CHAPTER FOUR

EXPECTED OUTCOME

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Through out this chapter, discussed the expected outcome of this study. Starting from
the physical properties of the materials by performing the test for aggregate and
bitumen. The performance between asphaltic concrete by RAP will be compared with
the conventional sample using PEN 60/70 bitumen. From the Marshall test, the
Optimum Binder Content could be gained. All properties for aggregates and bitumen
also will be determined and following the JKR Standard Specification for Road Works
2008.

4.2 EXPECTED RESULT

4.2.1 Physical propeties of materials

The aggregate and asphalt binder used in this study is AC14 while the bitumen used is
60/70 penetration. The Los Angeles Abrasion test and Specific Gravity and Aggregate
Impact test is conducted to evaluate the physical properties of aggregate. Other than
that, the properties of the bitumen was determined by conducted the Penetration test,
Ductility test and Softening Point test. Table 6 the result of the physical properties of
aggregates while Table 7 shows the specific gravity of course and fine aggregate.

Table 6 : Properties of Natural Aggregate and RAP (Arshad et al., 2022)

FRESH JKR SPECIFICATION

PROPERTIES RAP
AGGREGATE (%)
Aggregate Impact Value 23.00 25.00 < 25

Los Angeles Abrasion 19.40 21.80 < 25

Flakiness Index (%) 6.6 6.7 < 25

Elongation Index (%) 8.2 8 < 25

All of the aggregate that used in this study comply with the requirements of the
specifications and it suitable to use in asphalt mixes.

Table 7 : Specific Gravity of Aggregate

AGGREGATE BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY, APPARENT SPECIFIC GRAVITY,

TYPES GSB GSA

Coarse 2.627 2.656

Fine 2.631 2.638

The specific gravity for both aggregate will be conducted by following the requirement
from the JKR Standard Specification. Table 8 shows the expected result of bitumen
properties that will be conducted during study.

Table 8 : Bitumen Test Properties

CONTROL MODIFIED SPECIFICATION

TEST PROPERTIES
SAMPLE BITUMEN

Penetration Test (dmm) 66.5 64.5 50 - 70

Ductility Test (cm) 134.5 153.0 > 100

Softening Point Test (ºC) 48.3 53.8 > 40

The value of the penetration test for both sample are in the required range which is
between 60 to 70 dmm. However, the ductility values for both aggregate are higher than
the requirements values which is 100cm. Both samples for control and modified are not
rupture and break when maximum capacity of 100cm applied by ductility testing
machine. Next, the softening point maximum temperature of bitumen to be used for a
road construction should be greater than 40 ºC. The values from the softening point test
obtained shows that both sample is greater than 40 ºC but the modified bitumen is
higher than the control sample’s value.
 These expected result gained from the previous study which are using the
Natural Rubber as its additive. Both scope of study could improve the performance of
the asphalt mixture but in a cheaper way. This is because, it is easy to obtain the RCA.
Similar result could be gained in order to use RCA to replace the Natural Aggregate in
a mixture.

4.2.2 Optimum binder content (OBC)

In this study, the Marshall Mix Design is conducted to determine the optimum binder
content for the mix design. The samples will be conducted according to the JKR
Standard Specification with range for the asphalt content for AC1e samples is from 4%
to 6%. The parametes from the data of Marshall Mix Design will be used to plot the
graph of specific gravity, air voids, VFB, flow and stability. From this analysis, the
graph that stated above were plotted as below and the Average OBC could be gained
as Table 9 :

a. Bulk Specific Gravity vs. Bitumen Content

b. Air Void (%) vs. Bitumen Content
c. VFB vs. Bitumen Content
d. Stability vs. Bitumen Content
e. Flow vs. Bitumen Content

Table 9 : OBC for Control Sample and RCA Modified Bitumen

PROPERTY CONTROL SAMPLE MODIFIED BITUMEN
Bulk Specific Gravity 5.50 5.71
VTM 4.85 4.82
VFB 5.30 5.40
Stability 4.30 4.72
Flow 4.80 4.60
Average OBC 4.95 5.05
 From the calculation of the Average OBC for both sample, the RCA Modified Bitumen
is higher than the Control Sample. Next, the volumetric properties of the control sample
and RCA Modified Bitumen could be gained as Table 10 below :

Table 10 : Volumetric Properties for Control Sample and RCA Modified Bitumen

CONTROL MODIFIED
JKR SAMPLE BITUMEN
PROPERTIES STATUS
SPECIFICATION
OBC = 4.95 % OBC = 5.05 %

Stability, S > 8000 N 12620 11620 Ok

Flow, F 2.0 – 4.0 mm 3.30 3.40 Ok

Stiffness, S/F > 2000 N/mm 2324 2320 Ok

Air Void 3.0 – 5.0 % 4.30 4.50 Ok

VFB 70 – 80 % 74.5 74.5 Ok

The values of the OBC for the control sample was 4.95% and for the modified bitumen
was 5.05%. Both result is still within the JKR Malaysia’s requirements.
4.3 DYNAMIC CREEP TEST

In this study, dynamic creep comducts to determine permanent deformation of the asphalt
pavement surface. The deformation of the asphalt occur when the overloading vehicles
moves repetitively on the pavement and also due to climate changes that reduce the bonding
between aggregates and bitumen. However, the used of Polmer Modified Bitumen (PMB)
such as natural rubber and Stryrene Butadiene Stryrene (SBS), Acrylate Styrene
Acrylonitrile (ASA) and others materials that related with rubber help improves the
performance of the asphaltic concrete. It because the properties of the polmer that has high
viscous improves the adhesion of the bonding in the asphalt mixes that reflect to reduce the
deformation.

Figure 6 shows the dynamic creep curve with the accumulated strain (%) versus load cycle
for control and NRL modified bitumen samples with 25% RAP. For both samples, it could
be seen that as the load cycle increase, the accumulated strain rises as predicted. Also, it
could be seen that both the dynamic creep curves comprise of two stages, the primary and
secondary stages. Meanwhile, the tertiary stage of the specimen did not occur in this test
condition for both the modified and control mixtures. This result shows that the NRL
modified sample with 25% RAP has lower rutting depth, indicating higher rut resistance.

Figure 6 : Dynamic Creep Curve

Creep Stiffness Modulus (CSM) with Creep Strain Slope (CSS) are important parameters
to be determined from the dynamic creep test. CSM value is of considerable importance
because it indicates stiffness in the sample, while CSS is an additional permanent
deformation parameter that describes the rate of deformation development. Therefore,
CSM and CSS are regarded as significant criteria for assessing the permanent deformation
resistance of asphaltic concrete mixtures. Table 5 shows the values of CSM and CSS
obtained for control and NRL modified bitumen samples with 25% RAP from the dynamic
creep test.

Table 9 : CSM and CSS values from Dynamic Creep Test

SAMPLE
PARAMETERS LIMIT
CONTROL MODIFIED
Creep Stiffness Modulus (CSM), Mpa 185 195 > 75 Mpa
Creep Strain Slope, (CSS) 0.12 0.08 < 0.25

As shown in Table 5, the NRL modified bitumen mixture with 25% RAP exhibited higher
CSM value (195 MPa) compared to the control sample (185 MPa). The results showed that
the stiffness modulus was enhanced by 5.44% when NRL modified bitumen was used.
Also, as a consequence, the higher the CSM, the lower CSS will be. It could be seen that
the modified sample recorded lower CSS value of 0.08. compared to control sample which
recorded a higher CSS value of 0.12. The higher resistance to permanent deformation
indicates that the introduction of latex modified bitumen in the asphalt mixture resulted in
a superior chemical bond, which offered a greater adhesion strength to the binder toward
the aggregate, thereby enhancing the resistance to permanent deformation.