sector, which accounts for around

one-third of the world's energy demand. Nonetheless, compared to non-

metallic materials, the recycling rate of metallic materials is substantially

higher, particularly for heavy junk. However, in extremely loose swarfs,

processes are unsustainable and transformation rates are low. The creative

path to sustainable near-dense product manufacture was tried in an effort to

increase the life productivity of bulk materials and decrease their specific

energy consumption. Although some nonconforming cranium had to be

rejected due to large pore volume, lapping, and other faults, the process is

observed to compare favorably with an energy-efficient process deployment.

Within the limitations of swarf, the swarf forming process performs admirably.

In the metal processing business, metal scrap is an inevitable material.

Metal scrap treatment can save costs by eliminating cutting fluid waste and

reducing metal waste, which in turn increases process stability and metal

value. Because these wastes are categorized as hazardous waste, there is

interest in finding a way to recycle metal scrap, particularly when the scrap is

covered in cutting fluid (Salihoglu, 2019).

According to Ottink (2022), Due to its high concentration of heavy

metals and cutting fluids, steel swarf is a hazardous waste that is currently

often landfilled and difficult to recycle. Up to 80% of iron can be found in

swarf, making it a possible secondary raw material for the synthesis of

chemicals like ferric chloride, which are used in wastewater treatment.

Through the selective separation of iron from heavy metals, a novel

hydrometallurgical method for recycling steel swarf and producing ferric

chloride is presented in this work. Due to the lack of economic viability for

recycling metals from oil-covered swarf, swarf is now frequently disposed of

as hazardous waste in landfills.

Singh (2022) stated that the challenges associated in recycling grinding

swarf by melting and extracting parent material produced is not cost-effective

and environmentally acceptable. The little swarf grains possess a huge

surface area, which quickens their response. with oxygen and additional

reactants, creating hazardous byproducts. The grinding swarf left out in the

open presents risks to the environment and calls for senior and reasonable

endeavors. As a result, there will be less opportunities for environmental

pollution and less need for new metallic materials. Therefore, the community

of researchers is needed. to start specific initiatives for the rehabilitation,

characterization, and recycling of the microscopic grinding/machining swarf

additional minute metallic particles. In order to reduce the environmental risk,

particularly to living things' health, Steel chips and other heavy metal wastes

need a suitable focus

CEMENT

According to Mason (2023) in a broader sense, cement refers to any

type of adhesive material; but, in the context of building and civil engineering

construction, it refers specifically to the binding components. These kinds of

cements are finely powdered powders that solidify into a hard mass when

combined with water. Hydration, the chemical reaction of the cement

compounds with water, produces submicroscopic crystals or a gel-like

substance with a large surface area, which is what causes setting and

hardening. Constructional cements, which may even set and solidify in water,

are frequently referred to as hydraulic cements due to their hydrating qualities.

Portland cement is by far the most significant of these

In a kiln, limestone, clay, and other ingredients are burned to create

cement. The energy utilized to burn the material and the chemical reaction

that results from the combination when it is heated both release carbon

dioxide into the atmosphere. The National Ready Mixed Concrete Association

states that 0.93 pounds of carbon dioxide are released for every pound of

concrete. Because concrete is such a common product, the industry's CO2

emissions are rising (Ramsden, 2020).

According to Cembureau (2018), although it's frequently overlooked,

cement is essential to our daily existence. Concrete is the fundamental

building material for all kinds of construction, including homes, roads, schools,

hospitals, dams, and ports. It is also used for decorative purposes (such as

patios, floors, staircases, driveways, and pool decks) and for furniture such as

tables, sculptures, and bookcases. Cement is primarily used as a binder in

concrete. With many uses, concrete is a dependable and adaptable building

material. Examining the features of the European cement industry that may

affect the accessibility or practicality of emission reduction solutions is crucial

when considering potential routes to lessen the industry's carbon footprint.

Based to Desai (2016), Cement is a vital building material in the

construction industry. Since the last century, cement has largely replaced all

other building materials, such as clay and lime, which had dominated for

hundreds of years. Cement can hold the structure together. It is now used in

many construction trade items such as plain cement concrete, reinforced

cement concrete, mortar, plaster, grouts, paints, and pre-cast elements. One

of the characteristics of a developed country is its growing infrastructure, so

cement is an important component for the country's and economy's

development. As of today, natural materials like lime have many limitations,

and modern binder materials like polymers, epoxy, and so on are very

expensive, so cement is the best alternative. Thus, polymer and epoxy have

solved many limitations of cement as a binding material.

According to Admin (2022), With modern construction requiring study

materials, cement has become an important part of the construction industry.

