Pakistan Studies

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PUNJAB CURRICULUM AND

TEXTBOOK BOARD, LAHORE
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Bibliography and Glossary
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Authors: [Link] Hussain Chaudhry 2. Alhaaj Prof. Muhammad Rashid

[Link]. Anjum James Paul
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Translated by: Prof. Muhammad Khalid Paracha (R) Govt Science College Lahore.
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Review Committee:[Link] Ahmed, Director Research and Publications,

Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust, Lahore
[Link] Khushi Assistant Professor, F.C. College University, Lahore
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[Link] Abbas, Assistant Professor, Govt Science College Lahore.

[Link] Ahmed Bhatti, Lecturer, Govt Science College Lahore.
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[Link] Singh, Assistant Controller, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

Director (Manuscripts): Fareeda Sadiq
Supervisors: Muhammad Shahzad Hashmi, Shamas ur Rehman, Asif Siraa
Deputy Director (Graphics): Syeda Anjum Wasif
Designer: Minal Tariq
Prepared by: Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore
Printer: Experimental Edition
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1 Pakistan Studies
History of Pakistan-II
5 (1971-Till Now)
Student’s Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter students will be able to:
1. Explain the major aspects of different reforms, achievements & contributions in terms of

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Industrial, Agricultural, Educational, Health, Economic, Social, Constitutional and
Administrative reforms of the following:
(i) Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Era

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(ii) Gen. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Era
(iii) Benazir Bhutto's Era (I, II)
(iv) Muhammad Nawaz Sharif's Era (I, II & III)
(v) Pervez Musharraf's Era

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(vi) Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani's Era
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2. Discuss 2018 elections and formation of new Government.

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3. Identify the key aspects of 1973 constitution.
4. Discuss Pakistan's emergence as Nuclear Power.
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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Era 1971-1977

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After the separation of East Pakistan, in December 20, 1971 General Yahya Khan
handed over power to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Chairman of the Pakistan People's Party. Thus,
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began the reign of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. After assuming power, he started rebuilding
Pakistan. At that time, the people of Pakistan was demoralized
and hopeless. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto encouraged the people and
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immediately took revolutionary steps for the betterment of the

country.
Martial law was lifted in the country on April 21, 1972.
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Under the Interim Constitution (1972), Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took

over the government and focused on national issues. Realizing
the need and importance of the Constitution, a Constitutional
Committee consisting of 25 members was formed to prepare Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
constitution representing all the political parties.
Industrial Reforms
The objective of industrial reforms was to improve the working conditions of the
workers and create a better industrial environment. To rebuild the country's economy,
and for the revival and development of the industry, the workers were given proper and
effective representation in the management of the industries. The share of workers in
the profits of industries was increased. Bonus was made mandatory for employees.
 History of Pakistan-II
2 Chapter 5
(1947-Till Now)

Health facilities for workers were increased. Compensation to workers in case of injury,
death or accident was increased. Group insurance and social security system were
implemented.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto adopted a strategy of nationalization of various institutions.
Major industrial units, banks, insurance companies and educational institutions were
nationalized. The purpose and importance of this strategy was to gain control of the
country's financial matters and pass on its benefits to the common man. State Life
Insurance Corporation of Pakistan was established.

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Do you Know?

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The Commonwealth is an organization of countries formerly ruled by the
United Kingdom. This organization was established in 1926. Many countries
including Pakistan, India and Bangladesh are its members.

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Agricultural Reforms

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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto announced Agricultural reforms on March 1, 1972. The
purpose of these reforms was to improve the agricultural system, the economic
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conditions of the people who are involved in agriculture sector, increase agricultural
production and rebuild the country's economy. The ownership limit of agricultural land
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was reduced to 150 acres of canal irrigated, and 300 acres of rainfed land. Agricultural
reforms redefined land ownership. Exceeding the prescribed limit, the land became the
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property of the state. The eviction of tenants from the land was stopped. The land
acquired from the feudal lords and landlords was distributed free among the landless
farmers.
Educational Reforms
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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto announced educational reforms in 1972. Private educational

institutions were nationalized due to this the salaries of teachers and other employees
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working in those institutions became equal to the employees of government

educational institutions. In order to provide affordable transport to the students, special
discounts were given on the fare of buses and trains. This significantly increased the
number of students in educational institutions. Student scholarships were increased.
Many universities were established. In 1974, Allama Iqbal Open University (formerly
People's Open University) was established in Islamabad, which provided opportunities
for students to acquire education through distance learning. Adult education centres
were also set up. Steps were taken to impart higher education. Schools and colleges
were upgraded. Training institutes were opened for teachers training.
Health Reforms
Basic health centres were established for free treatment of the poor people and
budget for education and health was increased. New medical colleges were established
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in the country.
Economic Reforms
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took many steps for the revival of country’s economy. These
include nationalization of industries, banks, and reforms for labour etc. The reforms
agenda was based on the manifesto of Pakistan People's Party. The popular slogan of
party was “Roti, Kapra aur Makan (food, clothing and shelter). The direction of Zulfiqar
Ali Bhutto's economic strategy was socialism. His clear slogan was, "Islam is our religion,
Socialism is our economy”. A network of roads was laid across the country. Public

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transport sector was promoted to compete with private sector transport. Railway
journey was made comfortable.
Social Reforms

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To raise the living standard of the people sincere and effective steps were taken
to reduce the difference between the rich and the poor in the society. Z.A Bhutto
encouraged the people through his speeches to end the state of unrest in the country.

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He introduced five (5) Marla Housing Scheme for the homeless people. Government
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sent millions of unemployed youths to Middle East. Socially, steps have been taken to

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protect women in Pakistan. Under the Public Works Programme, several practical steps
were taken for the development of rural areas. Electricity was provided to hundreds of
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villages.
Do you Know?
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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was the first and the only Civilian Chief Martial-Law
administrator of the Pakistan.
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Constitutional Reforms
During the Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto regime, the unified constitution 1973 was
enacted. The constitutional amendments of this period are as follows:
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First Amendment 1974

In the first amendment, in addition to demarcating the boundaries of the four
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provinces, FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Area) was declared a part of Pakistan.
Second Amendment 1974
The second Amendment states that a false claimant of prophethood or one who
does not consider Hazrat Muhammad as
the last prophet, is not a Muslim.
Third Amendment 1975
In the Third Amendment, anyone who harmed the integrity of Pakistan was
declared an enemy of the country.
Fourth Amendment 1975
The Fourth Amendment added six seats in the National Assembly for minorities.
Fifth Amendment 1976
The Fifth Amendment states that a member of the National Assembly or a
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candidate in a general election cannot be the governor of a province at the same time.
Sixth Amendment 1976
The Sixth Amendment fixes the tenure of the job and retirement age of the Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court and the Chief Justice of the High Courts.
Seventh Amendment 1977
The Seventh Amendment gives the right to Prime Minister to advise President for
a referendum on any matter given the situation in the country.
Administrative Reforms

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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited Afghanistan, China and Russia in 1972 to establish
relations with the leaders of other countries and to give Pakistan a legitimate place

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among the great nations. He concluded Simla agreement with India. As a result of this
agreement، prisoners of war of 1971 in India returned home. The Bhutto government
reformed the structure of the Civil Services of Pakistan and police system. In 1974 He
convened the Islamic Summit Conference in Lahore and rendered invaluable services for

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the unity of the Muslim Ummah. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto played a vital role in highlighting the
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Kashmir issue to the world. To identify the Pakistani people the creation of a National

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Identity Card was started.
(ii) General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Era 1977-1988
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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto announced early elections and

held elections in March 1977. All the notable opposition
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parties of that time formed an alliance “Pakistan National

Alliance” (PNA) to compete with Pakistan People's Party (PPP).
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Pakistan People's Party Won the elections, but the Pakistan

National Alliance (PNA) launched a protest movement
accusing Pakistan People's Party of rigging in the elections.
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Talks began between Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan

National Alliance to resolve the issue. These talks were still
going on when General Zia-ul-Haq imposed martial law. All
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General Muhammad
political parties were banned. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was Zia-ul-Haq
arrested. In this way, the political scenario changed. Later,
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was sentenced to death in Nawab Muhammad Ahmad Khan murder
case.
In his address to the nation, General Zia-ul-Haq came to power through martial
law and promised to hold elections in the country within 90 days, but the elections were
postponed due to various reasons. Finally in 1985, elections were held on a non-party
basis. Muhammad Khan Junejo from Sindh province was nominated as the Prime
Minister. Although Muhammad Khan Junejo was a member of the non-partisan
assembly, he revived the party political system in the country by forming a political party
called the Muslim League with the help of his supporters within two months.
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In 1985, the Eighth Amendment was made to the existing Constitution of Pakistan
(1973). The amendment gave the President of Pakistan additional powers and
constitutional powers. These powers were included in Article 58 of the Constitution of
Pakistan, under which the President of Pakistan had the power
to dissolve the National Assembly of Pakistan, while he had no
powers to dissolve the Senate. According to Article 58-2B of
the Constitution of Pakistan, the President of Pakistan could
also remove the Prime Minister and his Cabinet.

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Since Muhammad Khan Junejo, was a man of
democratic temperament, he could not get along well with
General Zia-ul-Haq. Disagreements arose between the two,

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which led General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq to use his powers
under Article 58-2B of the Constitution of Pakistan to
overthrow the government of Muhammad Khan Junejo and Muhammad Khan Junejo

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dissolve the National and Provincial Assemblies on May 29, 1988.
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The reforms of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq are described below:

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Industrial Reforms
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq abandoned the policies of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
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and returned many industries to their owners. Cotton factories, rice and flour mills etc
were prominent among them. Investors were provided protection. Large scale industries
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were mostly set up in the private sector. The country's exports increased.
Agricultural Reforms
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The agricultural sector was developed. Ushar was applied on agricultural production, at
the rate of 10 percent in rained areas and 5 percent in canal areas.
Educational Reforms
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Islamiat and Pakistan studies were made compulsory subjects up to the

graduation level. Government took steps to establish separate women university. Islamic
Ideology Council was reconstituted. Newspapers, radio and television were used to
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promote Islamic values. Steps were taken to publish error free Holy Quran. Educational
Development and Adult Education programmes were launched to increase the literacy
rate in the country.
Health Reforms
A program was launched to provide health facilities in the country. Basic health
centers were established in rural areas. The provision of medical facilities through Lady
Health Workers was also started.
Economic Reforms
The Zakat system has been implemented at the government level since 1980. On
the first of Ramadan, Zakat began to be deducted from the accounts of the Muslim
account holders of the banks at the rate of 2.5% per annum. Interest free banking
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system was launched. Accounts were opened in all the banks on the basis of profit and
loss sharing.
Social Reforms
During his era (1977-88) General Zia-ul-Haq took several steps to establish an
Islamic society in Pakistan. Objectives Resolution which was a part of preamble of 1956
and 1962 constitutions were formally incorporated into 1973 Constitution. Sharia Courts
were established in the country. A programme to replace un-Islamic laws with Islamic
laws was initiated. Islamic punishments (Hadood) were enforced in crimes like theft and

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drinking etc. Orders were issued for controlling drugs. Many adequate measures were
taken to regulate and promote Namaz or Salaat (Prayer System). In short, all efforts were
made to establish an Islamic environment in the country.

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Constitutional Reforms
The following amendments were made to the constitution of Pakistan during the
tenure of General Zia-ul-Haq.

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Eighth Amendment 1985
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Under the Eighth Amendment, the next president will be elected by an electoral

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body consisting of both houses of parliament and the four provincial assemblies. After
the amendment, the president gained extraordinary powers and the status of prime
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minister became secondary. Term of the upper house (Senate) was extended to six years.
Nineth amendment 1985
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Article 2 of the constitution adds that Islamic injunctions derived from the Quran
and Sunnah will be the source of the highest law and guidance.
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Tenth Amendment 1987

The Tenth Amendment sets a minimum of 130 working days for the National
Assembly and the Senate.
Administrative Reforms
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In 1979, Russian forces entered Afghanistan. General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

adopted a blunt policy with great confidence and courage and stood firm against the
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intervention of Russian Forces. The people of Afghanistan rose up against the Russian
invasion and began to resist. The moral support of the government of Pakistan raised the
spirits of the Afghan Mujahideen. The Mujahideen surprisingly defeated the Russian
forces on every front. By 1986, Russia was completely disappointed. When he saw his
defeat clearly, he went to the negotiating table. As a ceasefire agreement was reached
between the United States and Russia in Geneva (city of Switzerland) in April 1988,
Pakistan was also a part of the agreement. Russia conceded defeat and withdrew its
troops from Afghanistan on 15th February 1989, as promised.
Due to the bad situation in Afghanistan, millions of Afghan refugees migrated to
Pakistan. Hundreds of Afghan refugee camps have been set up in Pakistan. Relations
between the people of the two countries became stronger. Due to the successful Afghan
policy, Pakistan has received a lot of international acclaim. Pakistan's relations with
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democracies became stronger. Pak-Afghan diplomatic relations have also improved

significantly. Pakistan gained a special place in the world for its condemnation of
Russian domination and atrocities in Afghanistan. General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's
services on the Afghan issue were appreciated internationally. He fully participated in
the activities related to the Islamic Summit Conference and the unity of the Muslim
Ummah. He also addressed the UN General Assembly as a representative of the Islamic
Conference.

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(iii) Benazir Bhutto's First Term 1988-90
General Zia-ul-Haq along with his companions died in a plane crash on
August17, 1988 on their way back from Bahawalpur. Thus

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the General Zia-ul-Haq 11 years rule ended. Senate
Chairman Ghulam Ishaq Khan immediately took over as
President and resolved the leadership crisis in the country.
President Ghulam Ishaq Khan held party-based elections in
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1988. A large number of political parties, including the
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Pakistan people's party, participated in the elections. In the
elections, the PPP led by Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto won in
the center, Sindh Province and NWFP (Khyber Pukhtoon
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Khwa). Thus the PPP government was formed in the center

and in the two provinces. Benazir Bhutto was sworn in as the Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto
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first female Prime Minister of the Islamic world on 2nd December 1988. The Islamic
Democratic Union formed the government in Punjab. The formation of the government
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of Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto was termed as the restoration of the people's government
in the true sense of the word. The details of the reforms of this period are as follows:
Industrial Reforms
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During the era of Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto, many new industries were set up in
the country. The automobile and textile industries flourished.
Agricultural Reforms
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The agricultural sector was developed. To increase agricultural production, loans

were given to farmers on easy terms to buy seeds, fertilizers and pesticides etc.
Educational Reforms
A number of facilities were provided in educational institutions and special
attention was paid to women's education.
Health Reforms
Many programmes were launched to provide health facilities in urban and rural
areas.
Economic Reforms
Benazir Bhutto's government set up an institution called the “Placement Bureau”
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which provided thousands of jobs.

Social Reforms
Benazir Bhutto's government launched the "People's Works Program" to
improve the living standards, social welfare of the people and development of the
country.
Constitutional Reforms
The Eleventh Amendment was introduced in 1989 during the first term of Benazir

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Bhutto's government. It was about women's seats in National and Provincial Assemblies.
Administrative Reforms
Pakistan left Commonwealth in 1972 in Z.A. Bhutto's era. Benazir Bhutto decided

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to resume its membership in 1989. Benazir Bhutto's government pursued a policy of
establishing good relations with neighboring countries. Indian Prime Minister Rajiv
Gandhi attended the 4th SAARC Summit in Pakistan. On the occasion, the government
expressed its desire for better relations with all neighboring countries, including India.

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Presidential elections were held in 1988. Ghulam Ishaq Khan was elected as president of
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Pakistan.

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The end of the government
This government could not last more than 20 months. President Ghulam Ishaq
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Khan made many allegations against Benazir Bhutto's government. Using Articles 58-2B
of the Constitution, he overthrew her government and dissolved the Central and the
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Provincial Assemblies.
Benazir Bhutto's Second Term 1993-96
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In the 1993 general election, the Pakistan People's Party won a majority. The
Pakistan People's Party, along with other allies, formed governments in the center, Sindh,
Punjab and NWFP (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). The government of Benazir Bhutto was more
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confident and stable this time. She advanced the process of national development
through various reforms. Here are some of them:
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Industrial Reforms
Many concessions were announced for setting up industries in the country, but
heavy taxes were imposed on the people. Thus, the country remained a victim of
industrial and economic crisis.
Agricultural Reforms
In the second term of Benazir Bhutto's government, Kisan Bank was set up to
provide loans to farmers and tractors were provided to farmers through Public Tractor
Scheme. Agricultural Development Bank and other commercial banks also issued
agricultural loans. Farmers were able to buy seeds, fertilizers and pesticides with these
loans.
Educational Reforms
Primary Education and Women (girls) Education were area of attention during
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this period. Steps were taken for the benefit of teachers. Government made an effort to
increase facilities in educational institutions.
Health Reforms
Public Health Scheme was introduced in this period. Under this scheme Lady
Health Workers were recruited. They were given the task to visit the women at their
homes and give them information on health related issues. Under the social security
scheme, many dispensaries were set up in the country. Polio eradication campaign was
started in this term.

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Economic Reforms
The government launched eighth Development Plan. It aimed at accelerating

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economic growth rate in the country. The government announced a new energy policy
in 1994 to overcome energy shortage and load shedding issues. A large number of gas
connections were provided to large number of people. Pakistan steel mills became a
profitable organization. Port Qasim in Karachi was extended.

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Social Reforms
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People’s Works Programme was launched with the objective of social uplift and

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improvement in standard of living. Special targets were set for the welfare of women.
Women Police stations and First Women Bank were established.
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Constitutional Reforms
In Benazir Bhutto's second term, no significant constitutional reforms took place.
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Administrative Reforms
Presidential elections were held in 1993, in which Pakistan People's Party leader
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Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari was elected President. Thus, both the Prime Minister
and the President belonged to the same political party. Steps were taken to establish
good relations with other countries.
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The End of the Government

Although, Benazir Bhutto's second term was more confident and better but even
this time, his government did not last long. This time, Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan
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Leghari, the self-elected president of the Pakistan People's Party, made several
allegations and using Article 58-2B of the Constitution overthrew the government of
Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto on November 5, 1996, dissolved the National and Provincial
Assemblies and announced new elections.
(iv) Muhammad Nawaz Sharif's first term 1990-93
After the dismissal of Benazir Bhutto's first government, caretaker governments
were formed in the country and elections were held in 1990. In these elections, Mian
Muhammad Nawaz Sharif of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) was elected Prime Minister.
After becoming the Prime Minister, Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif made several
reforms to strengthen his government and get the country out of the political and
economic crisis, some of which are as follows:
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Industrial Reforms

An industrial policy was announced in 1990, which
encouraged the private sector. In 1991, a privatization
commission was set up. Its purpose was to advance the
process of privatization of the national units running in loss.
Agricultural Reforms
In 1991, the government announced an agricultural

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policy for farmers and allocated amounts Rs. 10 crores (100
million) for the development of farmers. Import duty on
agricultural machinery, medicines and other agricultural Mian Muhammad

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equipment was waived. Millions of acres of land were Nawaz Sharif
distributed among the tenants and they were given ownership.
Educational Reforms
The Nawaz Sharif government announced a ten-year education plan in 1992.
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Special attention was paid to opening of new educational institutions in the country. The
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buildings of educational institutions were improved. Millions of teachers were trained.

