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BCA Microprocessor Architecture Guide

The document discusses the syllabus for a course on Microprocessor and Computer Architecture. It outlines 5 units that will be covered in the course, including fundamentals of microprocessors, assembly language programming, basic computer architecture, microprogrammed control, and the central processing unit. For each unit, it lists topics that will be covered, recommended reading materials, and sample laboratory works and questions.

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33 views7 pages

BCA Microprocessor Architecture Guide

The document discusses the syllabus for a course on Microprocessor and Computer Architecture. It outlines 5 units that will be covered in the course, including fundamentals of microprocessors, assembly language programming, basic computer architecture, microprogrammed control, and the central processing unit. For each unit, it lists topics that will be covered, recommended reading materials, and sample laboratory works and questions.

Uploaded by

sumangiri198206
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA)

Second Semester
Microprocessor and Computer Architecture (CACS155)
Dear Students, Don’t limit your knowledge horizon, it’s only a reference, and you can use other resources for more knowledge.

Student’s Reference Manual


Books:
1 Ramesh Gaonkar, Microprocessor Architecture, Programming, and Applications with the
8085, 5th Edition
2 M. Morris Mano, Computer System Architecture, 3rd Edition
3 William Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture, 8th Edition (Optional)
4 William Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture, 9th Edition

Unit 1: Fundamental of Microprocessor (5 Hrs.)


Introduction to Microprocessors, Microprocessor system with bus organization,
Microprocessor architecture and operation, 8085 Microprocessor and its operation, 8085
instruction cycle, machine cycle, T states, Addressing modes in 8085, Introduction to 8086.
[Ramesh Gaonkar, Microprocessor Architecture, Programming, and Applications
with the 8085, 5th Edition,
Chapter 1: 1.1 Microprocessors
Chapter 3: 3.1 Microprocessor system with bus organization
Chapter 4: 4.1 The 8085 MPU
Chapter 4: 4.2 Example of an 8085 – Based Microcomputer]
Laboratory Work:
1. Identify the 8085 Microprocessor Pinout and Signals.
Questions:
1. Define Microprocessor. Differentiate between Microprocessor and Microcontroller
with example.
2. Explain microprocessor as a CPU.
3. Explain the organization of microprocessor based system with block diagram.
4. Explain the microprocessor architecture and its operations.
5. Explain the bus architecture of 8085 microprocessor.
6. Explain the 8085 microprocessor signals with block diagram.
7. Explain the 8085 microprocessor with its functional diagram.
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8. Explain the opcode fetch and memory read machine cycles for MVI A, 48H with timing
for execution diagram.
9. Explain the 8085 microprocessor addressing modes with example.
10. List the features of 8086 microprocessor with its block diagram.
11. Write short notes on: Control and Status Signals, Flags, Instruction Cycle, Machine
Cycle, T-States.

Unit 2: Introduction to Assembly Language Programming (10 Hrs.)


Assembly Language Programming Basics, Classifications of Instructions and Addressing
Mode, 8085 Instruction Sets, Assembling, Executing and debugging the Programs,
Developing Counters and Time Delay Routines, Interfacing Concepts.
[Ramesh Gaonkar, Microprocessor Architecture, Programming, and Applications
with the 8085, 5th Edition,
Chapter 2: 2.1 The 8085 Programming Model
Chapter 2: 2.2 Instruction Classification
Chapter 2: 2.5 Overview of the 8085 Instruction set
Chapter 2: 2.3 Instruction Data format, and Storage
Chapter 2: 2.4 How to Write, Assemble, and Execute a Simple Program
Chapter 8: Counters and Time Delays
Chapter 5: 5.1 Basic Interfacing concepts
Read chapter 6 & 7 for Programming/Lab exercise]

Laboratory Work:
1. Write a program to:
a. Load an 8-bit data in register
b. Transfer data Between registers
c. Transfer data Specific data byte to a register
d. Transfer data Specific data byte to a memory location
e. Transfer data From memory location to a register
2. Write a program to add two hexadecimal numbers and display the sum at the output
PORT1.
3. Write a program to subtract two 8-bit hex numbers.
4. Write a program to add two 16 bit hex numbers.
5. Write a program to subtract two 16 bit hex numbers.
6. Write a program to multiply two 8-bit hex numbers.
7. Write a program to show division using 8 –bit hex numbers.
8. Write a program to check the specific data is either even of odd.
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9. Write a program to find largest number in array of data.
10. Write a program to find the smallest number in array of data.
Questions:
1. Define Assembling. Explain the merits and demerits of Assembly Language
Programming.
2. Explain the 8085 Programming model.
3. Classify the 8085 Instruction Set with example.
4. Write short notes on: Instruction word size, Data format

Unit 3: Basic Computer Architecture (4 Hrs.)