It is used in buildings, roads, bridges, runways, and practically every structure

making up modern civilization. And because the demand for such structures

continuously increases, cement has become the second most consumed

commodity on the planet, next only to water. This adds to the importance of

the cement industry.

CURING
 According to Creek (2022), Curing is the process of keeping concrete

at the right temperature and water-to-cement ratio from the moment it is

poured until it reaches the desired properties of the concrete mix design. A

proper concrete mix requires a certain water-to-cement ratio. Tiny crystals are

formed as a result of the cement and water reacting during hydration. These

crystals fail to properly form and the concrete cannot reach strength if there is

either too little or too much water in the mix.

An essential first step in guaranteeing the strength, longevity, and

general quality of residential concrete is proper curing. Both the homeowner

and the concrete contractor may suffer if this step is skipped. There are

several unfavorable effects that may ensue. Not curing concrete can result in

crazing and surface cracks, which are two major effects. Water and cement

combine to form concrete, which solidifies through time due to their reaction. It

takes longer for concrete to harden and retain its moisture when it is properly

cured, allowing the concrete to settle and become stronger. The surface will

shrink and crack if it doesn't cure because it will dry too quickly. Not curing

concrete can result in poor abrasion resistance, discoloration, and surface

cracks. Curing contributes to the creation of a dense, tightly sealed surface

that is more resilient to abrasion. The surface will be porous and prone to

staining without curing, making it challenging to preserve the concrete's

appearance. Reduced strength and durability of concrete is another significant

problem caused by non-curing it. Concrete must cure in order to fully develop

its strength and durability, which is essential to its longevity. Dusting and poor

durability could result from the concrete surface's weakened abrasion

resistance without curing. Lastly, the appearance of concrete can also be

affected by not curing it (Fleming, 2016).

According to Mhi (2018), Curing is the process of controlling moisture

loss from previously placed concrete. Curing causes the cement to hydrate,

which increases its strength and durability. Curing occurs immediately after

the concrete is placed and deals with maintaining the desired temperature

and moisture for extended periods of time. Because curing has a strong

influence on all properties of concrete, it should not be taken lightly. Properly

cured concrete has a higher surface hardness and can withstand more

surface wear and abrasion. Curing also makes concrete more impermeable,

preventing moisture and water-borne chemicals from entering the concrete

and increasing durability and service life. Proper curing completes the

chemical process of hydration and minimizes shrinkage, improves resistance

to wear, and enhances long-term appearance. It is impossible to achieve the

intended strength of concrete; this is a permanent loss of strength, and there

is no simple way to reinforce weak concrete that has not been properly cured.

Thus, exercise caution at all times and treat with tenderness.

Curing concrete is the final and most crucial step that must be

completed in the construction of concrete structures. Curing has a strong

influence on all of the properties of concrete, so it should not be taken lightly.

This final step is extremely important to the performance of the concrete and

requires the complete and minute attention of those involved in construction

as well as those involved in quality assurance. Aside from its inherent

strength, properly cured concrete has a higher surface hardness and is more

resilient to surface wear and [Link] also increases the

impermeability of concrete, preventing the infiltration of moisture and

chemicals carried by water, extending its service life and [Link],

dusting, surface disintegration, and scaling can all be avoided with proper

[Link] curing enhances durability, lessens shrinkage, and prolongs

the look of the material. The hydration process is not fully completed

chemically without adequate curing. It is important to note that improper

curing will prevent concrete from ever reaching its intended strength.

Deteriorating concrete cannot be easily strengthened; once it is cured

improperly, it will never regain its strength. Thus, exercise caution at all times

and handle medication with care (Kavisha, 2016).

Based to Pitlik (2019), a structural disaster may result from improper

curing. Because of the improper curing of the structure, thermal effects will

result in a crack on the surface, and durability is not guaranteed due to the

altered compressive and flexural strength. Such concrete is not resistant to

frost or weathering. Aware of areas that will sustain structural damage during

the curing process due to their high level of exposure. Because of their

susceptibility to cracks, roads, bridges, and chimneys should all be carefully

considered while concrete is curing. Although there are many different

techniques for curing cement, all of them share two characteristics: they all

involve controlling temperature and minimizing water loss. Frequently used to

keep conditions optimal are concrete curing blankets. To prevent dehydration

and heat degeneracy, the temperature should be kept at a minimum rate.

Water ponding, covering the surface with a waterproof polyethylene sheet to

hold it in place, intermittent water spraying, and the application of curing

compounds are common curing techniques used in construction work today.