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Health Reforms
Nawaz Sharif paid special attention to the health sector. Improved the quality of
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government hospitals and recruited more medical staff.

Economic Reforms
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Under Nawaz Sharif government, a self-employment scheme was launched to

end unemployment. Under this scheme, loans ranging from Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 300,000
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were provided to the youth so that they could arrange their own employment. The
government launched a development program in the name of “Tameer-i-Wattan” in the
country. The government launched major projects like Motorways which proved to be
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very successful.
Social Reforms
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To provide financial assistance to the poor, the Nawaz Sharif government

established the Bait-ul-Maal in 1992 through a Presidential Ordinance. Steps were taken
to make the Social Security Scheme more useful and purposeful. A scheme of financial
help was announced for the workers who died or got injured during work. Government
announced grant in case of illness and funeral expenses in case of death.
Constitutional Reforms
12Th Amendment in the Constitution of Pakistan was made in 1991. A special
committee on the judiciary was formed in this amendment. Special courts were set up for
cases of serious crimes.
Administrative Reforms
Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif's government arranged an agreement between
the provinces, which ended the dispute over the distribution of water. The provinces
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were given a share of the divisible pool through the National Financial Award (NFC).
Many positive changes were made in Pakistan's foreign policy. Talks were held with
various Afghan leaders regarding peace in Afghanistan. India was formally invited to
resolve the Kashmir issue. The government of Pakistan made great efforts to establish
good relations with the United States and other countries of the world.
The End of the Government
Despite various measures taken by Nawaz Sharif government, he could not
complete its term. The political situation in Karachi and interior Sindh was deteriorated.

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Relations between Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and President
Ghulam Ishaq Khan became also strained, with the result that President Ghulam Ishaq

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Khan dismissed the government of Muhammad Nawaz Sharif on April 18, 1993, using
Article 58-2B of the Constitution and dissolved the National and Provincial Assemblies.
Thus, the government of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif came to an end. Due to the
ongoing political condition in the country, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan also had to

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resign from the post of President of Pakistan.
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Muhammad Nawaz Sharif's Second Term 1997-99

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General elections were held in the country in 1997. As a result, Mian Muhammad
Nawaz Sharif became the Prime Minister in the Center and Mian Shahbaz Sharif became
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the Chief Minister of Punjab.

Muhammad Rafiq Tarar was made the President of Pakistan. In this way, Nawaz
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Sharif created a strong and confident atmosphere in Punjab and the Centre. Mian
Nawaz Sharif, with the help of the opposition, made the 13th amendment to the
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constitution, which limited the discretionary powers of the president. The powers of the
Prime Minister were enhanced. Thus, Article 58-2B was removed from the Constitution,
by which any President could dismiss any Assembly at any time. The important reforms
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of this Government were as follows:

Industrial Reforms
Nawaz government imposed general sales tax on large number of goods. Large
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number of officers and officials were recruited for the purpose of tax collection. Assets
of thousands of traders were scrutinized. Consumers had to bear the burden of rising
commodity prices.
Agricultural Reforms
Special measures were taken for the development of agriculture. Apart from
providing loans to the farmers, fertilizers and seeds were also provided at subsidized
rates.
Educational Reforms
In 1998, the government announced a new education policy, which included a
program to open several new educational institutions. Second shift teaching (Evening
Classes) was arranged in thousands of schools. The teaching of the Holy Qur'an and
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translation of the Holy Quran was announced in educational institutions. It was also
announced to make the subject of Islamiat compulsory up to BA, [Link]. classes.
Health Reforms
Many new hospitals and dispensaries were opened to provide medical
treatment to the people. Training of medical staff on modern lines was arranged.
Economic Reforms
The government arranged loans for the construction of small houses for the

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people. The Lahore-Islamabad Motorway project which was started during the first term
of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, was completed in the second term. In 1998, Prime
Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif

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inaugurated the motorway. The government
conducted a census in 1998, according to which
the population of Pakistan was about 130
million. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, in his

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second term, launched a campaign called “Qarz
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Utaro Mulk Sanwaro” scheme and appealed to

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the nation for Qarz-e-Hasna (Loan) to pay off
foreign debts. Billions of rupees were collected Lahore Islamabad Motorway
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under this scheme.

Social Reforms
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In 1998 the government launched “Khidmat Committee” scheme to promote

the welfare of the people and solve problems at the local level across the country. In
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every “Khidmat Committee” one seat was reserved for women to ensure women
representation.
Constitutional Reforms
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The following amendments were made in the Constitution of Pakistan during

this tenure of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif:
Thirteenth Amendment 1997
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Powers of the president to dismiss government and dissolve assemblies were

withdrawn through the Thirteenth Amendment.
14th Amendment 1997
This amendment was undertaken to ensure party loyalty and discipline. Under
this amendment floor crossing was (changing party) made unlawful. It stipulated that if
a member of parliamentary party was found indulging in illegal activities, legal action
could be taken against him in seven days.
15th Amendment 1998
This amendment was made to make the office of the Prime Minister more
powerful. It was approved by National Assembly. However, it did not win approval of
Senate.
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16th Amendment1999
The 16th Amendment discussed the tenure of government employees. The
quota system was extended for further 20 years.
Administrative Reforms
The Nawaz Sharif government formed “Khidmat Committees” to solve the
problems of the people at the grassroot and local level. In 1997, Pakistanis living abroad
were given the right to vote. The Nawaz Sharif government detonated nuclear bombs in
response to India's nuclear blasts on May 28 and 30, 1998 which makes Pakistan the

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world's 7th nuclear Power. To commemorate this day, “Yom-e-Takbir” is celebrated on
May 28 every year. In 1999, Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee came to Lahore.

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Several steps were announced to normalize relations between the two countries. A joint
declaration was also signed, which was named as the “Lahore Declaration”. The
government deployed Army personnel in WAPDA in 1999 to reduce the growing load
shedding, which has yielded good results.

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The End of the Government
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The Kargil incident had caused some differences between Prime Minister Mian

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Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and Chief of Army Staff, General Pervez Musharraf. General
Pervez Musharraf was abroad on an official visit. In his absence, Prime Minister Nawaz
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Sharif appointed General Zia-ud-Din as Chief of Army Staff, but senior army officials
refused to recognize him as Chief of Army Staff. On October 12, 1999, General Pervez
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Musharraf overthrew the government of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and the
National and Provincial Assemblies were dissolved.
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Muhammad Nawaz Sharif's Third Term 2013-17

Pakistan Muslim League (N) made a good comeback in the elections of 2013.
Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif took oath as the Prime Minister for the third term.
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Following were his main achievements:

Industrial Reforms
This term of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif's government began with
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confidence. Significant steps were taken to set up and develop new industries in the
country.
Agricultural Reforms
Steps were taken to provide cheap electricity, seeds and fertilizers to the farmers
at subsidised prices. Special measures were also taken to promote the use of modern
machinery for the development of agriculture.
Educational Reforms
A program was launched to open new educational institutions and upgrade old
schools. Special attention was paid to Islamic education.
Health Reforms
Patients in government hospitals were provided free emergency treatment and
 History of Pakistan-II
14 Chapter 5
(1947-Till Now)
medicines. Modern facilities were provided in hospitals and dispensaries.
Economic Reforms
Numerous measures were taken to improve the economy and to eliminate load
shedding.
Social Reforms
Many steps were taken for the social welfare, development and for solving
problems of people at the local level.
Constitutional Reforms

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Following constitutional reforms were executed in this period:
21st Amendment 2015
Military courts were set up after the tragedy of Army Public School in Peshawar (APS)

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22nd Amendment 2016
This amendment was executed to reform election commission of Pakistan and
redefine powers and functions of the commission. After this amendment a bureaucrat
and technocrat can become member of election commission.
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23rd Amendment 2017
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e
In 2015, the National Assembly established military courts for two years through
21st Amendment. This two year term ended on January 6, 2017. The Amendment
extended the term of military courts for another two years until January 6, 2019.
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24th Amendment 2017

Constituencies were reconstituted based on the census results.
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th
25 Amendment 2018
The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) were annexed to Khyber
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Pakhtunkhwa Province.
Administrative Reforms
Nawaz Sharif government took many steps to bring the country to normalcy and
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restore peace in the country. Prime minister visited America in 2013. There he met
American president Barak Obama. Both the leaders expressed their desire to have more
cordial and closer relations between the two countries. Military action “Zarb-e-Azb” was
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started in the wake of tragedy of Army Public school (APS) Peshawar. The action was
focused against militants active in Waziristan, Swat and Bara. The operation against the
militants was a great success.
Change of Prime Minister
On July28, 2017 Supreme court of Pakistan declared Nawaz Sharif incompetent
to hold the office of prime minister. So, he has to quit. He was replaced by Shahid
Khaqan Abbasi in 2017.
(V) General Pervez Musharraf's Era 1999-2008
In October 1999, General Pervez Musharraf overthrew the PML-N government
and became the Chief Executive of Pakistan. On June 20, 2001, he became the President
of Pakistan. National and provincial assemblies were dissolved. A state of emergency
was declared in the country and a new administration was formed. General Pervez
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1 Pakistan Studies 15

Musharraf obtained permission from the Supreme Court to

rule for three years. He also promised to hold early elections in
the country. The key reforms of General Pervez Musharraf are
described below:
Industrial Reforms
General Pervez Musharraf took a number of steps to
move the country on the path of economic growth and to
accelerate the process of industrial development in the

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country, including revival of industries and encouraging of General Pervez
investment, as well as protecting investors. During Musharraf's Musharraf

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rule, many new industries were established in the country, including automotive
industry, motorcycle industry, sugar industry, chemical industry, basic necessities
manufacturing industries, electronics manufacturing industry, cement industry and the
steel industry The establishment of these industries improved the Pakistan economy.

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Plans were made to convert thermal plants into gas and coal plants for uninterrupted
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power supply. During this period, the share of industries in GDP was around 13%.

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General Pervez Musharraf established a privatization commission to expedite the
process of privatization. The commission enabled the process of privatization of large
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industries through privatization. Thus, privatization of educational institutions, PTCL

and financial institutions was carried out. These efforts were aimed at advancing the
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country's economic development process.

Agricultural Reforms
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Innovation was introduced for the development of agriculture sector. Special

incentives were given to the farmers. Government gave policy package for the repair
and pavement of watering channels to irrigate the fields.
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Educational Reforms
Under Enlighted Moderation, the curriculum was changed. For the first time,
students of deeni Madaris (Islamic education institutions) were taught computer,
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science and other science subjects.

Health Reforms
The government took steps to organize health sector on modern lines. Many
steps were taken to provide better treatment facilities to the people. A special
ambulance service (Rescue 1122) was launched to carry patients to the hospital.
Economic Reforms
During the rule of General Pervez Musharraf, the entire strategy was towards
economic development. When General Pervez Musharraf came to power, the global
response to Pakistan's nuclear blasts was having a negative impact on the economy.
Pakistan's economic situation has improved despite the September 11, 2001 attacks on
the World Trade Center in New York City, threats from India and the civil war in
 History of Pakistan-II
16 Chapter 5
(1947-Till Now)

Afghanistan. Due to the terrorist incidents in the United States, Pakistan became
important. Due to the assistance of Western countries, Pakistan's economy was
supported and the pace of economic growth was about seven (7) percent. Overall, this
period can be called an economically stable period.
Social Reforms
During the tenure of General Pervez Musharraf, terms like Enlighted and
Moderation were very popular. He adopted an independent policy in Pakistan. This was
a time when, on the one hand, American intervention in Afghanistan worsened the

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situation after the withdrawal of Russia, and on the other, terrorism and extremism were
rampant in the country. Many private television channels were introduced in the

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country, many newspapers and new magazines were launched. For the first time,
women were joined in the Air Force as flying fighters. Apart from the medical corps,
women were recruited as cadets and engineers for the first time in the army. Women
were recruited as "traffic wardens". A woman Dr. Shamshad Akhtar was made the

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Governor of the State Bank of Pakistan. During Musharraf's rule, seats in the National
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and Provincial Assemblies were reserved for women. Under the self-sufficiency and

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employment scheme, women were given loans from banks on easy terms.
Constitutional Reforms
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During the rule of General Pervez Musharraf, the 17th Amendment was made in
the Constitution of Pakistan in 2003, giving the President the powers to dissolve the
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National Assembly and Provincial Assemblies.

Administrative Reforms
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General Pervez Musharraf implemented the Local Government System from

August 14, 2001.
The system was introduced to ensure the establishment of local governments
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and the devolution of power to lower levels. The system had three main objectives:
1. Availability of resources at the district level 2. Resolving local issues at the local level
3. Transfer of powers to lower level
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The basic unit of this system was the Union Council. The head of the union
council was called Nazim. The status of Tehsil / Town Council was higher than that of
Union Council. All Naib Nazim of Union Councils of Tehsil or Town were members of this
council. At the district level, a District Council was established. The Nazim of all the union
councils of the district were members of the district council. The district council was
headed by a Nazim.
General Elections 2002
General Pervez Musharraf held general elections in 2002 after completing three
years of his rule. The elections were held under a presidential order. In these elections,
342 members of the National Assembly were elected, (272 members elected directly, 60
seats for women and 10 for minorities seats were allocated by quota). The basic
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1 Pakistan Studies 17

qualification to participate in the election was at least a BA (Graduation). In addition, the

requirement to be a Muslim to participate in the general elections was abolished.
The Muslim League (Quaid-e-Azam) won the majority in these elections. Mir
Zafarullah Khan Jamali from Balochistan was elected Prime Minister. Mir Zafarullah Khan
Jamali's government lasted only one and a half year and he resigned as per the decision
of his political party. He was replaced by interim Prime Minister Chaudhry Shujaat
Hussain. Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain, taking oath as the Prime Minister, announced that
he has become the Prime Minister only for the interim term and the future Prime

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Minister will be his Finance Minister Shaukat Aziz. Shaukat Aziz became the Prime
Minister after being elected a member of the National Assembly.

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Do you Know?
Mir Zaffarullah Khan Jamali was the only person from Balochistan who became
Prime Minister of Pakistan after the general elections of 2002.

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(VI) Syed Yousaf Raza Gilliani's Era 2008-2012
fo n o
In the 2008 elections, the Pakistan People's Party won a majority and Syed Yousuf

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Raza Gillani became the Prime Minister. He served as Prime Minister until 2012. The
important reforms of this period were as follows:
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Industrial Reforms
The government took many steps for industrial development, but there was a
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severe crisis of electricity and gas. Oil prices were rose.

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Agricultural Reforms
Under farmer friendly measures, subsidized tractors
were provided to ten thousand small farmers. Crops prices
were increased and other measures were taken.
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Educational Reforms
The government, in collaboration with the National
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Commission for Human Development, launched the Adult

Education Programme to provide education to adults. Steps
were taken to rebuild destroyed educational institutions in
terror-hit areas.
Health Reforms Syez Yousaf Raza Gillani
To improve the health related services for the people in
hospitals, doctors, nurses and other medical staff were
recruited and their salaries were increased.
Economic Reforms
Key initiatives during this period included the Seventh National Financial Award,
the Benazir Income Support Programme, the Waseela-e-Haq Programme, development
and protection of women, and the allocation of 10% quota in government jobs for
 History of Pakistan-II
18 Chapter 5
(1947-Till Now)

women.
Do you Know?
Mr. Yousaf Gillani enjoyed longest term as Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Social Reforms
The government took steps for the welfare and protection of women like
protection from household torture and harassment at workplace. Laws and rules were

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made in this respect. The government showed its interest in poverty alleviation in the
country.
Constitutional Reforms

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The following amendments were made in the Constitution of Pakistan during
the tenure of Syed Yousuf Raza Gillani:
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18 Amendment:
The 18th Amendment was passed in 2010, through which the name of North-

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West Frontier Province (NWFP) was changed to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The concurrent list
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between the federation and the provinces has been abolished. A Judicial Commission of

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Pakistan and a Parliamentary Committee were formed for the appointment of judges of
the Higher Courts.
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19th Amendment:
Under this amendment number of members of Judicial commission was
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increased from 7 to 9.
20th Amendment 2012:
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The amendment was intended to provide legal protection to the by-elections of

28 members of the Senate, National Assembly and Provincial Assemblies.
Administrative Reforms
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The war on terror continued successfully. Under Aghaz-e-Haqooq-e-

Balochistan, legitimate rights were given to Balochistan province. Several administrative
measures were taken, including the internal autonomy of Gilgit Baltistan.
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End of the Government

On June 19, 2012, Syed Yousuf Raza Gillani had to resign from his office
following a Supreme Court decision in a contempt of court case. After that, Raja Pervez
Ashraf remained the Prime Minister till 2013.
General Elections 2018
General elections were held in Pakistan on July 25, 2018 to elect members of the
National Assembly and four Provincial Assemblies. In these general elections, Imran
Khan's Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party won and Imran Khan became the Prime
Minister of Pakistan. Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) succeeded in forming governments
in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab besides the Centre. This government initiated a
number of reforms given as under:
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1 Pakistan Studies 19

Industrial Reforms
Industries were in crisis due to the energy problem.
Electricity, gas and oil prices were controlled for
development of industries. To provide affordable electricity
to consumers on a regular basis, the government began
negotiations with Independent Power Producers (IPPs) to
review the basic agreement.

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Agricultural Reforms
Loans were provided to the farmers to speed up
agriculture sector development. Paved roads were built from Imran Khan

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the fields to the commercial markets.
Educational Reforms
For the development of education, a new curriculum was formulated on the
principle of one nation one curriculum. In the first phase, uniform curriculum and books
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were introduced from Grade one to Grade five.
fo n o
e
The second phase includes the curriculum and
books for the Grade 6th to 8th, while the third
phase includes the curriculum and books for
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the Grade 9th to 12th. The new curriculum will

meet the modern educational needs of
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children besides promoting character

building, morality and patriotism. The
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traditional rote learning system will be

discouraged and students' ability to think and Scene of Educational Activity in a School
understand will be enhanced.
eb

Health Reforms
The Sehat Insaf Card was issued under the Sehat
Sahulat Programme for the treatment of the people, under
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which the poor and needy people was provided the facility of
treatment in the hospitals. Millions of families benefited from
this programme. Sehat Insaf Card
Economic Reforms
The Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government launched a number of schemes
and programmes for the welfare of the poor, employment of youth, providing equal
opportunities to women and empowering them. Several steps were taken to strengthen
the country's economy. The projects and programmes launched by Prime Minister
Imran Khan include construction of Diamer Bhasha Dam, Ehsaas Kafaalat Programme,
Youth Skills Development Programme, Naya Pakistan Housing Programme, Plant for
Pakistan (10 Billion Tree Tsunami), Ehsaas saylani langar, Panahgah(s) (Shelters Homes),
 History of Pakistan-II
20 Chapter 5
(1947-Till Now)

Digital Pakistan and many other projects.