Introduction: History of computer architecture, [William Stallings, Computer
Organization and Architecture, 9th Edition, Part – One, Chapter 2: “Computer
Evolution and Performance”]
Overview of computer organization, [William Stallings, Computer Organization and
Architecture, 9th Edition, Part – One, Chapter 1: “Introduction”]

Memory hierarchy and Cache, [William Stallings, Computer Organization and


Architecture, 9th Edition, Part – Two, Chapter 4: “Cache Memory”]
Organization of hard disk, [William Stallings, Computer Organization and
Architecture, 9th Edition, Part – Two, Chapter 6: “External Memory”, 6.1: Magnetic
Disk]

[M. Morris Mano, Computer System Architecture, 3rd Edition, Chapter Twelve:
“Memory Organization”].
Instruction Codes: Stored Program Organization, Indirect address, Computer Registers,
Common Bus systems, Instruction set, Timing and Control, Instruction Cycle.
[M. Morris Mano, Computer System Architecture, 3rd Edition, Chapter Five: “Basic
Computer Organization and Design” from 5-1 to 5-5].
Questions:
1. Explain the role of John Von Neumann in development of computer.
2. Explain the Memory Hierarchy with diagram.
3. Explain the elements of cache design.
4. Explain the internal structure of Hard Disk.
5. Explain the concept of Stored Program Organization.
6. Demonstrate the theory of direct and indirect address with instruction format diagrams.
7. Define registers. Explain the basic computer registers with their uses.
8. Define Bus System. Explain the bus system construction mechanisms using
Multiplexers and Three - state buffer gates.

3
9. Explain the instruction set design issues.
10. Explain the structure of control unit of basic computer.
11. Define Instruction cycle. Explain the instruction cycle with state diagram.

Unit 4: Microprogrammed Control (10 Hrs.)


Basic Design of Accumulator: Control of AC register, ALU organization,
[M. Morris Mano, Computer System Architecture, 3rd Edition, Chapter Five: “Basic
Computer Organization and Design” from 5-10].
Control Memory, Address Sequencing: Conditional Branching, Mapping of Instruction,
Subroutines, Microprogram: Symbolic Microprogram, Binary Microprogram, Design of
Control Unit, Basic requirement of Control Unit, Structure of Control Unit, Microprogram
Sequencer.
[M. Morris Mano, Computer System Architecture, 3rd Edition, Chapter Seven:
“Microprogrammed Control” from 7-1 to 7-4].
[William Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture, 8th Edition, Part –
Four, Chapter 15 & 16].
Questions:
1. Explain the Design procedure of Accumulator Logic.
2. Explain the Gate structure for controlling the LD, INR, and CLR of Accumulator.
3. Explain the components of ALU with their functions.
4. Define the Control Unit. Explain the organization of Microprogrammed Control unit.
5. Differentiate between Hardwired and Microprogrammed Control Design.
6. Explain the address sequencing procedure.
7. Explain the conditional branching mechanism.
8. What do you mean by mapping of instructions? Explain the procedure for mapping
from instruction code to microinstruction address.
9. Define Microprogram. Differentiate between Symbolic and Binary microprogram with
example.
10. Explain the basic requirements for designing control unit.
11. Explain the structure of Control Unit.
12. Write the role of microprogram sequencer in microprogrammed control unit.

Unit 5: Central Processing Unit (10 Hrs.)


General Register Organization: Control Word, Stack Organization, Instruction formats,
addressing modes.

4
Data Transfer and Manipulation: Data transfer instructions, Data manipulation
instructions, Arithmetic instructions, Logical and Bit Manipulation Instructions, Shift
Instructions.
Program Control: Status Bit Conditions, Conditional Branch Instructions, Subroutine Call
and Return, Program Interrupt, Types of Interrupt.
[M. Morris Mano, Computer System Architecture, 3rd Edition, Chapter Eight:
“Central Processing Unit” from 8-1 to 8-8].
Questions:
1. Explain the Register set with common ALU. OR Explain the general register
organization
2. Define control word. Explain the procedure for determining control word for specific
operation.
3. Define stack. Explain the stack organization.
4. Explain the different instruction formats with examples.
5. Explain the different types of instruction addressing modes.
6. Explain the different Data Transfer and Manipulation instruction.
7. What are control instructions? Explain the different types of program control
instructions with their roles.
8. Define program interrupt. Explain the types of interrupt.
9. Write short notes on: Status bit conditions, Conditional branch instructions, Subroutine
Call and Return.
10. Differentiate between CISC and RISC architecture.

Unit 6: Pipeline, Vector Processing and Multiprocessors (6 Hrs.)