 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains the procedures that the proponents used to

conduct this study including research design, data collection and analysis,

supplies and materials, tools and equipment, construction procedure,

construction time frame and cost of material per sample.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This research Fiber Cement Board made of Kraft Paper and Metal

Swarf used an experimental research method because the proponents

introduced an intervention and studied the binding effects of kraft paper and

metal swarf to cement and were grouped by chance. All the fiber cement

board were cured for 7 days. The well cured fiber cement board were

subjected to bending strength, nail-pull through, and brittleness test. The best

sample that passed the standard test were assessed using evaluation theory.

DATA GATHERING

The proponents gathered the data though journals, books, unpublished

thesis, published thesis, magazines, articles and internet inquiries and other
related materials that state significant information relative to this experimental

study.

SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS

Table 1 shows the supplies and materials needed for the fabrication of

the fiber cement board. This includes kraft paper as the fiber reinforcement,

metal swarf as metal reinforcement, cement as the binder, water as the

solvent that mixed all the materials together, and sand as the fine aggregates

of the mixture.

SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS USES

It serves as the fiber reinforcement for
Kraft Paper the experimental study of the fiber
cement board.
It serves as the metal reinforcement and
Metal Swarf responsible for the tensile strength of
the fiber cement board.
It acts as the binder that holds the
Cement materials together for the fiber cement
board.
It is used as solvent in mixing all the
Water
materials together.
It is the material that used as fine
Sand aggregates for the mixture of fiber
cement board.
Table 1. Supplies and Materials

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Table 2 shows all the tools and equipment used in the construction

procedure of kraft paper and metal swarf fiber cement board that includes:

blender as the cutter of kraft paper, cutting tools for cutting the molder, mixing

tools in mixing all the supplies and materials, measuring tools for volume

measurements, and pulverizer that pulverizes the metal swarf.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT FUNCTIONS

 It is used breaking down the kraft paper
Blender
into smaller pieces.
It is used for cutting the materials in
Cutting Tools
making the molder.
It is used for mixing all the supplies and
Mixing Tools
materials.
It is used for measuring the supplies
Measuring Tools
and materials.
It is used to pulverized the metal swarf
Pulverizer
into smaller pieces.
It is used for separating solid matters.
Strainer
Table 2. Tools and Equipment

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

The process of using kraft paper and metal swarf as raw materials in

fiber cement production are as follows:

Step 1. Collection of Kraft Paper and Metal Swarf

Kraft papers are collected from junk shops, local stores and

partnerships to elementary schools. The metal swarf was collected from

machine shops specifically Poying Machine Shop located at Los Baños,

Laguna.

Step 2. Construction of Formworks

The forms or molders are made up of aluminum plain sheets and it is

cut based on the given dimensions of fiber cement board.

Step 3. Extraction of Kraft Paper Fiber

The kraft paper are ripped into small pieces then it is placed in blender

with water until it became pulp.

Step 4. Pulverizing of Metal Swarf

The metal swarf are pulverized using pulverizing machine.

Step 5. Preparation of the Fiber Cement Board mixture

The grinded kraft paper and the pulverized metal swarf are mixed with

other raw materials such as cement, sand, and water.

Step 6. Pouring of Mixture in Formworks

The mixture is then poured to the molder to form the fiber cement

board. Compaction by slightly shaking in a downward and sideways motion

the molder served to distribute particles uniformly within the molder giving a

fairly uniform density distribution.

Step 7. Drying period

The fiber cement board are allowed to dry. The drying time will depend

on the humidity and temperature of the environment.

Step 8. Removing of the Formworks

The formworks are removed and the fiber cement board is allowed to

rest and get ready for curing process.

Step 9. Curing

This state is essential for the binder to harden and provide structural

integrity to the fiber cement board.

Step 10. Testing

The finished fiber cement board are then tested in terms of bending

strength, nail-pull through, and brittleness test.

CONSTRUCTION TIME FRAME

NUMBER OF DAYS
ACTIVITIES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1. Collection of
Kraft Paper and
Metal Swarf
2. Construction of
Formworks
3. Extraction of
Kraft Paper Fibers

4. Pulverizing of
Metal Swarf
5. Preparation of
the Mixture
6. Pouring of the
Mixture
7. Drying period
8. Removing of
Formworks
9. Curing
10. Testing
Figure 2. Gantt Chart

This figure shows the construction time frame of the production which

includes the procedures for making fiber cement board made up of kraft paper

and metal swarf. From collection to testing, the figure shows the sequential

order of the procedures that is daily done by the researchers. The

construction time frame has a total duration of thirteen (13) days. One (1) day

for collection of raw materials, one (1) day for construction of formworks, one

(1) day for extraction of kraft paper fibers and pulverizing of metal swarf, one
(1) day for preparation of mixture, pouring of the mixture, and drying period,

one (1) day for removing of formworks, seven (7) days for curing, one (1) day

for testing.