Do you Know?
On July 4, 2018 Supereme Court of Pakistan ordered the government to start
work on the construction of Diamir Bhasha and Mehmand dams. A committee headed
by chairman WAPDA was also constituted to oversee the matter.

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Social Reforms
In order to provide food, shelter and protection to the poor and the needy “Langar

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Khaney” (food points) and shelter homes have been opened in large cities of the country.

Administrative Reforms
Citizens of many countries, including China, Malaysia, Turkey, United Kingdom
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fo n o
and the United Arab Emirates, were granted visa on arrival in Pakistan. The Pakistan

e
Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government took significant steps in the field of tourism and in
this regard, a National Coordination Board were constituted under the Pakistan Tourism
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Development Corporation to promote tourism in the country.

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Do you Know?
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Gilgit Baltistan legislature consists of 33 members. Out of these 24 are directly elected
by popular vote, 6 seats are reserved for women and 3 are reserved for technocrats.
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Constitution of Pakistan 1973

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto formed a 25 member committee with
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the support of all major political parties to draft the constitution of

Pakistan. This committee proceeded with the process of drafting
the constitution. In the preparation of the constitution, the thinking
and suggestions of the opposition were given special place. The
report of the Constitutional Committee was debated in the
Assembly. In the light of this report, a few more suggestions were
Constitution of
incorporated in the draft proposal. Thus, the constitution making Islamic Republic
process was completed. It was formally enacted on August 14, of Pakistan
1973.
Key points
The following are some of the key points of the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan:
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1 Pakistan Studies 21

(i) The constitution is of Islamic nature. No law can be made against Islamic
principles.
(ii) Federal system was established in the country. Pakistan will be a federal state
consisting of four provinces Punjab, Sindh, NWFP (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa),
Balochistan and Federal Territory.
(iii) The issue of provincial autonomy was resolved by devolving powers between
the Centre and the provinces.
(iv) Under the Constitution, two bicameral legislatures were established in the

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country. The upper house was renamed the Senate while the lower house was
renamed the National Assembly.
(v) Provincial Assemblies were established in the provinces.

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(vi) An independent and sovereign judiciary was established under the Constitution.
The Supreme Court was established at the Centre while four High Courts were
established in the four provinces.
(vii)
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A parliamentary system has been established in the country. The President of
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Pakistan is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of the

e
government.
(viii) The party which commands majority in National Assembly shall form the Federal
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Government.
(ix) It has been declared mandatory for the President and the Prime Minister to be
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Muslims.
(x) Fundamental Human rights are guaranteed.
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Pakistan as Nuclear Power

May 28, 1998 is a very important day for Pakistan. On this day, Pakistan shattered
India's dream of supremacy by detonating nuclear explosions. Pakistan's nuclear
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explosions were in response to India's nuclear explosions (May 11 and 13, 1998).
Pakistan was put under a lot of pressure by
the world powers to refrain from carrying out
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a nuclear blast, but the government of

Pakistan rejected the pressure of the world
powers. Pakistan endured sanctions imposed
by the United States and the Western world,
but made its defense invincible.
On May 28, 1998, Pakistan detonated nuclear
explosions in the mountainous region of
Chaghi in Balochistan province. Thus, Scene of Nuclear Explosions in
Pakistan has joined the list of nuclear powers. Chagai (Balochistan)
Pakistan is the first nuclear power in the Islamic world. In the wake of these nuclear
explosions, May 28 is celebrated as Youm-e-Takbeer every year in Pakistan.
 History of Pakistan-II
22 Chapter 5
(1947-Till Now)

Exercise
1. Four possible options are given for each statement. Mark ( ) on the correct
option:
(i) Holding office of Prime minister during the period 1985-88:
(a) Muhammad Khan Junejo (b) Mian Nawaz Sharif
(c) Mir Zaffarullah Jamali (d) Shaukat Aziz
(ii) Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in:

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(a) 1996


(b) 1999
(c) 1997 (d) 1998
(iii) World Trade Centre incident (9/11) happened:

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(a) In 2001

(b) In 2003
(c) In 2005


(d) In 2007
(iv) Elected as president of Pakistan in 1988:
(a)Fazal Elahi Chaudhry (b) Ghulam Ishaq Khan
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fo n o
(c) Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari (d) Muhammad Rafiq Tarar

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(v) The amendment in the Constitution 1973 made floor crossing unlawful:
th th
(a) 8 amendment (b) 13 Amendment
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(c) 14th amendment (d) 18th amendment

2. Write the short answers.
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I) What is Yaum-e-Takbeer?
ii) Write three basic objectives of Local Government system enforced by General Pervez
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Musharraf?
iii) State five main projects initiated by Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf Government.
iv) What is significance of Motorway?
v) How president of Pakistan is elected?
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3. Give detailed answer to the following questions:

i) Describe Agricultural and Industrial Reforms enforced by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
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ii) What industrial, economic and social reforms were introduced by Pervez Musharraf?
iii) In the context of Benazir Bhutto's both terms as Prime minister, which era was better
for people?
iv) Give a description of economic reforms of Mian Nawaz Sharif.
v) Write some salient features of 1973 constitution of Pakistan.

Activity for the Students

· Organize an essay competition with reference to Yaum-e-Takbir.

Instructions for teachers

Ÿ Enlighten the students about merits and demerits of nationalization of educational
institutions.
 010
1 Pakistan Studies seidutS nStudies
Pakistan atsikaP 010
1
Pakistan and World
6
Affairs
Student’s Learning Outcomes

After studying this chapter students will be able to:

1. Describe the strategic location and importance of Pakistan.

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2. Explain the objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy.
3. Narrate Pakistan's relations with immediate neighbouring states.
4. Explain the genesis and development of Kashmir issue, UN involvement and

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declaration on Jammu and Kashmir.
5. Highlight Pakistan's relations with the Central Asian countries.
6. Discuss Pakistan's relations with OIC countries.
7. Explain Pakistan's relations with SAARC countries.
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fo n o
8. Describe Pakistan's relations with USA, China, U.K., EU, Russia and Japan.

e
9. Describe CPEC and its impact on national economy.
[Link] Pakistan's contribution towards peace keeping in the world.
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Geo-political significance of Pakistan

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Pakistan has geographical and political importance all over the world due to its
special location. Pakistan's policy makers firmly believe that Pakistan is of
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unprecedented geographical importance, as all trade routes of Central Asia pass

through Pakistan. The defense, military, economic and political importance of the
region in which Pakistan is located is significant for the following reasons:
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1- Trade Route
Pakistan is connected to China in the north. The Karakoram Highway connects
China and Pakistan by land. This highway is built by cutting the rocks of Karakoram chain
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and it is an important trade highway between China and Pakistan. Pakistan has very
friendly relations with China.
2- Land and Sea Routes
Pakistan is close to the oil producing Gulf countries (countries around the
Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Oman and Qatar,
etc.) and it lies between the Muslim world, which stretches from Morocco in the west to
Indonesia in the east. The industrial development of many Western countries depends
on oil production of the Gulf countries. This oil is shipped to other countries via the
Arabian Sea, and Karachi is a major port in the Arabian Sea. Pakistan provides land and
sea services to Afghanistan for trade. Karachi is an international port and airport. It
connects Europe to Asia by air and sea. All the countries that want to connect with the
Middle East and Central Asia cannot ignore the location of Pakistan.
24 Pakistan and World Affairs Chapter 6

3- Good relations with different countries

Wakhan is a narrow strip of land of Afghanistan in the north of Pakistan, which
separates Pakistan's northern border from Tajikistan. Pakistan has very cordial relations
with this Central Asian country. India is located in the east of Pakistan and Muslim
countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam to the far east. Pakistan
has very good relations with all these countries. Iran is located on the southwestern
border of Pakistan. Pakistan is a founding member of the Economic Cooperation
Organization (ECO) with Iran and Turkey. As a result of this cooperation, very friendly

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relations have been established between all the member countries. These countries
have signed a number of agreements of mutual interest. Pakistan has very friendly
relations with Muslim countries in the Middle East and the Gulf. Pakistan has played an

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important role in the development of these countries. Countries like Saudi Arabia and
the United Arab Emirates are a second home for Pakistanis.
4-Tourism

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Pakistan has ancient civilizations of Indus Valley
fo n o
and Gandhara and they are very important from the

e
point of view of tourism. Similarly, Kagan Valley, Khyber
Pass, Swat and Gilgit-Baltistan are very popular resorts
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for tourists. Pakistan's highest mountain peak is K-2, with

a height of about 8611 metres, which is the second
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highest peak in the world. This is very interesting for

mountaineer. Other popular tourist destinations in
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Scene of a Tourist Destination

Pakistan include Taxila, Peshawar, Karachi, Lahore and of Pakistan
Murree etc.
5-Nuclear Power
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Pakistan is an important and responsible nuclear power of the world and is

highly regarded and respected in the Muslim world. The eyes of Muslim countries are on
Pakistan to play a leading role for common development and progress.
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6- Kashmir Issue
If the Kashmir core issue between Pakistan and India is resolved, peace will
prevail in the entire South Asian region and trade will flourish. Good, political and
economic relations between the two countries will help alleviate poverty in the region.
7-China Pakistan's Economic Corridor (CPEC)
Under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor project Gwadar port (island) can
be developed as a hub of economic activities. This will facilitate trade between Europe,
United States and many other countries of the world. Thus, Pakistan will become the
center of economic activity.
Objectives of Pakistan's Foreign Policy
The term “Foreign policy” refers to the strategy of a country for relations with
 010
1 Pakistan Studies 25

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fo n o
e
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other countries. Every country establishes relations with other countries to protect its
national interests. In our present day world, no state can meet all its needs alone. Due to
the reason large and small countries of the world has to establish relations with the
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other Nations. These relations help them to fulfill economic, social, industrial and
defense needs. Each country determines its foreign policy priorities on the basis of its
objectives and interests. These priorities and objectives determine the path and level of
relationship between the countries of the world.
Pakistan's foreign policy, like that of other states, is in line with the priorities of
national needs. The people of Pakistan want the protection of their sovereignty, national
security, prosperity, protection of Islamic values, protection of cultural values and
economic prosperity in the rapidly developing world through the use of their resources
and the cooperation of the United Nations. The main objectives of Pakistan's foreign
policy are as follows:
26 Pakistan and World Affairs Chapter 6

(i) Protection of Ideology of Pakistan

Pakistan is the only Islamic country in the world founded on the basis of Islamic
ideology. The Muslims of the subcontinent had acquired this homeland so that they
could lead their lives according to the commands of the Holy Qur'an and Sunnah. The
protection of ideology of Pakistan is just as important as the protection of its
geographical boundaries. The protection of Pakistan's ideology has been given a
prominent place in foreign policy. Through foreign policy, agreements are made to
promote closer cooperation with the Muslim Brotherhood, as well as economic, political

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and cultural activities. Like domestic policy, the security of Pakistan is of paramount
importance in foreign policy.

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(ii) National Security

The main purpose of Pakistan's foreign policy is to protect national security.
Therefore, it is in the national interest to protect Pakistan's sovereignty and
geographical and ideological boundaries. Every step taken against national security

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should be stopped and Pakistan should be protected. The protection and survival of
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national security requires unity and stability in the country as well as close cooperation

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with the outside world. Since the establishment of Pakistan, Iran, China, Saudi Arabia
and other friendly countries gave full support to Pakistan on all fronts. This was the result
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of Pakistan's successful foreign policy. Now, for the protection of Pakistan's borders,
internal security and protection of sovereignty, the establishment of cordial relations
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with the United Nations has a central place in Pakistan's foreign policy.
(iii) Promotion of Culture or Cultural Development
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Like other nations of the world Pakistanis love their culture. Pakistani culture is a
reflection of Islamic values. Values like tolerance, respect for humanity, bravery, honour,
modesty and respect for privacy (‫ ) دراور رد ارى‬are special to our culture. Pakistan has
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persistently pursued a policy to establish friendly and brotherly relations with such
countries through which Pakistani culture is not only preserved but also promoted. For
this purpose, cultural relations with the brotherly Islamic countries are enhanced and
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cultural delegations are exchanged between these states. In the Western world,
Pakistani clothing, embroidery, embroidered kurtas, shalwars, sheets and other items
are especially popular. In this way, cultural relations between the states are
strengthened.
(iv) Economic Growth
Promoting economic activity is considered essential for economic growth.
Agriculture is the occupation of the majority of the population of Pakistan. For the
development of agriculture and the growth of the economy, Pakistan needs to further
strengthen its relations with the agriculturally and industrially developed states. In this
way, using the experience of developed states, we can strengthen our economy by
developing our agriculture and industry. Educational development is essential for
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1 Pakistan Studies 27

economic development. Only on the basis of technological advancement can

agriculture, industry and business be developed. In order to acquire technical and
industrial knowledge, industrial and technical sciences can be promoted in their country
by establishing relations with the industrialized developed states. These goals can only
be achieved through a successful foreign policy.
Pakistan's Relations with the Neighbouring Countries
Pakistan is a peaceful Islamic country with nuclear capability. Pakistan has always

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sought to maintain friendly relations with its neighbours. The following is an overview of
Pakistan's relations with its neighbouring countries:
India

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· India is Pakistan's neighbour. The existence of Pakistan has emerged from the
subcontinent; therefore, many aspects of Pakistan's history, geography and
culture are common with India. The length of the common border between the
two countries is about 2163 kilometres.
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· According to international norms Pakistan's relations with India should be very
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close, deep-rooted and stable. But this goal could not be achieved. Since the
partition of the Indian subcontinent, many issues have been unresolved
between India and Pakistan. India has always been pushing Pakistan back to
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wall. But with the grace of Allah Almighty and the determination of the Pakistani
nation and armed forces, this country has always been always safe protected.
N rs

· History of Pakistan India relations is more a history of conflicts and clash. The
first war was fought in 1948 on the Kashmir front. In this war, the Pakistani
Ve

people, tribal warriors and the armed forces bravely faced the Indian armed
forces. They not only successfully defended the motherland but also liberated a
significant area of Azad Jammu and Kashmir from Indian occupation. Tribal
eb

warriors played a leading role in this conflict. They reached in the vicinity of
Srinagar.
· Indian Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru took the dispute to United
W

Nations, where Security Council passed a resolution for ceasefire. Pandit

Jawaharlal Nehru admitted in the Security Council that he would give Kashmiris
right to self-determination. But later, India did not keep its promise. On the night
of September 6, 1965, war broke out between Pakistan and India on the Lahore,
Kasur and Sialkot fronts. The Pakistani army bravely responded to the Indian
attack and pushed the enemy back.
· In December 1971, war once again broke out between India and Pakistan. In this
war, India was out with a different strategy. They had the support of a segment
of local population (organized, equipped and trained by India) of East Pakistan.
As result of this war Pakistan lost its Eastern part (East Pakistan). East Pakistan
emerged on the world map on December 16, 1971 under the name of
28 Pakistan and World Affairs Chapter 6

Bangladesh.
· Besides wars India created many other Problems for Pakistan. The scene soured
relations between the two neighbours. India created water problem for Pakistan
by stopping water of rivers flowing down to Pakistan. India refused to give
Pakistan's share in the common assets of pre-partition days. Questions were
raised on the issue of affiliation of states. Furthermore, India raised disputes in
respect of borders and boundaries. Leadership of India has never shown
readiness to resolve these disputes.

TB
· A number of confidence-building issues were discussed between the two
countries, including trade, bus service, exchange of delegations and the
Kartarpur corridor. The people of both countries also want that resources are

al PC
spent on war to be spent on solving the problems of the people. Without
settling Kashmir issue permanent peace and good relations based on mutual
understanding are not possible between the two countries.
· According to Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (‫)رﲪـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﺘﻪﷲﻋﻠـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﯿﻪ‬, Kashmir is the
rs f
fo n o
lifeblood of Pakistan, so a just solution to the Kashmir issue is essential for the

e
establishment of cordial relations between the two states.
Iran
ot io

· Iran is Pakistan's Islamic brother neighbouring country. Iran was the first country
to recognize Pakistan after its formation. From the very beginning, Pakistan and
N rs

Iran have enjoyed cordial and strong relations. The two brotherly countries have
always expressed good feelings for each other and cooperated with each other
Ve

internationally. A number of cooperation agreements have been signed

between the two brotherly countries. Initially, Iran offered assistance to meet
Pakistan's economic needs.
eb

· The “Regional Cooperation for Development Cooperation” (RCD) agreement

between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey brought the three states closer together.
During the reign of General Ayub Khan, through this agreement, the three
W

brotherly countries were cooperating a lot with each other. This cooperation was
of an economic, military and political nature. During the war days oil supply was
of particular importance due to the heavy costs of war. Iran has been generous in
this hour of need. At the international level, too, Iran has been supporting
Pakistan's position.
· During the rule of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's era, Pakistan and Iran got closer to each
other. Iran not only provided concessions on existing loans, but it also provided
more loans to Pakistan. This act helped Pakistan in lessening the ill effects of the
1971 Indo-Pak war, and doing restoration activity. Religious and cultural
cooperation between Pakistan and Iran has helped both the nations to get closer
to one another.
 010
1 Pakistan Studies 29

Do you know?

The official religion of the Islamic Republic of Iran is Islam. National language
is Persian; its currency is Iranian Riyal. The capital of Iran is Tehran. It is one of the
oldest civilizations of the world. Thanks to vast oil reserves of Iran, that assign it has
an important place in international politics.
· Millions of pilgrims from Pakistan pay visit to holy places in Iran. Pakistan and
Iran are very active members of the Organization of the Islamic Cooperation.