Parallel Processing, Pipeline Examples: Four segment instruction pipeline, Data
dependency, Handling of branch instructions, vector processing, vector operations, matrix
multiplication.
[M. Morris Mano, Computer System Architecture, 3rd Edition, Chapter Nine:
“Pipelining and Vector Processing” from 9-1 to 9-7].
[M. Morris Mano, Computer System Architecture, 3rd Edition, Chapter Thirteen:
“Multiprocessors” from 13-1 to 13-2].
Questions:
1. What is parallel processing? Explain the benefits of parallel processing.
2. Explain the classifications of parallel processing by M. J. Flynn.
3. What is pipelining? Explain the role of pipelining in computing.
4. Define instruction pipeline. Explain the four segment instruction pipeline.
5. Explain the different pipeline hazards (conflicts)?

5
6. How to handle the branch instruction in pipeline? Explain.
7. Define vector processing. Explain the application areas of vector processing.
8. Explain the characteristics of multiprocessor system.
9. Explain the interconnection structure of multiprocessor system.
10. Write short notes on: Arithmetic pipeline, vector operations, matrix multiplications.

Addressing Modes in 8085

Instruction Execution Cycle State Diagram:

6
8086 Microprocessor Block Diagram

Common questions

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The instruction cycle of the 8085 microprocessor is divided into multiple machine cycles, which are further divided into T-states . The instruction cycle starts with an opcode fetch, where the instruction is retrieved, followed by decode and execute cycles. Each cycle consists of various T-states that synchronize the operation stages. Understanding this cycle is crucial for optimizing processing efficiency and effective programming.

Memory hierarchy is structured with registers, cache, RAM, and secondary storage, aiming to balance speed and cost . Cache memory, located between the CPU and RAM, is critical for fast data access, reduces latency, and improves processing speed . Its design elements include cache size, mapping techniques, and replacement algorithms, which help manage how data is stored and retrieved efficiently.

Data hazards occur in pipelined architectures when operations depend on the results of previous instructions not yet completed, potentially leading to incorrect results or stalling . Strategies to mitigate these hazards include forwarding (bypassing), where data is passed directly to the next stage, and inserting pipeline stalls, which ensure instructions have completed before the next dependent instruction executes. These approaches aim to maintain the efficiency and correctness of pipelined operations.

An ALU typically consists of components like adders, logic gates, multiplexers, and accumulators . Adders perform arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction, logic gates handle logical operations like AND, OR, NOT, multiplexers select data inputs, and accumulators register the outputs of operations. These components collectively enable the ALU to perform a variety of essential arithmetic and logic tasks.

Hardwired control units use fixed logic circuits to control signals, allowing for faster operation, but are less flexible . In contrast, microprogrammed control units use a sequence of microinstructions stored in memory to generate control signals, offering greater flexibility and ease of modification, though at the expense of speed . The choice depends on the performance and adaptability needs of the system.

The architecture of a microprocessor, specifically the 8085, consists of an ALU, registers, control unit, and buses, interfacing through a comprehensive structure to perform fetch, decode, and execute cycles . The 8085 microprocessor can perform operations on 8-bit data and interfaces with 16-bit address buses to access memory locations. It uses instruction cycles to process each instruction, including opcode fetch and execution phases.

A microprocessor functions primarily as a CPU, handling the arithmetic, logical, and control operations of a computing system, whereas a microcontroller integrates a CPU with memory and peripheral interfaces to control specific tasks . For example, an 8085 microprocessor can control a broad range of operations but requires external components for specific tasks, whereas a microcontroller like the Arduino integrates these features, making it adept for embedded applications.

The transition from CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) to RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) impacts CPU design by emphasizing simplicity and efficiency. RISC architectures streamline instruction sets to perform operations in a single clock cycle, reducing complexity and allowing for faster execution . This has led to performance gains, as simpler instructions can be pipelined more effectively, optimizing overall throughput and energy consumption.

Instruction pipelining improves CPU performance by allowing overlapping execution of instructions, reducing idle time and increasing throughput . It breaks down instruction execution into discrete stages, where different stages of multiple instructions can be processed simultaneously, minimizing wait times and optimizing resource use. By handling multiple instructions in parallel, pipelining significantly enhances processing speed and efficiency.

Flynn's taxonomy classifies parallel processing into four categories: SISD (Single Instruction stream, Single Data stream), SIMD (Single Instruction stream, Multiple Data streams), MISD (Multiple Instruction streams, Single Data stream), and MIMD (Multiple Instruction streams, Multiple Data streams). This classification helps in understanding system architectures and is significant for designing processors that can handle various computational workloads efficiently.

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