Polar Coordinates

Polar coordinates: x  r cos  , y  r sin  and x2  y 2  r 2

 f  x, y  dA   f  r,  r dr d
R R

Eg 1
Find the area of an unit circle x 2  y2  1 using
1. dydx method
2. dxdy method
3. Polar coordinates
Sol
1.
 1 1 x 2
A  
1  1 x 2
dydx

1 1 x 2

   y dx
1  1 x 2

 
1
   1  x 2   1  x 2  dx
1
 
1
 2   1  x 2  dx
1
 

2
 2   1  sin2   cos d

 

2
 
2
 2  cos2   d


2

2
  1  cos2 d

2

 sin2  2
  
 2  
2

 sin    sin(  )  
    
 2 2  2 2 

2.
 1 1 y2

A  
1  1 y2
dxdy

1 1 y2

  x dy
1  1 y2

 
1
   1  y 2   1  y 2  dy
1
 
1
 2   1  y 2  dy
1
 

2
 2   1  sin2   cos d

 

2
 
2
 2  cos2   d


2

2
  1  cos2 d

2

 sin2  2
  
 2  
2

 sin    sin(  )  
    
 2 2  2 2 

3.
 2 1
A   rdrd
0 0

2 1
1
  r 2  d
20 0
2
1
  1d
20
1 2
  0
2

Eg 2
Find the area R.
Sol
 

2 r 2
A   rdrd
 r  2 csc 
4


2
1

2
  r 2  d
2 2 csc 

4


2
1
   4  2 csc   d
2

2

4


2
   2  csc   d
2


4

  2  cot  2
4

  
   cot    cot 
2 2 4

 1
2

Eg3
Find the volume of the surface which is bounded above by z = y
and below by region x2 + y2  1 in the first quadrant by using
polar coordinates.
 

2 r 1

V= 
  (r sin  ) rdrd
0 r 0

 1

1 2 3

= 3  0
 r  sin  d
0



1 2

= 3  0
sin  d


1 1
=  3 cos  0  3
2

Eg 4
Find the area of the region R
using polar coordinates.
Sol

2 1
A  rdrd
0 1
cos sin 

 1

12 2
  r  d
20 1
cos sin 


12  1 
  1  2
d
20   cos  sin  
 0.2854
or
 

2 r 1 x 1 y 1 x
A

  1 rdrd   
0 r 0 x 0 y 0
1 dydx

 1
2 1 1 x
1
  
 r 2
 d    y  dx
20 0 0 0

1
12
  1 d   1  x dx
20 0

 1
1  x 2

   0   x  
2
2  2 0
1    1 
    1  
2  2   2
 1
 
4 2

Eg5
Find the area of the region bounded
outside of the graph of r=1 and inside
of the graph r = 2 sin .
Solution:
2 sin  =1
sin  =1/2
sin  =/6, 5/6
 
2 r  2 sin 
A  2  rdrd
 r 1
6


 
2
2 sin 
  r2 1 d

6


 
2
  4 sin 2   1 d

6


42
  1  cos 2 d  2
2 6
6

 sin 2  2    
 2      
 2   2 6 
6

   
  sin    sin  
 2    3  
2 2 6 2  3
 
  
  3
 
3 2

Eg6
Find the area of the region bounded by
the graph of r=1 and r = 2 sin .
Solution:

2 sin  =1
sin  =1/2
sin  =/6, 5/6
 6 r  2 sin  
2 r 1

 
A  2    rdrd    rdrd 
 0 r 0  r 0

 6 
 
6 2
2 sin 
   r  d    r 2  d
1
2
0 0
0 
6
 
6 2
   4sin  d   1 d
2

0 
6


46
  1  cos 2  d   2
20 6

 sin 2  6    
 2    2  6
 2 0  
  
 sin  
 2  3

6 2  3
 
 2 3
 
3 2

Eg7
Find the area of the region bounded by
outside of the graph of r=1 and inside
of the graph of r = 2 cos .
Solution:
2 cos  =1
cos  =1/2
 =/3, -/3
 
3 r  2 cos
A  2  rdrd
0 r 1


 
3
2 2 cos
 r 1 d
0


 
3
  4 cos 2   1 d
0


43
  1  cos 2 d  03
20

 sin 2  3   
 2     
 2 0  3 
 2 
 sin  
 2  3

3 2  3
 

 3
 
3 2
Eg8
Find the area of the region bounded by
the graph of r=1 and r = 2 cos .
Solution:

2 cos  =1
cos  =1/2
 =/3, -/3
 3 r 1 
2 r  2 cos 

 
A  2    rdrd    rdrd 
 0 r 0  r 0 
 3 
 
3 2
2 cos 
   r  d    r 2 
1
2
d
0 0
0 
3
 
3 2
  1d    4 cos 2  d
0 
3


42
  03   1  cos 2  d
2
3

   sin 2  2
    2  
3  2  
3

  2 
   sin    sin
3 
  2     
3 2 2  3 2  
   
 2 3
 
3 2