TB
Although this organization is not very active in solving the problems of the
Muslim Ummah, it still helps in solving many small problems. Pakistan and Iran
are also members of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO). Thus, the

al PC
Central Asian states, Pakistan and Iran, work closely together.
· After the American invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, America has repeatedly
expressed its aggressive intentions against Iran. Pakistan has always
discouraged these American intentions and has openly declared its support for
rs f
fo n o
Iran. These two brotherly countries can play a more useful role for each other

e
and for the United Nations. So, it is important for both the countries to increase
cooperation in financial, geographical, industrial and human resources.
ot io

Cooperation in these areas will accelerate growth process of both the states.
Afghanistan
N rs

· After the formation of Pakistan, Afghanistan recognized Pakistan in 1948 and

thus began diplomatic relations. Afghanistan has a long common border with
Ve

Pakistan. The two countries have strong ties of religion, history and culture. The
history of people-to-people relations between the two states spans centuries, so
the two countries have close and deep ties. At the governmental level, there
have been many ups and downs in Pakistan-Afghanistan relations.
eb

· During the Russian invasion of Afghanistan, Pakistan sided with the Afghan
people. Millions of Afghan refugees from Afghanistan fled to Pakistan. Pakistan
W

sheltered them on purely humanitarian grounds and offered a practical example

of mutual assistance. Pakistan openly condemned the Russian aggression and
made every effort to restore Afghanistan's independent Islamic identity. The
Afghan people defended their homeland with the cooperation of the United
States and Pakistan and thus ended the Russian occupation. After the Taliban era
began, Pak-Afghan relations improved significantly.
· Before the establishment of Pakistan, when the subcontinent was under British
occupation, the British were always worried that Russia's power would not
extend to the northwestern border or the government of Afghanistan should
not create chaos in the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa). To get rid of these dangers, the Viceroy of India wrote a letter to
the Governor of Afghanistan, Amir Abdul Rehman Khan, and at his invitation,
30 Pakistan and World Affairs Chapter 6

Indian Foreign Minister Mortimer Durand visited Kabul in September 1893.

TB
al PC
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fo n o
e
ot io
N rs

South Asia Map

Ve

· In November 1893, a 100-year agreement was reached between the two

governments. This resulted in the demarcation of the border, called the Durand
Line. It is approximately 2611 km long. After the formation of Pakistan, the
government of Pakistan maintained this agreement, but Afghanistan is
eb

deviating from it. As a result, relations between the two countries are strained.
The border between Pakistan and Afghanistan is still called the "Durand Line".
W

· Afghanistan is a landlocked country. It has no sea, so its maritime trade is

through Pakistan. Although Afghanistan lacks oil and other means of
transportation, it is geographically located between Central Asia, South Asia,
and the Middle East. It has racial, religious and cultural ties to all three regions.
Afghanistan is very important for Central Asian countries because they have to
use Pakistani ports through Afghanistan.
· The United States invaded Afghanistan after the September 11, 2001 terrorist
attacks in the United States. It overthrew the Taliban government in
Afghanistan. Top Afghan and Pakistani officials have visited each other's
countries several times. Now the Talibans have come in power again. Better
relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan can be expected in the future.
 010
1 Pakistan Studies 31

China
· Pak-China friendship can be considered an example in international relations.
There exists a clear cultural difference between the two states. However national
interests and openness of mind and heart have brought the two states very
close to each other. After the establishment of China in 1949, Pakistan
recognized it as an independent and sovereign country.
· Pak-China relations have been cordial and constructive from the very beginning.
The length of the common border between the two countries is about 599 km.

TB
China has played an important role in the building and development of Pakistan.
In the wars between Pakistan and India, China sided with Pakistan generously
and boldly. In this way, the support of a great power raised the spirits of

al PC
Pakistanis
· China faced global challenges in its early days. During this period, Pakistan sided
with China. Pakistan also generously supported China in gaining membership in

rs f
international organizations, while the United States and European states were
fo n o
openly opposed to communist China. Pakistan was also an ally of the United

e
States, but despite this, Pakistan maintained friendship with China.
Do you know?
ot io

The People's Republic of China is the world's largest country by population.

N rs

Every year on October 1, the China people celebrate their Independence Day with
full national enthusiasm and dignity. The name of the currency of China is Yuan.
Ve

· China has played a very active and effective role in Pakistan's industrial and
economic development. China has a special role to play in Pakistan's nation
eb

building. China has rendered great service in respect of tank and aircraft
manufacturing in Pakistan. By virtue of cooperation Pakistan's armaments
industry has made a rapid progress. In addition, China is also fully supporting
W

Pakistan's various defense projects.

Ÿ The Karakoram Highway is a great symbol
of Pak-China friendship. It is also known as
the Silk Route. The two countries trade and
travel with each other through this road.
· At present, the China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor (CPEC) is very important. In every
era, Pakistan and China have taken steps to A Beautiful Scene of Karakoram
strengthen their relationship. Highway

Kashmir Issue
· Pakistan and India both claim to stand on Jammu and Kashmir issue is fair and
32 Pakistan and World Affairs Chapter 6

just. At the time of Partition of subcontinent, Jammu and Kashmir was a state
under British Raj. When subcontinent was being divided, the areas with Muslim
majority were given to Pakistan and the areas with Hindu majority were given to
India. The majority of the population in Kashmir was Muslim but the ruler was a
Hindu Dogra. Hindu Raja wanted the state of Kashmir to be annexed to India.
Muslim leadership of the time rejected this thesis. Even today Muslims are in
majority. Pakistan's claim is based on the principle of independence, that Muslim
majority areas should be part of Pakistan. India thinks it was ruled by the Hindu

TB
Raja, who wanted to join India, so it is part of India.
· At the time of establishment of Pakistan, Muslims of the state of Jammu and
Kashmir wanted Kashmir to be included in Pakistan. But the Hindu ruler of the

al PC
state wanted to join India. He signed an agreement with Indian government to
join India. The agreement was against the wishes of the people of state as well as
the agreed principle of independence. After the agreement India entered its

rs f
army in Kashmir. Thus, Kashmir came under Indian control. The Kashmiri
fo n o
Muslims raised the banner of jihad and liberated about one third of the Kashmir

e
from Indian forces.
United Nations intervention and its Resolution on Jammu and Kashmir
ot io

· When the Indian forces failed in taking the area from the control of the Kashmiri
Mujahedeen, India took the issue to the Security Council. India took the position
N rs

that Kashmir had formally annexed by India, so the area is part of India. India
further claimed that Pakistan had invaded Kashmir, which meant an attack on
Ve

India.
· Pakistan challenges legitimacy of Indian claim on Kashmir and its accession to
India. Pakistan presented the case of Kashmir before the world. He stressed that
the people of Kashmir should have the right to decide the future of Kashmir not
eb

by the Raja of the state.

· The Security Council passed a resolution in 1949 which called for ceasefire in
W

Kashmir. The ceasefire came into effect after this resolution. In its declaration,
the Security Council acknowledged Pakistan's position that the future of
Kashmir would be decided by the will of the people of the state. A Plebiscite will
be held under the supervision of the United Nations for this purpose.
· Pakistan and India both accepted the resolution of the Security Council. In
accordance with the first part of the Security Council resolution, war in Kashmir
ended on the stipulated time. To prevent ceasefire violations, the United
Nations has appointed observers to monitor the ceasefire line.
India's refusal to Hold Plebiscite
· After initial success arranging cease fire in Kashmir, it was expected that the UN
would hold a plebiscite in Kashmir under its supervision. The United Nations
made some efforts in this direction but no progress was made by India in this
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1 Pakistan Studies 33

regard. India started creating difficulties in the way of free referendum in

Kashmir.
· India knew that the people of Kashmir would vote in favour of joining Pakistan,
so it started appointing its own people to all positions to strengthen its grip on
Kashmir. India deployed a large number of troops there. In order to control the
situation, India flatly refused to hold a referendum, declaring Kashmir its
integral part.
Arrival of UN Envoy in Subcontinent

TB
· The Security Council made several attempts to implement the resolution
adopted in 1949 in order to persuade India to hold a referendum in Kashmir
according to promise.

al PC
· To this end, in 1957, the United Nations sent a representative to India and
Pakistan to review the Kashmir issue. On his part Pakistan gave full assurance of
its cooperation to the envoy. But India refused to cooperate on the issue. Even

rs f
today India is not ready to implement resolution of the Security Council. India
fo n o
has forgotten the promise it made to the Security Council and the people of

e
Kashmir.
ot io
N rs
Ve
eb
W

A Scene of UN Security Council Session on Kashmir Issue

Current Situation
· The Kashmir issue is a long-standing dispute between Pakistan and India. There
have been several wars between Pakistan and India over Kashmir. In addition,
there is an exchange of fire on the border of Occupied Kashmir and Azad
Kashmir, which is called the Line of Control. Because of this, most of the urban
population has been targeted.
· The unsettled Kashmir issue pending since long is a flash point. It is a serious
34 Pakistan and World Affairs Chapter 6

threat to regional and world peace. A solution to this issue is essential for
maintaining world peace.
Pakistan's Relations with Central Asian Countries
· After the dissolution of Soviet Union in 1991, Central Asian Muslim countries
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan came in to
being.
· Pakistan established relations with these countries and expanded its external

TB
relations. These relations further improved with the establishment of Economic
Cooperation Organization (ECO). Pakistan's relations with these countries are
not only based on religion, but also on mutual interests. In the present day world,

al PC
it is beneficial for these countries to cooperate with each other.
· These countries do not have access to sea as they are land locked. Access to sea
is very important to carry international trade. Pakistan has been providing these
countries access to sea. These states are rich in oil and mineral wealth which are

rs f
requirements of Pakistan. Coal, Oil and natural gas are extracted from many
fo n o
countries of the region.

e
· Major portion of the population of the region is engaged in the agriculture
sector. Therefore, they live in valleys and oasis. Agriculture is source of provision
ot io

of food, it provides raw material to the garments and leather industries.

International fame is linked with the colourful carpets and rugs of the region.
N rs

There is great expectation that Pakistan's relations with these countries shall
grow overtime.
Ve

Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and Pakistan

· Pakistan has played an important role in the sessions of the Organization of the
Islamic Cooperation (OIC) for the unity, harmony and cooperation among
eb

Islamic countries. Pakistan has always supported the movements favouring

Muslims, and has raised voice in their favour at United Nations.
· In 1969, when the Israelis set fire to the Al-Aqsa Masjid, it sent a wave of anger
W

among the Muslims around the world. After that, representatives of Muslim
countries gathered in Rabat (Morocco). In this
meeting, Pakistan proposed the formation of a
permanent Organization called the Islamic
Conference, which was supported by all Islamic
countries. Thus, the Organization of the Islamic
Conference (OIC) was established in 1969. Its
headquarter is at Jeddah (Saudi Arabia). Now its new
name is Organization of Islamic Cooperation.
· In 1969, when the first meeting of the OIC was held in
Office of OIC in Jeddah
Rabat, Morocco, Pakistan played an active role in its (Saudi Arabia)
 010
1 Pakistan Studies 35

proceedings. The second Islamic Summit was held in 1974 in Lahore. The
conference was hosted by Pakistan.
· Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Shah Faisal, Muammar Gaddafi, Hafiz-al-Assad, Sheikh
Zayed bin Sultan and Anwar Sadat played a key role in organizing the meeting of
OIC. In the historic city of Lahore leaders and representatives of 40 countries
were present. Delegations from the World Muslim Congress, the Palestine
Liberation Movement (PLO) and the Arab League also attended the conference.
· The government and people of Pakistan fulfilled their responsibilities with great

TB
passion. Pakistan moved a resolution in favour of independence and sovereignty
of Palestine, which was passed unanimously.
· Pakistan has attended all the meetings of the Organization of the Islamic

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Cooperation since 1969. It has played a significant role for the unity of the
Islamic world and resolving the problems of Muslim world.
· The entire Islamic community acknowledges the Pakistan's services for the
success of the OIC, the unity of the Muslim Ummah and establishing special
rs f
fo n o
relations with Islamic countries.

e
Relations between Pakistan and the countries of the
Organization of Islamic Cooperation
ot io

Pakistan's Relations with Saudi Arabia

· Since its establishment Pakistan has close ties with Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia
N rs

has also always supported Pakistan. Shah Faisal used to call Pakistan his second
home. Saudi Arabia has always supported Pakistan's position in international
Ve

politics. The Faisal Masjid in Islamabad is a manifestation of the Pakistani

people's relationship with Saudi Arabia.
· Saudi Arabia has always supported Pakistan's stance on Kashmir issue and raised
eb

voice for the Kashmiri Muslims to self-determination. Both the countries share a
common view on all international issues. Even today, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia
have brotherly relations.
W

Pakistan's Relations with Indonesia and Malaysia

· Pakistan also has close fraternal relations with Indonesia and Malaysia.
Indonesia and Malaysia are Islamic countries in Southeast Asia. Indonesia is the
world's largest Islamic country by population. These countries cooperate with
each other in fields of defense and culture etc.
· Pakistan has signed preferential trade agreements with these countries. After
the agreement volume of bilateral trade has crossed 3 billion dollars. It is clear
indication that these countries are not only a longtime friend, but also
Pakistan's partners in development.
Pakistan's Relations with Iran
· Pakistan has brotherly relations with Iran. Iran was the first country who
36 Pakistan and World Affairs Chapter 6

recognized Pakistan. Brotherly relations between Iran and Pakistan are centuries
old. They are based on historical, religious and cultural values. The two countries
share a border of about 909 km, which has kept the two countries in good
neighbourly relations.
· Pakistan supported the Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979. Iran's full support for
Pakistan's position on Kashmir has also helped bring the two countries closer.
The security and development of Pakistan and Iran are interlinked.
· The two countries are jointly working on ways to control terrorism and the

TB
energy crisis. Iran also interested in developing trade relations with China and
Central Asian countries through China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) .
Pakistan's Relations with Turkey

al PC
· Turkey and Pakistan have deep, eternal and unique relationship. These relations
are an asset and pride for both the nations. There is no precedent in the world
today for such relationship. Both the countries are bosom friends.
· Turkey is a country in the world where Pakistan and its people enjoy so much
rs f
fo n o
respect and esteem. It is a country where people feel proud of their being a

e
Pakistani citizen.
· Turkey, Pakistan and Iran jointly established the RCD in 1964, but ended its
activities in 1979. The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) was
ot io

established in 1985.
· When there was a severe earthquake in Pakistan in 2005, the Turks generously
N rs

donated for the earthquake victims. Turkish doctors, nurses, medical staff and
aid organizations tirelessly helped the victims of earthquake, without caring for
Ve

their comfort.
· On the Kashmir issue, Turkey has given unwavering support to Pakistan. No
other country can rival Turkey in this matter.
eb

Pakistan's Relations with Libya, Egypt and Syria

· Pakistan always desired brotherly relations with Libya, Egypt, and Syria. During
the Pakistan and India war1971, Libya, Egypt and Syria were extremely
W

sympathetic towards Pakistan. These countries provided financial, moral and

political support to Pakistan. This further increased the emotional attachment
between Pakistan and the people of these countries.
· These countries provided financial support to Pakistan to make its defense
strong. These countries provided investment so that "Fortress of Islam" Pakistan
could become a strong country. Leaders of these countries participated in the
1974 Islamic Summit in Lahore and expressed their love for Pakistanis. These
countries also supported Pakistan in the United Nations on many occasions.
· Pakistan stood with these brethren countries during Arab-Israel war. These
countries have always supported Pakistan's position on the Kashmir issue as
well. Cooperation between Pakistan and these Muslim countries in the fields of
agriculture, industry and defense is regular feature of their policy.
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1 Pakistan Studies 37

Pakistan's Relations with Palestine

· In 1948, a state called Israel was established in the land of Palestine with the
support of Western Powers. This was a matter of concern for the Palestinians, but
Israel began to expand its boundaries. Muslim countries, especially the Arab
countries of the area became active. They started efforts to protect the rights of
Palestinians.
· Many wars were fought between Arabs and Israel to liberate the occupied
territories. Arab countries could not succeed due to lack of unity among them.

TB
Thus, main areas of Palestine including Jerusalem came under Israeli control and
the Palestinian issue took a serious turn. Efforts are still being made by the
United Nations, the Islamic world and the major powers of world to establish an

al PC
independent Palestinian state.
· Pakistan has always raised voice for the rights of Palestinian Muslims at every
international forum and drew the attention of the international community to
this issue. Pakistan has always made efforts to solve this problem.
·
rs f
Pakistan has not tendered recognition to Israel up-till now. Pakistan has always
fo n o
contributed huge amounts of money in the United Nation's fund for Palestine. In

e
the wars between the Arab countries and Israel, Pakistan provided all possible
political and moral support to the Arabs.
ot io

· Pakistan played a key role in getting the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
a member of OIC. Pakistan has good relations with the present Palestinian state.
N rs

Pakistan fully supports the position of the Palestinians.

Pakistan and other Muslim Countries
Ve

· Pakistan wants closer ties with the entire Islamic world. In the present era,
Pakistan has adopted a neutral policy instead of supporting any bloc in world
politics.
· Pakistan has established its bilateral relations with Islamic countries in such a
eb

way that they are not against any third Islamic country. Pakistan has good trade
and cultural relations with Jordan, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Nigeria, Iraq,
United Arab Emirates (UEA), Oman and Lebanon etc.
W

· Pakistan principally supports all the freedom movements by the Muslims

throughout the world. Pakistan is committed to provide all possible help in
strengthening defense of Islamic countries. Pakistan has always played a
positive role in the efforts to unite the Islamic world.

Do you know?
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) consists of 10 Asian countries: Pakistan,
Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan
and Uzbekistan. The ECO headquarter is in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Basic objective of
this organization is to promote economic cooperation and exchange goods and
services on the pattern of European Union.
38 Pakistan and World Affairs Chapter 6

Pakistan's Relations with SAARC Countries

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) came into being in 1985.
The organization has eight members, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal,
Maldives, Bhutan and Afghanistan. The SAARC has set following objectives:
(i) Understanding each other's problems and taking steps to build mutual confidence.
(ii) Improve and strengthen collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia.
Develop better understanding and promote cooperation in the Economic, cultural,

TB
technological and scientific fields among the member countries.
(iii) Take a common position on the international issues of mutual interest. Explore ways
to increase cooperation with other regional and international organizations.

al PC
Pakistan's relations with SAARC countries are discussed below:
Pakistan and India
· India is located in the East of Pakistan. Its capital is Delhi. India has opted for
parliamentary system. Several efforts have been made to develop good
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relations and enhance cooperation between the two countries within the
fo n o
e
framework of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).
Pakistan has always expressed its wish to resolve its differences with India
through dialogue.
ot io

· Pak India relations have always been a story of ups and downs. Due to this, the
bilateral relations could not produce any significant result. Pakistan has always
N rs

invited India to come to the negotiation table resolve the unsettled issues
between the two countries but India has always ignored it.
Ve

· In 1988, on the sidelines of the SAARC Conference, Pakistan and Indian Prime
Ministers had the opportunity to meet and sign an agreement. Under the
agreement, the two countries agreed not to attack each other's nuclear facilities.
eb

· Under the SAARC Organization, relations between Pakistan and India have
improved to some extent after 1990. Mutual trade and transportation between
the two countries increased. However these relations could not go beyond a
W

certain limit.
· During the SAARC Conference (Islamabad) in January 2004, talks were held
between the President of Pakistan and the Prime Minister of India. A number of
agreements were made between the two countries. Both leaders declared that
dialogue process shall continue to resolve the unsettled issues between the two
countries.
· Kashmir issue is the basic cause of contention between Pakistan and India. It is
not in the interest of India to come to fair and just solution of Kashmir issue. On
the other hand, Pakistan still stands by its just position that the Kashmir issue be
resolved in accordance with the United Nation's resolutions and the opinion of
the oppressed Kashmiris.
 010
1 Pakistan Studies 39

· SAARC member countries have always played an effective role in resolving the
all issues including Kashmir and water issues between Pakistan and India. India
has always been an obstacle, thus the Kashmir issue is still unresolved. This issue
is a major hindrance to the improvement of relations between the two countries.
Pakistan and Bangladesh
· The first SAARC Summit was held in 1985 and the seventh SAARC Summit was
held in 1993 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Many steps were taken in these meetings to
promote trade between the SAARC countries.

TB
· In 1993, Pakistan and Bangladesh signed a “Tractor agreement”, under which
Pakistan provided Tractors to Bangladesh.
13th SAARC summit was held in Dhaka in 2005. Khaleda Zia prime minister of

al PC
·
Bangladesh was elected chairperson for the next year. In this meeting, Pakistan
called for resolving all the contentious issues between the SAARC partners.
Pakistan also called for a solution to the Kashmir issue for regional cooperation

rs f
and development.
fo n o
· We have good relations with Bangladesh but there have been ups and downs in

e
this relationship. These relationships are improving over time. Pakistan and
Bangladesh also have trade relations. Volume of trade between both the
ot io

countries is increasing.
Pakistan and Sri Lanka
N rs

· Trade relations between Pakistan and Sri Lanka are very durable. Both the
countries regularly arrange sports and cricket competitions, as a gesture of
Ve

good will. Sixth SAARC Summit was held in 1991 in Colombo, the capital of Sri
Lanka. Delegates considered various proposals to control the growing trend of
violence and terrorism in Asia.
eb

· In this summit Pakistan's Prime Minister Mian Nawaz Sharif called for lasting
peace in the region, adherence to the United Nation's Charter and control over
nuclear weapons.
W

· In 1998, 10th SAARC Summit was held in Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka. In this
session, a meeting was held between the Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari
Vajpayee and Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif on the basis of which Vajpayee
visited Lahore. Leaders of SAARC countries called for poverty eradication and
promotion of mutual cooperation.
· Pakistan Sri Lanka relations are very warm. Moreover trade relations between
the two countries are very strong and expanding. Pakistan provided military and
information technology equipment to Sri Lanka in the civil war against the Tamil
Tigers.
· In early 2016, the Prime Minister of Pakistan visited Sri Lanka. During the visit, the
two countries signed a number of agreements and memoranda of
understanding in the fields of defense, security, counter-terrorism, trade and
40 Pakistan and World Affairs Chapter 6

science and technology etc.

· Pakistan and Sri Lanka have very friendly relations. The two countries respect
each other's integrity and sovereignty. They have same views regarding peace
and prosperity in Asia.
Pakistan and Nepal
· In the background of SAARC, trade relations between Pakistan and Nepal are
very encouraging. Exchange of visits of various delegations between the two
countries is a regular feature of their policy. The agreement to set up a joint

TB
economic commission of Pakistan and Nepal was reached in 1983. The two
countries have made significant progress in exchanging information in the fields
of trade, agriculture, tourism and energy etc.

al PC
· The two countries share a common position on a number of regional and global
issues. Pakistan seeks to enhance its friendly relations with Nepal and pursues
new avenues for trade and economic sectors. The two countries are currently

rs f
cooperating in trade, agriculture, education, energy, information technology
fo n o
and other fields.

e
· The close and friendly relations between Pakistan and Nepal can be transformed
into economic and trade cooperation. Bilateral trade between the two countries
ot io

can be increased by taking solid steps.

Pakistan and Republic of Maldives
N rs

· The Republic of Maldives is a small country. Its beautiful location at the

confluence of the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea is of great importance. It has
Ve

India on one side and Sri Lanka on the other. The love of the rulers and people of
the Republic of Maldives for Pakistan and their common stance on regional and
global issues is appreciable.
eb

· The relations of the Republic of Maldives with Pakistan have always been ideal. In
1990, the Fifth SAARC Summit was held in Male, the capital of the Maldives. The
President of Maldives, Mammon Abdul
W

Qayyum, hosted the event. The Pakistani

delegation was led by Prime Minister Mian
Muhammad Nawaz Sharif.
· The leaders emphasized on the withdrawal
of Iraqi troops from Kuwait and the
prevention of smuggling. Fishing is major
occupation of the people of the Maldives. A Beautiful Scene of Islands
From here snails and oysters shells are of Maldives
collected and export to other countries.
· In 2015, Maldivian President Abdullah Yameen Abdul Qayyum visited Pakistan.
On this occasion many agreements were signed between the two countries
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1 Pakistan Studies 41

which covered prevention of drug trafficking, sports, health, trade and

education.
Do you know?

The Republic of Maldives is a country consisting of islands. There are about

200 islands with human populations. The capital of the Maldives is Male where 80%
of the country's population lives.

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· In the current era, the Maldives can benefit from Pakistan's changing
investment-friendly policies, economic conditions and Pak-Maldives friendship.
The two countries can move forward with goodwill towards each other in

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economic, social and other fields.
Pakistan and Bhutan
· Pakistan has close relations with Bhutan. Thimphu is capital of Bhutan. This main

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city is on the banks of the river Thimphu.
fo n o
· Sheep and goat rearing is an important occupation of the people here. Women

e
embroider at homes. There are also plenty of marmalades factories. The official
language of Bhutan is Dzongkha. Buddhism is the religion of the majority
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population.
· Exchange of views through Delegations continues between the two countries. In
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2004, Bhutan participated in the SAARC Conference in Islamabad. In the same

year, the Prime Minister of Pakistan Shaukat Aziz paid an official visit to Bhutan
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with his delegation and discussed issues of mutual interest. Bhutan has always
played an important role in SAARC activities.
· In March 2011, the Prime Minister of Bhutan visited Pakistan and discussed
bilateral relations with the Prime Minister of Pakistan Yousuf Raza Gilani. During
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this time, various memoranda were signed on economic development,

investment, trade, education and culture.
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· Pakistan's main exports to Bhutan include cotton bales, textiles, sports and
leather goods etc. Pakistan's major imports from Bhutan include jute, rubber,
seed oil and various chemicals etc.
Pakistan and Afghanistan
· The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) made
Afghanistan a member in 2007. Under the banner of this organization, Pakistan
and Afghanistan have played an important role in promoting peace, stability,
harmony and development of the region.
· Both countries believe in the values like sovereignty, equality, territorial
integrity, national independence and not to use force. They are in favour of
finding a peaceful solution to all problems.
· Both the countries believe in the values like sovereign equality, respect, security,
42 Pakistan and World Affairs Chapter 6

solidarity and independence. Both countries are in favour of finding a peaceful

solution to all issues through dialogue.
· Afghanistan has valued Pakistan's efforts to resolve the Kashmir issue. Through
SAARC, economic and trade relations between the two countries have
improved. Cooperation between the two countries has enhanced by holding
social, cultural and sports events.
· Political relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan affect trade between the
two countries. Pakistan has agreements with Afghanistan in a number of areas,

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including trade, economic development and cooperation.
Pakistan's Relations with World Powers

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Pakistan has a special place in world politics by virtue of its geographical and political
importance. Therefore, Pakistan's role in world politics has always been active. Over
time, Pakistan's importance in world politics has increased. Pakistan's relations with the
major powers are described below:

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United States of America
fo n o
The basis of Pakistan-US relations is national security and protection of national

e
·
interests. Pak-US relations began at the time, when US President Truman invited
Prime Minister of Pakistan Mr. Liaquat Ali Khan to visit the United States. The
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invitation was accepted by Liaqat Ali Khan. In his speeches during the United
States visit in 1950, Liaqat Ali Khan stated the objectives of the establishment of
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Pakistan as well as the development needs of Pakistan. His tour of America was
successful. The United States provided military and economic assistance to
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Pakistan which helped in the construction and development of Pakistan.

· In 1954, Pakistan joined a defense agreement SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization) with the United States and its allies. In 1955, Pakistan became a
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member of Baghdad pact working under the US umbrella. This agreement was
later called CENTO (Central Treaty Organization).
· After these agreements US started immediate military and economic aid to
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Pakistan. This aid helped Pakistan to boost its defense capabilities. US stopped
providing aid to Pakistan during the 1965 Pakistan and India war. In this difficult
time China, Iran and Saudi Arabia helped Pakistan. Pakistan's relations with the
United States improved in 1968, which continued until 1970.
· When India invaded Pakistan in 1971, the United States distanced itself from
Pakistan. On the other hand, Russia sided with India. When Russia invaded
Afghanistan, millions of refugees came to Pakistan. On this occasion, the United
States and the Western powers joined hands with Pakistan to help Afghan
people. As a result, Russia had to withdraw from Afghanistan after a tiresome
war.
· America invaded Afghanistan after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in
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1 Pakistan Studies 43

New York. In this war, Pakistan sided with the United States. Over time, Pakistan-
US relations improved.
Russia
· Geographically, Russia is close to Pakistan, but due to Pakistan's participation in
defense agreements under the American leadership Russia remained away from
Pakistan. Russians established relations with India, which improved with the
passage of time.
· Russia played a significant role in the construction and development of India,

TB
which did not improve relations between Pakistan and Russia. Deputy prime
minister of Russia visited Pakistan in 1956. He offered economic and industrial
help to Pakistan.

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· After the Pakistan and India war of 1965, Russia arranged a meeting, an
agreement between India and Pakistan at Tashkent (Capital of Uzbekistan). In
this way Russia helped in the return of prisoners of war and the evacuation of

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territory occupied by India. However Russians continued to support India.
fo n o
· In the Pakistan and India war of 1971, India had the support of Russia, while the

e
United States did not support Pakistan. Thus, Pakistan did not succeed on the
East Pakistan front and Bangladesh came into being.
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· During the Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto era, Pakistan's relations with Russia improved.
During the same period, a steel mill was set up in Karachi with the help of Russia,
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which played an important role in Pakistan's economy.

· Pak-Russia relations became strain due to Pakistan's relations with the United
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States. After Russia's occupation of Afghanistan, relations between Pakistan and

Russia deteriorated further. Pakistan openly opposed the Russian occupation
and helped the Afghan people with the cooperation of the United States and
Western countries.
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· Russia failed in the Afghan war. After the Afghan war Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR) degenerated. Pakistan established ties with former Russian
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republics Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, etc. under the

banner of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (ECO).
Russia's role in world politics was reduced. Thus, America's dominance was
established.
· In the current situation, relations between Pakistan and Russia are improving
significantly. Pak-Russia joint military exercises give hope of good relations in
coming days.
Great Britain
· Relations between Britain and Pakistan go back to the time of British rule and
Pakistan movement. It can be said that the relations existed before the formation
of Pakistan and continue after the partition of subcontinent. Pakistan always
sought to maintain good relations with the United Kingdom.
44 Pakistan and World Affairs Chapter 6

· After the Second World War, Britain was not able to play an active role in the
construction and development of Pakistan. However, the United Kingdom
provided financial and military assistance to Pakistan under the cover of
Commonwealth.
· The volume of Pakistan's trade with Britain did not increase much. However, the
United Kingdom further developed relations with India.
· There were also differences with the United Kingdom over the issue of Pakistan's
nuclear programme. The United Kingdom continued to oppose Pakistan's

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nuclear program, but Pakistan continued to pursue it in its national interest.
· Relations between Pakistan and UK are growing in the recent years. Both the
countries have made the several agreements for the promotion of education,

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development of the social sector, improvement of economic structure, increase
in investment, tackling the problem of poverty, energy crisis, protection of
citizens and their security and the challenges of growing extremism in society.

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fo n o
e
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World Map
Japan
· Japan has always played an active role in the national development of Pakistan.
During the World War II America made an extreme effort to destroy Japan by
dropping atomic bombs on Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Despite
the failure of the war, the Japanese nation has worked hard to make progress. It
currently has the world's strongest economic power. Japan's industrial
development has put it at the top of the world at the moment.
· Pakistan and Japan established diplomatic relations in 1952. Prime Ministers of
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1 Pakistan Studies 45

Japan and Pakistan visited each other's countries in 1957, and signed
agreements to promote economic and industrial cooperation.
· Japan has provided significant assistance to Pakistan regarding industrial
development. Japan takes the lead as supplier loan and other assistance. Japan
has been helping Pakistan in its industrial needs like manufacturer of electrical
equipment, industrial machinery, cars, trucks, motorcycles, chemicals and
chemical machinery and heavy industry. Thus the volume of trade between
Japan and Pakistan increased.

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· To overcome the backwardness of Balochistan, Japan has provided machinery
and equipment for the University of Engineering and Technology Khuzdar. The
country has set up Diesel fired power generation unit at Pasni to Supply

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electricity to Gudu, Sibbi and Quetta. Japan has helped Pakistan in search of
underground water and provision of safe drinking water.
· Japan has played a key role in Pakistan's economic development. In this regard,

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Japan has provided more assistance to Pakistan than any other country. Japan
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has provided excessive support to Pakistan with nearly no strings.

e
· An official agency of Japan “Japan International Cooperation Agency”(JICA) Is
helping out Pakistan in important areas like education, health, exploration and
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provision of drinking water and drainage, environment, irrigation and

agriculture, transportation, energy and disaster management etc.
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European Union
· European Union is an organization of European countries. The Union emerged
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from an agreement between European countries on the notion of one Europe.

Relations between Pakistan and the European Union were established in 1976.
Pakistan's economy is linked to strong trade relations with the European Union
eb

and many other trade agreements with it.

· It is time to protect Pakistan's interests in European Union countries and further
develop relations with them. It may be noted that Pakistan also signed individual
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economic agreements with France, Netherlands, Belgium, United Kingdom and

Sweden.
· Pakistan has signed agreements with France to buy defense related equipment,
but the transfer of technology has not been possible. Therefore, self-reliance
could not be achieved. Pakistan has also signed a number of economic and
defense agreements with Germany, but their volume is small.
· Pakistan imports Swedish ball bearings and other industrial equipment, but
trade with Sweden is nearly one-sided. A mobile phone Company “Telenor” from
Norway is working in Pakistan.
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
· China-Pakistan Economic Corridor project is a huge trade project. It aims to
46 Pakistan and World Affairs Chapter 6

deliver oil and gas from southwestern Pakistan to northwestern China's Xinjiang
via Gwadar port, railways and motorways in a short time. The Economic Corridor
is very important in the relations between the two countries.
· The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a project of great importance
for Pakistan and the economy of the countries of entire region. This project will
play an important role in promoting development and prosperity by
interconnecting different regions. The importance of this project is further
enhanced by the peace and reconstruction process in Afghanistan. As a result of

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peace in Afghanistan, trade from Gwadar port will increase.
· It is expected to have a positive impact on Pakistan's economy. In view of future
needs, the sectors of energy, roads, railways, industry and tourism will be

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developed under China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Business activities in the
country will accelerate, the economy will stabilize, jobs will be created and
poverty will be reduced. China's experience will be used for development in

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various sectors of the country's economy.
fo n o
e
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A Scene of Motorway to be Built Under CPEC

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Pakistan's Contribution towards Peace Keeping in the World

· Pakistan is a member of the United Nations. The United Nations was established
on October 24, 1945. Pakistan became a member of the United Nations on
September 30, 1947 and has performed its duties as a responsible member.
· Pakistan plays its global role in adhering to the UN Charter. Pakistan recognized
the role of the Security Council and the United Nations in Pakistan's wars with
India, but India ignored them.
· The Security Council passed a resolution in 1949 calling for a plebiscite in
Kashmir. Kashmiris should be given the right to decide their fate, but India
ignored the Security Council resolutions. Pakistan is a responsible member of
the United Nations. Whenever United Nations asked Pakistan to provide
peacekeeping force, Pakistan cooperated with UN and provided the services of
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1 Pakistan Studies 47

its troops for peace operations.

· Pakistani forces have served as peacekeepers in the Gulf States, Bosnia, Sudan,
Congo and other parts of the world. In African countries where conditions are
extremely unfavourable, Pakistani forces have played a very effective role in
bringing peace. In recognition of these services, Pakistan has been appointed
several times to chair various UN committees.
· Pakistan has also been a non-permanent member of the Security Council.
Pakistan has a Permanent Representative to the United Nations, which

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represents Pakistan in taking a principled stand on important issues.
· Pakistan has played a special role in the United Nations on the Palestinian issue.
Pakistan has drawn the attention of the United Nations to the atrocities against

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the Palestinians. Pakistan has made great efforts to resolve the Palestinian issue
and establish a free and independent state for Palestinian Muslims. The United
States and European states are Israel's allies, so the United Nations has not

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succeeded in resolving the issue. Although all member states have the same
fo n o
status at the United Nations, but the United States and European states have

e
special powers at the United Nations. It is the need of time that the entire world
powers play their positive role in establishing lasting peace in the world.
ot io

Do you know?
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Five major powers of the world (Permanent Members of Security Council) United
States, Britain, France, Russia and China are empowered to reject any resolution
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presented before Security council. This right is called veto or veto power.

· Pakistan's role in bringing peace to the world is not limited to political matters
and the peacekeeping force, but has also played a significant role in other UN
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welfare agencies. Many Pakistanis work for UN agencies. There are also many
Pakistanis stationed at the UN Secretariat. They are performing their duties.
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48 Pakistan and World Affairs Chapter 6

Exercise
1. Tick the correct option out of the four options given under each question.
(i) United Nations came into being on:

(a) October 24, 1944 (b) April 14, 1945
(c) October 24, 1945 (d) Nov 24, 1946
(ii) OIC was founded in 1969 in city:
(a) Tehran
(b) Lahore

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(c) Jeddah
(d) Rabat
(iii) Peoples Republic of China Came in to being on:
(a) 1947 (b) 1949

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(c)1951 (d) 1953
(iv) Pakistan got membership which organization on Sep 30, 1947:
(a) OIC (b) ECO

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(c) UN (d) SAARC
fo n o
(v) First country to recognize Pakistan was:

e
(a) Iran

(b) China
(c) Afghanistan

(d) America
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2. Give brief Answer to the Following Questions:

(i) What is meant by foreign Policy?
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(ii) Write names of central Asian Republics?

(iii) State importance of Gwadar port in three lines.
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(iv) What is Palestine problem?

(v) Why land and Sea routes of Pakistan are important?
3. Give detailed answer to the following questions.
(i) State the main objectives of Pakistan's foreign policy?
eb

(ii) Discuss importance of Kashmir issue in Pak-India relations?

(iii) Describe Pakistan's relations with Turkey?
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(iv) What role has China played in the construction and development of Pakistan?
(v) Describe Pakistan-US relations?

Activity for the Students

Make charts with flags of Muslim states and hang them in the classroom.

Instructions for teachers

Inform the students about the China Pakistan Economic Corridor project (CPEC).
 010
1 Pakistan Studies seidutS nStudies
Pakistan atsikaP 010
1
Economic Development
7
of Pakistan
Student’s Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter students will be able to:
1. Discuss Economic Development in Pakistan through decades.

TB
2. Explain the Labour Force in Pakistan.
3. Define Major Metallic and Non- metallic Mineral Resources of Pakistan, Their
Economic Values and Distribution in Pakistan.

al PC
4. Explain the importance of Agriculture, its Problems and Efforts to Modernize the
Agriculture.
5. Discuss the Water Resources of Pakistan and Existing Irrigation System.
6. Discuss the Production and Distribution of Major Crops, Livestock and Fishing in
Pakistan.
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fo n o
7. Discuss the importance of Industries, their location and Production of Cottage,

e
Small and Large-scale Industries.
8. Discuss the importance of different Energy Resources, Production and
Consumption of Different Sources of Energy in Pakistan.
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9. Discuss International Trade of Pakistan (Imports and Exports) and its Impact on
the Economy of Pakistan.
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10. Explain the Importance of Sea ports and Dry ports of Pakistan.
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Economic Development of Pakistan

Economic Development at a Glance
· According to Graham Bannock, “Economic development pertains to the ability
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of an economy to generate higher levels of national income persistently.”

· If Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (total quantity of goods and services)
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continues to grow according to the target, the government will be in the

position to carry out its development plans. Domestic goods and services are
plentiful, inflation remain under control, circulation of money and business
activities both increase. This leads to increase in employment opportunities and
per capita income. As a result, people enjoy a better living standard. Style and
standard of goods produced also change.
· In the case of GDP does not grow according to target, government and the
people all face difficult situation, inflation rises, value of money decreases and
there is no improvement in employment opportunities. There is no betterment
in per capita income and living standard of the people. Debt and deficit become
regular feature of the Economy. It can be said poverty and deprivation can be
eliminated only through a persistent growth in GDP.
50 Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 7

Do you know?
The Government of Pakistan established the Planning and Development
Board in 1952 and the Planning Commission in 1953 to accelerate the pace of
economic growth and to remove obstacles.

Economic Development in Pakistan through Decades

The economic growth that has taken place since the inception of Pakistan can be divided
into the following seven decades:

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· First Decade:

from establishment of Pakistan to 1958
· Second Decade:
from1958 to1968
· Third Decade:

from 1968 to1978

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· Fourth Decade:
from 1978 to1988
· Fifth decade:

from1988 to 1998
· Sixth decade:

from 1998 to 2008
· Seventh decade:

rs f from 2008 to 2018
fo n o
First Decade: From establishment of Pakistan to 1958

e
· On August 15, 1947, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (‫ )رﲪ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﺘﻪ ﷲﻋﻠ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﯿﻪ‬took
oath as first governor general of Pakistan. He started working for the
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construction and development of the country with courage, confidence and

commitment. Unluckily, he did not live long to serve the country. He died on
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September 11, 1948. After Quaid-e-Azam (‫)رﲪ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﺘﻪ ﷲ ﻋﻠ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﯿﻪ‬, Liaqat Ali Khan
controlled the reins of power in the country. Liaqat Ali Khan also departed
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on October 16, 1951. After him, most of the time political chaos and Economic
instability ruled the country.
· Since its establishment, Pakistan faced many issues like refugee resettlement,
eb

administrative, demarcation, Kashmir issue, annexation of states, assets

distribution, river water issue, distribution of military assets and other economic
issues etc.
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· Up to June 1953 development schemes were executed in the framework of

under a six year plan called “the Colombo Plan”. Main focus of this plan was on
infrastructure development to create an industrialization friendly atmosphere in
the country. The country shifted to development planning discipline in1955, to
speed up economic growth.
· The first five year plan was launched in 1955 with a volume of Rs. 10.80 billion.
Main targets of the plan were: (i) To increase industrial and production of food
crops at the rate of 9% and 7% per annum respectively. (ii) To increase the
national income at the rate of 12% and per capita income 7% per annum. (iii) To
provide employment to 2 million people. (iv) Repair of old roads and
construction of new roads as well as enhancement of railway facilities.
(v) Increase in health and education facilities (vi) To provide irrigation facilities to
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1 Pakistan Studies 51

1.6 million acres cultivable land.

· Due to instability in the country, the first five year plan could not complete its
term. It came to end with the imposition of martial law in the country in 1958.
However, the project was partially successful, as it provided a lot of guidance for
future projects.
· In the first decade, the growth rate of GDP was 3.1 %, National Income 11%, Per
Capita Income 3%, Agriculture sector 1.6%, industry 7.7 %, per annum. In the
first decade, most of the focus was on industrial development, while agriculture

TB
sector was neglected.
Do you know?

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Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the sum of goods and services (measured
at market value) produced in an economy over a period of time. A specific period
usually means one year.

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Second Decade: From1958 to1968
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· The second five year plan was launched in 1960 to accelerate economic growth.

e
Its period was from 1960 to 1965. The initial estimate of this project was Rs. 19
billion, which was later increased to Rs. 23 billion.
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· Important targets of the plan were, GDP increase 42 %, increase in per capita
income 12 %, increase national saving by 10 %, increase in exports 30 % and
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increase in food crops 21 % during the plan period. The other objectives were
development of industrial sector, introducing modern methods to replace
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traditional methods of agriculture, Improving the means of transportation,

generation of employment opportunities and increasing the productivity of
large scale industries.
eb

· During the second five year plan, GDP grew at 6%, industrial growth 8%, exports
7%, and agriculture sector 3% per annum. This project is considered very
successful in the history of economic development of Pakistan. Most of the
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targets of this project were achieved.

· The industrial sector flourished in this
decade. Special attention was also paid
to agricultural development, which
included import of high quality seeds,
pesticides, use of modern agricultural
machinery and increasing irrigation
resources through installation of
tubewells.
· In the same decade, the famous Indus
Water Treaty between Pakistan and India Agriculture University Faisalabad
was signed in 1960, which temporarily improved the water situation, but in the
52 Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 7

days to come, there were major negative effects on Pakistani agriculture.

· For agricultural development, Agricultural College Lyallpur (Faisalabad) was
upgraded to “University of Agriculture Faisalabad “. The government also
implemented agricultural reforms for economic growth. Several projects were
launched to control salinity and water logging. Under these projects, drains were
dug and tubewells were installed.
· During this period many development projects were started, including Mangla
and Tarbela dams. These government measures provided employment to

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thousands of people and improved their economic condition.
Do you know?

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In 1906,” Punjab Agriculture College and Research Institute” was
established in Lyallpur (now Faisalabad) in the province of Punjab, which was
upgraded as “University of Agriculture Faisalabad” in 1961.
·
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Following the remarkable success of the second five year plan, the third five year
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plan (1965-1970) was launched, which aimed at developing the industrial and

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agricultural sectors as well as increasing investment opportunities in East
Pakistan. This plan also included reducing unemployment, improving
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residential, education and health care facilities.

· The plan has proved successful in accelerating economic activities in the country
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as a whole. GDP increased by 6.8% per annum, industrial growth was 9.9 % per
annum. The agricultural sector grew at an annual rate of 5.1%, Exports grew at
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7% per annum. About 74,000 km of roads were completed. The use of modern
technology in the agricultural sector has led to a record increase in the
production of important crops, especially wheat. Increased income of farmers
eb

improved their living standards.

Third Decade: From 1968 to 1978
· In the third decade, the fourth five year plan (1970-1975) began which was
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incomplete due to Pak-India war 1971. After the secession of East Pakistan, the
country had to face immense internal, external and financial problems. Then
government Introduced industrial and agricultural reforms.
· Under the Indus Water Treaty, two major dams (Mangla and Tarbela) were
completed, link canals were constructed, new and old barrages were completed.
Thus, the irrigation situation improved. The government's policy of
nationalization of industries had a negative impact on industrial development.
New investment in industry halted and the dishearten industrialists began to
withdraw their capital from the industries.
· Government devalued Pakistan's currency to increase exports. GDP grew at
4.8% per annum. Industrial growth was 5.5% per annum. Growth in agriculture
sector was 2.4% per annum. Investment rate stood at 21.8% per annum.
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1 Pakistan Studies 53

Whereas, Private investment accounted for 4.8% of GDP.

Fourth Decade: From 1978 to 1988
· During the fourth decade, the fifth five year plan (1978-1983) was launched. The
volume of this plan was Rs. 21.2 billion. Despite unfavourable conditions, the
economic growth rate remained at 6% per annum. Industrial production
increased by 9% per annum and inflation remained at only 5%. During this plan,
special attention was paid to the development of rural areas. The poor and

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needy people were helped from the Zakat Fund.
· During the plan, Russia invaded Afghanistan, which started the arrival of Afghan
refugees in Pakistan. The burden on our economy increased a lot, but Pakistan

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also received ample of aid from outside countries, which provided a temporary
support to the country's economy.
During this period, the annual growth
rate in various sectors remained as

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follows: GDP increased at the rate of 7.8
fo n o
% per annum, the rate for agriculture

e
was10.9 % and industry progressed at
the rate of 8.1 %. Exports of the country
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moved up to 7.9 % of GDP. More than

12,000 km of paved roads were
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View of Tent Settlement of

completed. Afghan Refugees
· Sixth five year plan was launched during
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1983-88. Main objectives of the plan were generation of employment

opportunities, issuing scholarships to promote science and technology,
allocating more funds for the education and health sectors, ensuring the
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provision of basic needs of the people and setting up of Zakat Fund for
deserving people.
· During this period, political instability in the country affected economic
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activities. GDP grew by 5.6 %, agriculture sector by 5.4 % and industry by 8.2 %.
2.4 % of GDP was spent on education sector. As a result, the literacy rate
increased to 33%.
Fifth Decade: From 1988 to 1998
· The seventh five year plan was launched from 1988 to 1993. The plan prioritized
self-reliance instead of external borrowing. The eighth five year plan was
launched from 1993 to 1998.
· The annual growth rate during this period was as: GDP Growth 1.4 %, agriculture
6.4 %, industry 4 %, investment (Government) 6.1 % and investment (Private) 8.8 %
at per annum. Per capita income moved up to 438 dollars during this period.
This was the decade of industrial privatization. Poverty increased during this
period because the government stopped subsidizing. Atomic explosions by
54 Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 7

Pakistan in 1998 severely affected foreign investment in the country.

Sixth Decade: From 1998 to 2008
· During the decade foreign investment rose to 6 billion dollars, foreign exchange
reserves exceeded to 17 billion dollars. The country's economy grew at an
annual rate of 6.6%, per capita income almost doubled, GDP grew at rate of 6.8%
per annum, agriculture and industry grew at 4.1% and 8.8% respectively per
annum. Exports of Pakistan were over 17 billion dollars.

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· The highlight of this decade was the increase in
international aid to Pakistan. Many new
industries were set up, mostly related to

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consumer goods, such as ACs, cars,
refrigerators and electrical appliances, etc. This
widened the gap between the demand and
supply of electricity in the days to come. The Motorcar Industry In Pakistan

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country was hit by power and gas crisis.
fo n o
Seventh Decade: From 2008 to 2018

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· During this period, load shedding of electricity increased. The economic growth
rate did not increase as expected. People were helped through the “Benazir
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Income Support” Program and the “Waseela-e-Haq” programme. Although

government took several measures for development and protection of women
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and improve the condition of farmers, but the targets of economic development
were not achieved.
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· During this period, the annual growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was
about 4.5%. Falling crude oil prices in the international market have brought down
the prices of petroleum products several times, but its benefits could not be
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passed on to the common man. The energy crisis affected the industrial process,
which reduced the volume of exports. Exports declined and trade deficit widened.
Uncertain weather conditions also affected the agricultural sector. Many
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important crops, including cotton and rice production decreased.

· After the 2013 elections, the PML-N formed government at Centre. In the first
year of this government, the GDP growth rate was 3.7% in 2013 that reached
5.35% in 2018. The rate of growth of agriculture increased from 2.68% in 2013 to
3.8% in 2018. The rate of industrial growth increased from 4.5% in 2013 to 5.8% in
2018. During this period, burden of internal and external debt on the country
increased significantly.
·After the 2018 general elections in Pakistan, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI)
government was formed. This government has launched many projects to
improve the economic situation of Pakistan, development in agriculture and
improve living standard of the common man. These are Naya Pakistan Housing
Programme, Youth Skills development Programme, Insaf Sehat Card,
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1 Pakistan Studies 55

Diamer Bhasha and Mohmand Dams, Ehsas Programme and plantation of 10

billion trees in the country. The government has
begun negotiations with the Independent
Power Producers (IPP's) to review previous
agreements with focus on rates. Government
sources are talking of significant relief to power
consumers in case these negotiations succeed.

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· To provide affordable electricity to consumers,
the government has begun negotiations with
Independent Power Producers (IPP's) to review
View of Under Construction

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previous agreements. In case of final
Diamir Bhasha Dam
agreement, electricity consumers are likely to
get significant relief.
Labour Force
·
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Labour Force or Work Force refers to persons 16 years of age or above who are
fo n o
e
eligible to earn. These include both the employed and the unemployed. They
play a vital role in activating the economy. It includes all earners, all unemployed,
part-time workers and salaried people. These are the people who provide
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goods and services to the economy.

· Government of Pakistan conducts a
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Labour Force Survey every year

through the Bureau of Statistics to
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estimate the number of employed and

unemployed people. The data
compiled from the Labour Force
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Survey is used in public welfare

planning at the federal level. Pakistan Labour force busy in work
currently has a workforce of about 71.76
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million, of which 67.25 million are employed, while the remaining 4.51 million
people are unemployed.

Do you know?
Children, housewives (who do not have a job) and the senior citizens are not
part of the workforce. Women and the old people play a vital role in caring for the
home and children.

Major Metallic and Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Their

Economic Importance and Distribution in Pakistan
Minerals refer to underground metallic and non-metallic materials. Mineral resources
play an important role in the development of any country. According to economists,
56 Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 7

such country would be considered economically stronger, which is rich in mineral

resources and production. Minerals are of the following two types:
A. Metallic Minerals

B. Non-metallic Minerals
A. Metallic Minerals
1- Iron
Iron ore production in Pakistan started in 1957. Iron ore deposits have
discovered in many places, of which the reserves of Kalabagh (Mianwali district) are very

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large, but the quality is not good. Good quality iron ore found in Domal Nisar (Chitral)
deposits, but due to transportation difficulties, it is not economically feasible. In
addition, Iron ore reserves have been found in Langrial and Chalghazi (District Chaghi).

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2- Copper and Gold
The importance and utility of Copper and Gold is not hidden from anyone. In
Chaghi and Saindak (Balochistan) large deposits of Copper and Gold are discovered.
These are the fifth largest known deposits in the world, but due to lack of infrastructure,
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unavailability of required machinery, limited experience and insufficient financial
fo n o
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resources are major obstacles in extracting these minerals from the land.
3- Manganese
This metal is used in battery making, bulb making, painting and the steel
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industry. In Pakistan, its deposits are found in Lasbela and Chaghi District (Balochistan).
4- Bauxite
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This precious metal is used to make Aluminum. Its deposits are found in
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Muzaffarabad and Kotli districts of Azad Kashmir, in the central areas of Kohistan-e-
Namak in Punjab and in Loralai district of Balochistan.
5- Chromite
This metal is used in the stainless steel goods manufacturing and steel making
eb

industry. It is also used to make engineering tools. In Balochistan, its deposits are found
in Muslim Bagh, Lasbela and Chaghi areas. Chromite deposits are also found in
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Malakand and Mohmand Agency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

B. Non-metallic Minerals
1- Coal
It is an important source of energy that not only provides heat but also generates
electricity. Pakistan has approximately 185 billion tons of Coal reserves. Its annual
production is very low because of heavy cost of extracting it from the land. In Pakistan,
Coal is mostly used as fuel to generate thermal power, domestic and brick kiln industry.
Coal is currently being extracted from various places in Pakistan. In the area of Kohistan-
e-Namak (Salt Range) in Punjab province, most of the Coal is obtained from the mines of
Dandot, Padh and Makarwal. Hangu in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has Coal reserves. There are
Coal mines in Khost, Shark, Degari, Shireen Aab, Mach, Bolan and Harnai in Balochistan
province. Coal reserves in Sindh are located at Thar, Jhampir, Sarang and Lakhra. In Azad
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1 Pakistan Studies 57

Kashmir coal reserves are found Kotli and Muzaffarabad districts. The largest Coal
reserves in Pakistan are in Thar (Sindh).

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fo n o
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2- Gypsum
It is a very useful and beneficial stone that is used in both industry and
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agriculture. In agriculture, it is used as treatment of salinity and water logging. It is also

used in the chemical fertilizers, cement, paper and paints industries. Pink and white
gypsum is found in Dera Ghazi Khan, Mianwali and Jhelum in Punjab province. Gypsum
deposits are also found in Dadu and Sanghar (Sindh), Quetta and Sibi (Balochistan) and
Kohat (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa).
3-Rock Salt
Salt is primarily used as a food additive to create taste in our food. In addition to
food, it is used in the industries of soda ash, caustic soda, sodium bicarbonate, textile
and leather etc. Pakistan is self sufficient in salt production. Khewra Salt mine in the “Salt
range” is one of the few largest mines in the world in terms of quality and taste. Salt of
this mine is also among the best quality slats due to its taste. In addition to Khewra salt
mine, there are other deposits of salt in Pakistan at Kala Bagh, Warcha and Bahadurkhel
58 Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 7

(Mianwali).
4- Marble
It is used for the decoration of houses and monuments. Most of the marble
deposits are found in Swabi, Swat in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in the Chaghi district of
Balochistan. Marble is also found in Mirpur and Muzaffarabad districts of Azad Kashmir.
5-Lime Stone
Lime Stone is mostly used in making cement. Its major reserves are in Punjab

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Province at the Kohistan-e-Namak (Salt Range), Pothwar Plateau, Daud Khel, Zinda Pir
and Margalla Hills. Other than these areas, it is found in Peru Mughal Kot (Dera Ismail
Khan), Kohat, Nowshehra, Mangoh Pir, Rohri (Sindh Province) and in the mountains of

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Harnai in Balochistan.
6- Sulphur
It is mostly used in the manufacture of colours and paints, chemical fertilizers,
synthetic fibers and explosives. Sulphur has also been used in agriculture to overcome

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salinity and water logging. It is also used to prepare sulfuric acid. In Pakistan, its reserves
fo n o
are found in Chaghi district of Balochistan.

e
7-China Clay
The clay is mostly used in industry. In Pakistan, it is used in making utensils,
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furnace to melt steel, in refining oil and steel factories. In Pakistan, it is used in pottery
and steel smelting plants, as well as in oil refineries and steel mills.
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Importance of Mineral Sector

Mineral product is very important because it not only creates job opportunities
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in the country but also increases investment, helps local industry to flourish. Revenues of
the central and the provincial governments increase. National and per capita income
rises. Declining imports and increasing exports help to improve the balance of trade and
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boost business activities.

Importance of Agriculture, Problems and Efforts to Modernize
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Agriculture
· Allah Almighty has blessed Pakistan with the best fertile land, ideal canal
irrigation system, snowfall in the mountains, rainfall, flowing springs, streams
and rivers. Except these, it is also blessed with beautiful seasons like Summer,
Winter, Spring and Autumn.
· We have no shortage of manpower. All this proves that our yield per acre should
be ideal, but unfortunately this is not happened, because our yield per acre is less
than that of many developing countries.
· Agriculture is an important pillar of our national economy. About 60% of our
rural population is directly or indirectly involved in the agricultural sector. Nearly
37.4% of the country's workforce is engaged in agriculture. Agriculture has a
significant position in the GDP with about 22.7% share. While, agriculture and its
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1 Pakistan Studies 59

products contribute in the country's exports about 60%.

· It is a fact that the country cannot develop without developing agriculture. If
agriculture is developed, it will not only increase the national income but also the
income of individuals and institutions
associated with agriculture. People will
have a higher standard of living, which
will enable them to provide better
educational, housing and recreational

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facilities for their children. In addition,
the Agrobased Industry will flourish.
More employment opportunities will be

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available. Investment in agriculture will
View of Green Fields
increase, business activity will accelerate
and increase in exports will also increase foreign exchange reserves.

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Problems of Agriculture
fo n o
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The country's agriculture is currently facing the following problems, which are
major obstacles to increasing production:
1-Shortage of Water and Inefficient Irrigation System
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Unnecessary delays in the construction of new dams have aggravated the

problem of water scarcity. As much water enters canals and streams from rivers, only
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40% of this water is used for crops, while the rest of the water is wasted in canals,
channels and uneven fields. Therefore, the desired yield is not obtained and land
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productivity is also affected. According to experts, if there is no adequate increase in

irrigation resources and the loss of water from the irrigation system continued, so the
problem of water scarcity can turn into crisis.
eb

2-Uneven Fields
Majority of our fields are uneven in which agricultural inputs i.e. water, seeds and
fertilizers etc. are wasted and yields is low. Thus, the productive capacity of the land is
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also gradually decreasing.

3-Costly Fertilizer, Seed and Pesticide etc
Better productivity seeds, fertilizers and pesticides are not only very expensive,
but also not available to the farmers at the time of sowing the crop.
4-Inadequate Access to Global Markets
Lack of access to global markets does not provide a fair price for agricultural
exports.
5- Law of Inheritance
As a result of inheritance law, the lands owned by the farmers are getting smaller
day by day due to division of land. Modern technology cannot be applied on small
60 Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 7

fields.
6-No Increase in Cultivated Land
In the last two decades, there has been no significance increase in the area under
cultivation. On the other hand, the population has increased rapidly during this time. At
present, the country has about 8 million hectares of cultivable land, but it cannot be
cultivated because of shortage of water.
7-Illiteracy in Farmers

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Farmers cannot take advantage of modern technology because they are
illiterate or less educated.
8- Water Logging and Salinity Problems

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Water logging and Salinity has damaged our vast areas of cultivated land. Due to
lack of proper restraint, it may increase further in the coming years.
9-Insufficient Storage Facilities
A lot of production is wasted due to inadequate storage facilities.
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fo n o
10-Decrease in Productivity of Land due to Continuous Cultivation

e
Continuous cultivation of land has increased to meet the needs of a growing
population. In addition, organic matter (fertilizers etc.) in the lands has also decreased,
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which is gradually reducing the productive capacity of the lands.

11- Lack of Soil and Water Analysis Practice among farmers
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Majority of our farmers do not pay proper attention to soil and tubewell water
analysis. Thus, our agricultural resources are wasted, and they cannot be fully utilized. As
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a result, the productive capacity of land begins to decline.

12-Lack of Coordination between Farmers and Related Departments
There is a lack of coordination between the farmers and the concerned
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departments.
13-Crop Diseases, Floods and other Natural Calamities
Natural calamities, crop diseases, locust invasion, earthquakes and floods,
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sometimes lead to a food crisis in the country.

14-Inadequate Credit Facilities
One of the major reasons for agricultural backwardness is inadequate credit
facilities on time. Providing loans to farmers on time and at low interest rates can be
helpful to increase production.
Modernization in Agriculture of Pakistan
The following steps are needed to make agriculture modernize in Pakistan and bring it
on par with developed countries:
1. Construction of new dams to meet water scarcity and increase water storage capacity.
2. Use of modern machinery in agriculture i.e. tractors, drills and combine harvesters etc.
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1 Pakistan Studies 61

Use of Combine Harvester for Wheat Harvest Use of Tractor for Crop Cultivation

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3. Use of Laser Land Levelling Technology for smoothing the uneven fields.

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4. Irrigation with lined channels instead of traditional channels
5. Use of economical and modern irrigation methods like sprinkler and drip irrigation.
6. Training of farmers on modern technology.
7. Sowing the crops on lines or tracks.
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8. Maintain the required number of plants per acre.

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9. Cultivation of profitable crops as per market demand.
10. Promotion of One Window Operation to improve the agricultural credit facility.
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11. Proper use of new varieties of seeds, fertilizers and pesticides according to the
instructions of experts of agriculture.
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12. Where possible, irrigate the entire field with a single water channel instead of many
channels in different sides.
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13. Use of Tunnel Farming Technology for growing out of season fruits and vegetables.
14. Analyze the under cultivation area and tubewells water in the light of the instructions
of agricultural experts
Financial measures taken by the government to increase
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agricultural production
1- Provision of laser land levelling technology to agricultural owners at subsidized rate.
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2- Provision of subsidy to promote sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation technology.

3- Launch of loan scheme for purchase of tractor.
4- Free supply of construction materials for lining of traditional irrigation water
channels.
5- Provision of loans on easy terms and conditions to farmers by agricultural and
commercial banks.
6- Supply of fertilizer at low cost to the farmers.
7- Support pricing of crops by the government.
8- Provision of good food and medicine for cattle.
9- Necessary training of livestock related people and provision of facilities for export
of meat and other related items.
62 Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 7

10- Launch of various schemes to increase irrigation resources, special focus on

construction of Diamer Bhasha and Mohmand Dams.
11- Construction of lined ponds in hilly areas to store rainwater and stream water.
12- Launch of Prime Minister's Emergency Programme by the government to increase
the income of landless farmers and rural women.
Water Resources of Pakistan and Existing Irrigation System
Pakistan's irrigation system consists of several rivers, dams, irrigation and link canals,

TB
millions of tubewells and thousands of irrigation channels. It is considered to be the
largest irrigation system in the world in terms of water supply and length. Following are
the main sources of irrigation in Pakistan.

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1-Rainfall 2- Canals 3-Tubewells 4-Karez
1. Rainfall
Rainfall is an important and natural source of water supply. In our country,
monsoon rains are more popular. Water coming down from rainfall in hilly areas and
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melting of glaciers gather in rivers through streams and drains and keeps the rivers
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flowing round the year. The water is stored by building dams on rivers. Then this water is
used for irrigation and industrial purposes by digging canals from barrages.
Unlike canal areas, better yields in rainfed areas are mostly due to timely rainfall.
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Unfortunately, our country receives less rain than expected. In 90% of Pakistan, the
average annual rainfall is less than 200 mm. Only 10% of the upper mountainous area
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receives an annual rainfall of 500 mm to 1000 mm. This rainfall is less than water needs of
rainfed and irrigated areas of the country. Our about 5 million hectares of agricultural
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land contains rainfed cultivation. Tarbela, Mangla and Warsak are our major irrigation
dams, which not only store millions of acres feet of water but also generate cheap
hydropower.
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2- Canals
There are three main types of canals according to their performance.
i-Perennial Canals
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These are the irrigation canals that run throughout the year and are important
source to carry river water to the fields. Main perennial canals of the country are Upper
Chenab, Lower Chenab, Upper Jhelum, Lower Jhelum, Lower Bari Doab and Pakpattan
canal etc. that flow all the year.
ii-Non-Perennial Canals
Non-Perennial Canals are also called six monthly canals, because water is
released in them only in summer and rainy season. Bahawalpur and Qaimpur canals
flowing from Islam Barrage on the Sutlej River and few canals flowing down from Kotri
Barrage and all canals of Guddu Barrage are non-perennial canals (canals not flowing all
the year).
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1 Pakistan Studies 63

iii-Flood Canals
In summer and rainy season, when the water level in the rivers rises or when the
water reaches the danger mark in the rivers during severe floods, water is released in
these canals to protect the barrages from damage. Many canals from the Indus and
Chenab Rivers belong to this category.
3-TubeWell
It is inevitable to use ground water through tubewells to meet the shortage of

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canal water. Currently, there are millions of tubewells installed in the country, most of
which are in Punjab province. According to official facts and figures, about 70% of our
water from tubewells is not suitable for crops as this water causes waterlogging and

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salinity in the lands, but farmers are forced to use this water due to shortage of canal
water. Farmers should realize the importance and usefulness of canal water and prevent
it from being wasted. They should cooperate fully with the Agriculture Department to
make better use of the scarce resources and modern methods of agriculture

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recommended by this department such as sprinkler, drip irrigation and laser technology
fo n o
should be used.

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4- Karez
About two dozen countries around the world are benefitting from this system,
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including most countries from China to Chile. In Pakistan, the system is practised in the
province of Balochistan, where due to the specific geographic conditions and severe
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shortage of canal water, water is brought to the fields through underground drains.
These drains are called karez. This water is used for drinking as well as farming. The
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sources of these karez are springs flowing from the mountains which are mostly made in
Pishin and Quetta districts.
Indus Water Treaty
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In 1948, India withheld the flow of water of those Pakistani canals whose sources
were located in India. These canals include Upper Bari Doab flowing down from
Madhupur Barrage on the Ravi River and Depalpur canal flows out from the Ferozpur
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Barrage on Sutlej River. Pakistan raised the issue at international forums. As a result,
Indus Water Treaty between Pakistan and India came into being in 1960 under the
support of the world powers. Under this treaty three eastern rivers; the Sutlej, the Ravi
and the Bias became the part of India. Three western rivers; the Indus, the Jhelum and
the Chenab were handed over to Pakistan. Thus, Pakistan's property rights over these
rivers were recognized. An irrigation network was formed in Pakistan to meet water
shortage in eastern rivers, which provided financial assistance as well as necessary
technical guidance to Pakistan. Following strategies were formulated to meet the water
shortage in the eastern rivers:
(i) Construction of Mangla dam on Jhelum River and Tarbela dam on Indus River
and storing 5 lac acre feet of water at Chashma Barrage.
64 Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 7

(ii) To repair the existing barrages and construct new barrages at suitable places.
(iii) Construction of link Canals to interlink rivers.
Our eastern rivers which are now owned by India under the Indus Water Treaty,
before given to India, these three rivers were irrigating our about 8 million acres. If we
did not build link canals to supply water to these rivers, the area would not only become
barren, but people would also have difficulty in obtaining drinking water.
Civil works have been completed under the Indus Water Treaty. Pakistan has always
been sincere in its commitment to this treaty and has never violated it, while India, being the

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upper reaches of our rivers, does not miss any opportunity to take advantage of our rivers.
Barrages and Canals on River Indus and its Eastern Tributaries

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The details of the barrage and canals on the Indus and its eastern tributaries are given
below:
1- Jinnah Barrage.
This is first barrage of Punjab province located on the Indus River. Mianwali,

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Bhakkar and Layyah districts are being irrigated by the Thal canal flows out from the
fo n o
Jinnah Barrage.

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2- Chashma Barrage
Chashma Barrage is located on Indus River. From this barrage, the Chashma
Right Bank Canal has been taken out to supply water to Dera Ismail Khan. While the
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Chashma-Jhelum Link Canal has been taken out from the left bank, which will further
supply water to the Greater Thal Canal. This canal will irrigate the districts of Layyah,
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Bhakkar, Khushab and Jhang.

3- Tounsa Barrage
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This is the last barrage of Punjab province on the Indus River. Dera Ghazi Khan
Irrigation Canal, Muzaffargarh Irrigation Canal and Tounsa Panjnad Link Canal have
been taken out from here. These irrigation canals supply water to Dera Ghazi Khan,
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Muzaffargarh and Rajanpur. The Kachhi Canal is also being drained from the same river.
4- Guddu Barrage
This is the first barrage of Sindh province on the Indus River. Water is being
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supplied to Naseerabad division of Balochistan province and northern areas of Sindh

province by taken out four canals from here. The Rainee Canal is also being taken out
from the left bank of the same barrage.
5- Sukkur Barrage
This is the biggest Barrage of Sindh. From here, seven irrigation canals have been
constructed. These canals supply water to the provinces of Sindh and Balochistan. This is
the largest barrage of Sindh province. From here, seven irrigation canals have been
taken out which supply water to Sindh and Balochistan provinces.
6- Kotri Barrage
This is the last barrage of Sindh on the Indus River. Water has been supplied to
the southern areas of Sindh province by taking out four canals from here.
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1 Pakistan Studies 65

Dam, Barrages and Canals on River Jhelum

1-Mangla Dam
Water has been supplied to Gujrat and Mandi Bahauddin districts by taking out
Upper Jhelum Canal from Mangla dam. The canal also serves as a link to the Khanki
Barrage.
2-Rasul Barrage
Lower Jhelum canal is being dug from here to supply water to Mandi Bahauddin,

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Sargodha, Khushab and Chiniot districts. The Rasool Qadirabad Link Canal has also
been taken out.

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Barrages and Canals on River Chenab

1-Marala Barrage
This is the first barrage to be built on the Chenab River. From here the Upper
Chenab Canal supplies water to the northern and central districts of Punjab Province.
Famous Bambanwala Ravi Bedian Depalpur Link Canal is branch canal of the Upper
Chenab. The Marala Ravi Link Canal is also part of this barrage. The Upper Chenab also
connects the Chenab River with the Ravi River.
2-Khanki Barrage
From here, Lower Chenab Canal has been taken out to irrigate central areas of
Punjab.
66 Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 7

3- Qadirabad Barrage
This barrage is located on the River Chenab. It connects the rivers through the
link canals.
It connects the Jhelum River with the Chenab through the Rasool Qadirabad Link Canal.
It connects the Chenab River with the Ravi through Qadirabad Balloki link canal.

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Barrages and Canals on Combined River Chenab and Jhelum

Trimmu Barrage
The Chenab River and Jhelum join at the point of the Trimmu (Jhang district).
From here, three canals Rangpur, Haveli Link and Trimum Sidhnai Link Canal have been
taken out which supply water to Jhang district. These canals also serve to connect the
Trimum Barrage with the Sidhnai Barrage.
Do you know?
Five rivers namely Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum merge at Panjnad
(Muzaffargarh district) and take the form of Panjnad. Panjnad Canal and Abbasia
Canal have been taken out from Panjnad Barrage. These canals irrigate Southern
Punjab. Panjnad joins the Indus River at Kot Mithan (Rajanpur district).
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1 Pakistan Studies 67

Barrages and Canals on River Ravi

1- Balloki Barrage
From here, the areas of Central and South Punjab are being irrigated by the
Lower Bari Doab, while water is being supplied to Kasur district through two link canals,
Balloki Sulemanki links 1 and 2. These link canals are connected to the Sulemanki
Barrage.
2-Sidhnai Barrage
Two canals are taken out from this Barrage. (i) Sidhnai Canal (ii) Sidhnai Mailsi

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Bahawal Link canal. These canals supply water to Southern Punjab.
Barrages and Canals on River Sutlej
1- Sulemanki Barrage

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From here, three canals; Pakpattan, Fordwah and Sadiqia canals have been taken
out to supply water to Central and South Punjab. The Islam Link Canal has also been
taken out from Pakpattan Canal, which connects Sulemanki Barrage with Islam Barrage.
2-Islam Barrage
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From here, two canals; Bahawal and Qaimpur canals have been taken out. Both

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canals irrigate the areas of South Punjab.
Do you know?
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Warsak Dam is built on the Kabul River. The Pehur High Level Canal has
taken out from the Indus River, which supplies water to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The
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Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project has a generating capacity of 1450 MW.

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Dam, Barrages and Canals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Swat, Chitral, Kabul, Kurram, Kunhar, Haro, Gomal, Tochi, Panjkora, Kunar, Bara
and Tank Zam are the important rivers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
1-Warsak Dam
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This dam is built on the Kabul River near Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
province. Besides generating electricity, it provides water for irrigation.
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2-Khanpur Dam
Khanpur Dam is a water reservoir. It is located on the Haro River at Khanpur
(Haripur district) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. It is about 40 km away from
Islamabad. This dam supplies drinking water to Rawalpindi and Islamabad. It also
irrigates some areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab. Canals taken out from this
dam irrigate the districts of Peshawar, Kohat and Nowshera.
3-Tanda and Changhoz Dam
Tanda is a small dam located on Lake Tanda in Kohat district in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa Province. Changhoz dam is a rain fed dam at village Latambar (Karak
district) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Both dams meet local irrigation needs. It may
be recalled that due to the filling of mud and sand in the Baran Dam on the Kurram River,
the outlets have also been closed and work is underway to restore them.
68 Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 7

Dam, Barrages and Canals of Balochistan

Gomal, Dasht, Zhob, Hub, Ketch and Hangul are main rivers of Balochistan.

1-Hub Dam
Hub Dam is a reservoir. It is located on the Hub River, 56 km from Karachi, on the
border of Sindh and Balochistan. This dam is not only a reservoir, but also a recreational
spot. A canal has taken out from this dam which further divides into two parts, one canal

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supplies water to Lasbela district of Balochistan province, while the other supplies water
to Karachi.
2-Mirani Dam

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Mirani Dam is located in Kech District of Balochistan, 43 km west of Turbat. This
dam is built on the site of Mirani Goram on the Dasht River, which irrigates thousands of
acres land.
Dam, Rivers and Canals of Gilgit Baltistan
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Gilgit Baltistan is the land of rivers, streams, springs and the world's largest
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glaciers. The Indus River first enters Gilgit-Baltistan. Shiwak, Shigar, Gilgit, Astor, Hunza

e
and Haspar etc. are the major rivers of Gilgit Baltistan. Satpara Dam is very important in
Gilgit Baltistan. To irrigate the fields, there is a system of canals and water channels
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which are connected to rivers and streams.

Production, Distribution of Major Crops, livestock and Fisheries
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in Pakistan
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Major Crops of Pakistan

Wheat, Sugarcane, rice, Cotton and Maize are our main crops. Pakistan's
economy, exports and foreign exchange depend mostly on these crops.
1-Wheat
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Wheat is most important food crop of

Pakistan. It is cultivated in all the provinces and regions
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of the country. The annual production of wheat in

Pakistan is about 25 million tons. Larger proportion of
wheat is grown in Punjab and Sindh respectively.
Multan, Khanewal, Sahiwal, Vehari, Faisalabad, Toba
Tek Singh, Sargodha, Muzaffargarh, Jhang,
Bahawalpur and Dera Ghazi Khan in Punjab Province, View of Wheat Field

Sukkur, Hyderabad, Nawabshah and Khairpur in Sindh Province. In Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa, Dera Ismail Khan, Peshawar, Bannu, Charsadda and Mardan, while in
Balochistan Province, Nasirabad, Khuzdar, Loralai and Kalat are important areas of
wheat production in Pakistan.
2- Rice
Rice is the second most important food crop in Pakistan. In addition to food
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1 Pakistan Studies 69

needs, it is also an important source of foreign

exchange. In 2019-20 the area under cultivation was
around 3 million hectares that gave an output of more
than 7.4 million tons. The production per hectare was
less than 2450 kg, which is less than most of the
developed countries in the world.
In Pakistan larger portion of rice is grown in Rice Crop

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Gujranwala, Hafizabad, Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Narowal, Kasur, Lahore and Okara districts
of Punjab province. In Sindh province, rice is grown in Sukkur, Larkana, Guddu and Kotri
Barrage areas. In addition to Dera Ismail Khan, Peshawar and Kurram Agency in Khyber

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Pakhtunkhwa, rice is also grown in the Nasirrabad area of Balochistan.
3- Cotton
In 2019-20, the area under cotton
cultivation in Pakistan was 2.527 million hectares.

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The production was estimated at 92 lakh bales. In
fo n o
Pakistan, cotton is grown in the irrigated areas of

e
Punjab and Sindh. It is cultivated on a very small
area in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan.
ot io

The Central and South regions of Punjab

Province are famous for cotton crop. The districts
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of Hyderabad, Badin, Sukkur, Thatta, Nawabshah, Cotton Fields Crop

Nowshero Feroze, Ghotki and Tharparkar in Sindh play an important role in cotton
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production. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, cotton is grown in Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan,
while in Balochistan, cotton is grown in the cultivated areas of Jaffarabad, Nasirabad and
Kalat divisions.
eb

Our production per hectare is about 700 kg, while China and India have 1700 kg and
1200 kg respectively. Increase in our average output is need of the hour. Pakistan earns
billions of rupees from export of cotton and its products every year.
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4-Sugarcane
Sugarcane is an important cash crop of
Pakistan. It is used to make white sugar and
Jaggery (gur) and shakkar. In Pakistan, total
output of sugarcane is about 71 million tones
and average per hectare yield is about 61
thousand Kg. It is much less than most of the
developing countries of the world. Apart from
the irrigated areas of Punjab and Sindh, it is
cultivated in Dera Ismail Khan, Peshawar, Sugarcane Crop
Mardan and Charsadda in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
70 Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 7

At present the total production of sugarcane is less

than the demand. That's why we have to import
sugar.
5-Maize
Maize is an important Kharif crop. It is used
for food purposes and as fodder for animals. It is
mostly cultivated in the foothills of Kohistan, the

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plains of Peshawar and Mardan. In Punjab, it is Maize Crop Field
cultivated in Pakpattan, Sahiwal, Vehari, Faisalabad, Toba Tek Singh, Sargodha,
Muzaffargarh, Jhang, Bahawalpur, Dera Ghazi Khan and Okara areas. The total average

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annual production of maize in Pakistan is about 6 million tons. It is also used to make
corn oil, custard powder, popcorn and jelly.
Livestock
Livestock is a sector of our agriculture that plays a major role in the national
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economy. This is the sector that supports farmers, non-farmers, landowners and
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e
landless people in difficult times. This sector is especially popular in rural areas and is an
important source of income for the rural people. Government is taking a number of
steps to increase livestock, including import of breeder animals, mobile service, training
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of concerned persons, reduction in customs duty on livestock, dairy related imports and
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obtaining loans at low markup from banks for this sector.

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Sahiwal Breed Cow Goats of Rajanpur

Poultry
This is an important livestock support sector.
There has been a lot of progress in this sector over
the last few years. About 1.5 million people are
employed in this sector. The growing prices of
chicken meat have helped control the prices of
mutton and beef. The government has formulated a
four-year programme for the development of this
Poultry Farm
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1 Pakistan Studies 71

sector, under which about Rs. 33 crore will be spent on it. Government is providing loans
on easy terms for the development of the poultry sector. Under this facility, loans can be
obtained for daily expenses of poultry farms (broilers, layers and hatcheries), for
purchase of various poultry machinery and equipment and for expansion and
construction of existing farms.
Fisheries
The majority of people living on the shores

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of the sea or on the banks of the rivers are engaged
in fishing. Fishing is an artificial way of breeding
fish. Pakistan is earning a lot of foreign exchange

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from fish exports. In addition, farmers are now
setting up fish farms to raise and sell fish on a
commercial basis. In this way, they are making
more profit than conventional agriculture. They
rs f Fish Farm
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are playing an important role in increasing meat

e
production in the country. Fisheries play a vital role in increasing Pakistan's national
income and meeting the food shortages. This reduces the pressure on mutton, beef and
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poultry. In the year 2019-20, the annual fish production in Pakistan was estimated at
more than 7 lac metric tons. Fish is very important in the human food, as it is an
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important source of protein.

Importance of Industries, Their Location and Production of
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Cottage, Small and Large-scale Industries

Industrial development is closely linked to economic development, because
economic development is not possible without industrial development. Industrial
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development is an economic and social process that not only improves our technical
standards, but also has a direct impact on our habits, lifestyle and environment. We can
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get the following benefits from industrial development:

1- Country becomes economically stable, increase in national and per capita income.
2- Agricultural sector develops and exports of the country increase.
3- Employment opportunities increase and the living standards of the people improve.
4-The country's foreign exchange reserves increase and the balance of payments
improves.
5- Domestic and foreign investment increases and technical skills are developed.
Cottage Industry
Cottage industry refers to an industry that is run by household members with
very little investment and cooperation and involves only human labour. If it is necessary
to use the machine, it is done on a limited scale. The craftsman not only buys the raw
72 Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 7

materials required for this industry, but also markets his own product. Some of the
examples are sewing clothes in houses, making khes and daryan (mats), poultry and
carpet weaving etc. Gold and silver work, wood work, pottery making, stone work, toy
making, block printing and embroidery are also fall into the category of cottage
industry. Even in the present age of modern industry, cottage industry is not only alive,
but is moving from the countryside to the cities or towns, where appreciators value this
art more. Foreign tourists in particular are more interested in domestic handicrafts.

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Block Printing Knitting of Khes
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Small Industry
This refers to an industry that does not require heavy machinery. Small scale
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industries include Poultry farming, Dairy farming, Fish farming, Power looms,
manufacturing of sports goods and flour machines and rice threshing machines.
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Making of Sports Goods Poultary Farm

Problems of the Small Industry

The key issues of this industry are as under:
1-People are less educated or illiterate, due to which they cannot use modern
technology.
2- Lack of innovation and quality in goods as per the market demand.
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1 Pakistan Studies 73

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fo n o
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3- Competition with large scale industry and difficulties in accessing markets.

4- Difficulties in accessing electricity, gas and other energy resources.
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5- Difficulty in getting loan from bank and getting technical facilities from abroad.
6- Not being able to market the goods or products properly.
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The Small Industries Corporation has been set up to address the problems of
small and medium enterprises. It aims to remove the obstacles in obtaining loans and
other problems of small and domestic industries. There is a need to encourage and raise
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the standard of small scale industry for the economic development of the country.
Large Scale Industries
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Large scale manufacturing industries include textile, pharmaceutical, cement,

cigarette, air conditioner, buses, cars, petroleum and related products manufacturing
industry, automobile, fertilizer manufacturing industry, mobile phone, motorcycle
manufacturing industry , television, sugar industry and cooking oil industry etc.
Textile is our largest industry and the backbone of our economy. The textile sector
provides 46% of the manufacturing share and also employs 38% of the workforce.
Government should pay special attention to large scale industry because it has less
fluctuation than agriculture. In the past, industries have been facing difficulties due to
shortage of electricity and gas and Corona (COVID-19), but now due to improvement in
power supply, the process of rehabilitation of industries has started. Industries will
gradually start operating at their full potential. This process will reduce unemployment
and increase the country's economic growth.
74 Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 7

The development of the defense industry plays an important role in

strengthening the country's defense. This industry accelerates economic activity and
thousands of people get jobs. Reducing imports of defense equipment saves foreign
exchange and the country's foreign exchange increases. In this way, the exchange rate
of the domestic currency improves.

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rs f Sugar Mill Cement Plant
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Pakistan's defense industry is very old and important. It manufactures arms,

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ammunition and other defense equipment to meet national needs. It includes Heavy
Mechanical Complex Texla, Pakistan Ordnance Factories Wah Cantt and Heavy
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Industries Texla.
Importance, Production and Consumption of different Sources
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of Energy in Pakistan
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Energy serves as a key element for economic development. A developing

country with a very high population growth rate needs to strike a balance between its
energy resources and its national needs otherwise the country may face many
problems. There are four types of energy resources:
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1- Electricity 2- Gas 3-Mineral Oil 4- Coal

1- Electricity
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Electricity is an important source of energy that meets industrial and domestic

needs. Electricity generation (percentage) from different sources can be viewed in the
following table.

Hydro electricity 24%

Thermal Power 61%

Nuclear Power 12%

Other Sources (Solar, Air) 3%

Total 100%
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1 Pakistan Studies 75

Electricity supply situation in Pakistan has improved a lot. Government has

paid full attention to reopening the closed industry, which has started reviving the
industry. At present, the power sector is facing the following problems:

Electricity

Water Reservoir

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Flo
w of w Transformer
ate
r
Dam

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Generator

Turbine

Discharge of Water

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Method of Getting Electricity from Dam

· Electricity is not being generated as per the production capacity of the installed
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power plant. Much of the generated electricity is being wasted due to outdated,
faulty and old transmission systems.
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· Hydro electricity is dependent on water which increases and decreases due to

shortage of water in dams. As a result, dams are generating far less hydropower
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than their capacity due to severe water shortages.

· Expensive electricity is being produced due to the high cost of furnace oil.
· In the past decade due to heavy investment in the country, the number of
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industrial units increased significantly but power generation could not be

increased in comparison.
· Over time, the use of electricity in society is increasing more rapidly, but in
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comparison, the production of electricity is not increasing at the same rate.

· Government buys electricity from Independent Power Producers (IPP'S), which
is more expensive than hydropower. Government has to bear more costs.
· Government has given the importance of the issue, successful negotiations have
been held with these autonomous bodies, which have yielded positive results.
· Line Losses, infrastructure defects and theft of electricity also cause a lot of
power loss.
Suggestions to Solve Electricity Problem
· Along with hydropower, other sources, especially coal should also be used to
generate electricity, as we have about 185 billion tons. According to some
experts, up to 50,000 megawatts of electricity can be generated annually from
these reserves. It can meet our industrial and domestic needs for the next 500
76 Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 7

years. In addition, we can earn a lot of foreign exchange by exporting surplus

electricity to neighbouring countries.
Sun

Solar Panel

Charge Controler
Inverter

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Battery

DC Electricity

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AC Electricity

Wind Mill Method of Getting Solar Energy

· Apart from coal, wind and solar energy are also being generated. Government is
also fully active in generating electricity from these sources. In the current era,

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there is a need to increase the capacity of these sources of electricity.
fo n o
· Electricity generation can also be increased by using biogas and biofuels. 5,000

e
megawatts of electricity can be generated by using urban and agricultural
waste.
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· Electricity situation can be improved by banning air conditioners in offices at

certain times.
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· The use of all types of bulbs and tube lights for domestic and commercial should
be banned and replaced with cheap energy savers and LED bulbs to save
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electricity.
· Electricity situation can be improved by strictly adhering to the schedule for
weddings and other celebrations.
· Electricity loss can be reduced by launching "Save Electricity" campaign on
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electronic and print media.

2-Gas
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Natural gas is a clean, environment friendly and efficient source of energy. The
largest gas reserves in Pakistan were discovered in 1952 at Sui (Balochistan). However,
gas reserves are discovered in the country from time to time. Gas reserves have been
found in lower Sindh, in areas of Balochistan, Pothwar and Kohistan Namak areas. Gas
reserves found at Sui, Mari and Qadirpur are also very important.
According to an estimate, the average daily production of natural gas in Pakistan
is more than four billion cubic feet. More than 1/3 of the country's energy needs are
being met by this gas. Natural gas is a very cheap and clean source of energy which is the
best alternative to coal and mineral oil. In addition to this natural gas is used in
processing fertilizer, recyclable plastics, rayon and many other industries. A larger
proportion of gas is used for power generation and domestic burning, while more than
one-third of gas is consumed in the fertilizer and other industries.
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1 Pakistan Studies 77

The government is forced to resort to load shedding due to the rapidly growing trend in
gas demand.
According to the Ministry of Petroleum, the demand for gas is constantly
increasing. Shale gas reserves need to be made usable to reduce gas imports. If supply
situation of gas does not improve and it is not used wisely, we could face a major gas
crisis like electricity. So, realizing the seriousness of the issue, the government is
considering a number of proposals that could improve the situation. At the same time,
the public must be careful in their use of gas.

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Do you know?
The Oil and Gas Development Company Limited (OGDCL) was established

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in 1961 to explore for oil and gas in Pakistan.

3-Mineral oil
Mineral oil is a great source of energy. In Pakistan, mineral oil was discovered in

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1968. Lower Sindh, Kohistan Namak, Pothwar and the foothills of Mount Suleiman are
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important areas for mineral oil production. Demand for mineral oil is increasing rapidly

e
day by day. Pakistan's annual consumption of mineral oil is about 20 million tons, of
which 8 million tons are imported each year, while the rest is met by domestic
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production. So, oil has to be imported to cover the gap between supply and demand, on
which a lot of foreign exchange has to be spent. Now it is necessary for Pakistan to
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increase production of “Ethanol” in addition to mineral oil. The main reason for the
increase in demand for petroleum products is the generation of electricity from furnace
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oil, which is increasing rapidly day by day. About 40% of the country's energy needs are
met by mineral oil.
4-Coal
Globally, the prices of petrol and its products are on the rise tendency. This trend
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has forced the world to look for other sources of energy. Coal is one of them. About 28%
of the world's energy needs are currently met by coal. Pakistan has vast reserves of coal,
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but very little it is being used. Many projects are currently underway to utilize the Thar
coal reserves, but these projects need to be further expanded.
International Trade of Pakistan (Imports and Exports) and its
Impact on the Economy
The region in which Pakistan is located is very important for international trade.
Pakistan is located at an important and strategic position in respect of sea, air and land
routes of the world. China is located in its Northeast and India in the East, which have a
big share in future trade. In its north are Russia and the Central Asian states, while to the
northwest is the Muslim world, which is rich in oil. Russia needs Pakistan for access to hot
waters. Trade of the Muslim world with South Asia and Australia is possible only through
Pakistan, because Pakistan is in the middle of these countries. Easy access to China,
Central Asia and the Middle East is possible only through Pakistan, as the port of Karachi
78 Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 7

is an important hub for business activities.

Do you know?
In the current era of development, no country can survive without
international trade. Some goods have to be imported from other countries and
some goods have to be sold to other countries, which are called imports and
exports respectively.
Major Imports of Pakistan

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Pakistan's major imports include petroleum products, machinery, electronics,
medicines, cars, refrigerators, air conditioners, tea, cooking oil and powdered milk.
About 30% of Pakistan's imports come from six countries, including the United States,

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the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The
main reason for the growing trend in Pakistan's imports is the weakness of technology.
Due to weak technology, we cannot make machinery, electronics and cars ourselves. We
have to import these goods at the expense of valuable foreign exchange, which is a

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huge burden on the country's economy.
fo n o
Major Exports of Pakistan

e
Pakistan's major exports include textile products, rice, vegetables, fruit, cement,
surgery equipment, sports equipment, ready-made garments, leather products,
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jewelery and chemicals etc. Major portion of Pakistan's exports is directed to five
countries. These include the United States, United Arab Emirates, Germany, United
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Kingdom, and Hong Kong.

In order to increase exports, there is an urgent need to not only find new markets, but
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also to improve the quality, packaging and grading of goods. Improve the energy
situation to open closed industrial units. Manufacture better products by using high
technology that can compete in the international market.
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Trade Deficit
If a country's exports are low and imports are high, that country will run a trade
deficit. If this deficit increases every year, it will be a moment of concern for such a
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country. The majority of developing countries are in deficit, because they sell their
goods cheaply and buy the necessities expensive. Pakistan is also one of the countries
that suffer from trade imbalances. Our trade deficit is very high. The main reasons for the
widening trade deficit are:
· Excessive decline in exports compared to domestic imports.
· Export prices lower than import prices.
· The depreciation of the national currency against the US dollar.
· The effects of COVID-19 on the world and especially on developing countries.
Measures to Reduce Trade Deficit
The following steps need to be taken to reduce the trade deficit:
· Reducing imports and keeping the Pakistani rupee stable.
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1 Pakistan Studies 79

· Increasing exports and export manufactured goods instead of raw materials.

· Explore new markets, and focus on better quality, grading and packing.
· Supply of energy continuously on low prices.
· Efforts should be made to Increase the volume of trade, and export
nontraditional goods.
Importance of Sea Ports and Dry Ports of Pakistan
Pakistan's major ports include Karachi, Port Qasim and Gwadar. Their
importance is described below:

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1- Pakistan has become a hub at the international level from a trade point of view, as
these ports are very important for trade activities.
2-Equipment that is difficult to export and import from other sources has become easier

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due to ports.
3- Ports play an important role in increasing trade activities.
4- Ports are a source of increase in the country's foreign exchange reserves.

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5- