Federal and State Prison 1

Running head: Prisoners in Federal and State Prisons systems

Exercise #2 Prisoners Under State or Federal Jurisdiction, by Sex Braxton Ray SOWK 300 Tuskegee University September 14, 2011

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Abstract The topic I have is Prisoners under Federal or State Jurisdiction by Sex. The key points Im going to talk about why is there an overcrowding in the prison system and why? Another key point is how many people are in state and federal prison. Also break them into sex, between men and women. To under why are there more males then females, and why are there more African American males than any other race.

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1. The Problem Identification The problem is that there are more prisoners in the state systems then the federal court system. The question is why it is an overload. They are overcrowd because people will not prevent committing crimes. I learn over years by watching videos and television shows that most people like going to prison and enjoyed them. Thats one of the answers to the problem at hand. The record show that under the State prison system there are more Prisoners than the Federal system, the state system is beating the Federal system by a couple thousand. This means that less people are committing federal crimes then state crimes. The same problem is happening with sex issues cause according to the chart males becomes inmates more the female. Then you can bring up the problem about security, because overcrowding of prisoners means that you will need more security to manage the inmates. So we will also have to look at that problem. To help me speak about the problem I use another topic such as Prisoners Under Sentence of Death by Characteristic and break it down into black and white. 2. Problem Description The population increases in the 1980s were a result of Federal law enforcement efforts and new legislation that dramatically altered sentencing in the Federal criminal justice system. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 established determinate sentencing, abolished parole, and reduced good time. Additionally, several mandatory minimum sentencing provisions were enacted in 1986, 1988, and 1990. In past years the prison system had a lot of budget cut dealing the issue of overcrowding and challenges. Federal prison overcrowding has provided additional

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challenges to managing the Federal prisoner population. Recently, BOP has focused on overcrowding at its higher security institutions. Technological and management techniques have improved the Bureaus ability to safely manage a growing prisoner population. At high security levels, more than 70 percent of the inmates are either drug offenders, weapons offenders, or robbers, and another 14 percent have been convicted of murder, aggravated assault, or kidnapping. At the high security level, the average sentence exceeds 15 years. Also, more than 60 percent of high security inmates have been sanctioned for violating prison rules and nearly 90 percent have a history of violence. The issue is very serious with our culture as a whole from just knowledge its more blacks than whites in the prison system. On both side males and females and most of the inmates are young males. I have no idea of fixing the problem, because there are no ways to change the issue. Its no way because you cant change people action. People will always kill, fight, and committing crimes. 3. Finding In this section of my paper, I will be using two data statistical tables that are in line with my topic - Prisoners under Federal or State Jurisdiction by Sex. Some of the data tables are exact to a certain year while others so ranges of years. The tables also break down information into numerous areas. These data table are helpful to my research because it break down countless categories such as, sex age and race. It basically gives me the problem in the chart just in the numbers form. It help me notice that how many people and in federal and state prison and divide it in genre.

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A. Magnitude The issue is appealing to be large, it not just in one state the issue is nationwide, and the issue is in all prison system throughout the U.S. Its also a severe matter because overcrowding results in putting more bodies in the jail cell. That also falls under the category of being a hazard, it a hazard because more than two bodies in a jail cell is unsanitary, and also a fire hazard cause the cell is not the size of a regular room it smaller, so it will not be enough space. This issue affects every U.S citizens, because for every time someone is committed into an institution it cost the tax paying people money. So we as a country are paying for those who keep committing crimes. The quote that people always use the good stuffer with the bad is playing an active part in my opinion. There is no deposit on how much it is costing the tax payers but if you look at the charts the which states that the institutions are overcrowded it is a lot of money that are paying for it.

B. Scope This topic is a widespread issue, which means that the issue is worldwide, its happening to majority of the states with their prison systems. In 1983 more than 50% of the prisoners were inmates in State prison than Federal prison. In 2005 over 75% of prisoners were males instead of females. To conclude, this section the charts gives you a valid reason on why there are overcrowding in the State Prisons and also gives great reasoning that there are more men than women.

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C. Changes Knowing knowledge about this issue from the news, books, stories, and doing research over time, there are no changes that can be done about this issue. There can be no changes because you cant control other people action; people are still going to commit crimes. Like I said before some people are use to or like being in jail, because they do not know anything else and those are the people thats overcrowding the prison system. The only changes that they can do are building or expand the institutions, but that does bring up another problem of money and the economy. It also will stress the tax payer, as a tax payer you already paying for the inmate to be in the prison, and paying for the state or federal government to expand the prison. After doing extensive research there is no stable solution of help this issue. D. Disparities There are many different disparities; the first one is State or Federal Prison, secondly is sex the data table break it down from male to female, the age from 20 and up. By breaking this up in the chart was really help full for whoever is willing to do research the issues like me. By the different disparities it makes the work and the reading of the chart easy.

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Year 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Total \1 315,974 353,673 395,516 419,346 443,398 480,568 522,084 560,812 603,732 680,907 739,980 789,610 846,277 932,074 1,016,691 1,085,022 1,137,722 1,195,498 1,245,402 1,304,074 1,331,278 1,345,217 1,380,516 1,408,361 1,433,728 1,462,866

Rate \2 139 154 171 179 188 202 217 231 247 276 297 313 332 359 389 411 427 445 461 476 \3 470 470 476 482 486 491

Federal 20,611 22,169 23,652 26,331 27,602 32,695 36,531 39,523 42,738 47,168 50,403 56,696 65,706 74,399 79,795 83,663 88,815 94,987 103,682 114,275 126,955 136,509 143,040 151,919 159,137 187,618

State 295,363 331,504 371,864 393,015 415,796 447,873 485,553 521,289 560,994 633,739 689,577 732,914 780,571 857,675 936,896 1,001,359 1,048,907 1,100,511 1,141,720 1,189,799 1,204,323 1,208,708 1,237,476 1,256,442 1,274,591 1,296,693

Male 303,643 339,375 379,075 401,870 424,193 459,223 497,540 533,990 573,587 643,643 699,416 745,808 799,776 878,037 956,566 1,021,059 1,068,123 1,121,663 1,167,802 1,221,611 1,246,234 1,260,033 1,291,450 1,315,790 1,337,730 1,364,178

Female 12,331 14,298 16,441 17,476 19,205 21,345 24,544 26,822 30,145 37,264 40,564 43,802 46,501 54,037 60,125 63,963 69,599 73,835 77,600 82,463 85,044 85,184 89,066 92,571 95,998 98,688