DIRECT MATERIAL COST PER SAMPLE

This shows the cost of materials used in utilizing Kraft paper and Metal

swarf as Fiber Cement Board.

Sample A Kraft paper and Metals swarf in Fiber Cement Board (1’x2’) with a

volume of 1651.8161 cc, the proponent ratio of 50% cement, 25% Kraft Paper and

25% Metal swarf. The price indicated for cement and sand were retailed price. The

sand was set to 20% of the cement, and the water was set at 3.5 x 10 ⁻⁵ cu.m. The

total direct material cost for Sample A amounted to ________.

Materials Volume Quantity Unit Unit price Amount

4” x 2”
(%) (Php) (Php)

Cement 50 kg

Kraft Paper 25 kg

Metal 25 kg
Swarf

Sand 20 (cement) kg

Water cu.m

Sub Total

Table 3. Direct Cost Material Cost for Sample A

Sample B Kraft paper and Metals swarf in Fiber Cement Board (1’x2’) with a

volume of 1651.8161 cc, the proponent ratio of 60% cement, 20% Kraft Paper and
20% Metal swarf. The price indicated for cement and sand were retailed price. The

sand was set to 20% of the cement, and the water was set at 3.5 x 10 ⁻⁵ cu.m. The

total direct material cost for Sample B amounted to _______.

Materials Volume Quantity Unit Unit price Amount

4” x 4”
(%) (Php) (Php)

Cement 60 kg

Kraft Paper 20 kg

Metal Swarf 20 kg

Sand 20 (cement) kg

Water cu.m

Sub Total

Table 3.1 Direct Cost Material Cost for Sample B

Sample C Kraft paper and Metals swarf in Fiber Cement Board (1’x2’)

with a volume of 1651.8161 cc, the proponent ratio of 70% cement, 15% Kraft

Paper and 15% Metal swarf. The price indicated for cement and sand were

retailed price. The sand was set to 20% of the cement, and the water was set

at 3.5 x 10 ⁻⁵ cu.m. The total direct material cost for Sample C amounted to

__________.

Materials Volume Quantity Unit Unit price Amount

4” x 2”
(%) (Php) (Php)

Cement 70 kg

Kraft Paper 15 kg

Metal Swarf 15 kg
 Sand 20 (cement) kg

Water cu.m

Sub Total

Table 3.2 Direct Cost Material Cost for Sample C

Sample D Kraft paper and Metals swarf in Fiber Cement Board (1’x2’)

with a volume of 1651.8161 cc, the proponent ratio of 40% cement, 30% Kraft

Paper and 30% Metal swarf. The price indicated for cement and sand were

retailed price. The sand was set to 20% of the cement, and the water was set

at 3.5 x 10 ⁻⁵ cu.m. The total direct material cost for Sample D amounted to

__________.

Materials Volume Quantity Unit Unit price Amount

4” x 4”
(%) (Php) (Php)

Cement 40 kg

Kraft Paper 30 kg

Metal Swarf 30 kg

Sand 20 (cement) kg

Water cu.m

Sub Total

Table 3.3 Direct Cost Material Cost for Sample D

Sample E Kraft paper and Metals swarf in Fiber Cement Board (1’x2’)

with a volume of 1651.8161 cc, the proponent ratio of 30% cement, 35% Kraft

Paper and 35% Metal swarf. The price indicated for cement and sand were
retailed price. The sand was set to 20% of the cement, and the water was set

at 3.5 x 10 ⁻⁵ cu.m. The total direct material cost for Sample E amounted to

Materials Volume Quantity Unit Unit price Amount

4” x 4”
(%) (Php) (Php)

Cement 30 kg

Kraft Paper 35 kg

Metal Swarf 35 kg

Sand 20 (cement) kg

Water cu.m

Sub Total

Table 3.4 Direct Cost Material Cost for Sample E

SUMMARY OF COST PER SAMPLES

Tables _ shows the difference of the price of the materials used in

difference samples. Sample A with ₱___, Sample B with ₱___, Sample C with

₱___, Sample D with ₱___ and Sample E with ₱___. Sample E with the ratio

35:35:30 of Kraft paper, Metal Swarf and concrete mixture is cheaper and has

the lowest material cost, respectively.

Sample Result
(Kraft Paper - Metal Swarf - Cement)
(Php) Remarks

A (25:25:50)
Sample with lesser concrete
mixture is cheaper. Sample E
B (20:20:60)
with the ratio 35:35:30 of
Kraft paper, Metal swarf and
C (15:15:70) concrete mixture has the
D (30:30:40) lowest price

E (35:35:30)

Table 4. Summary of Direct Material Cost per Sample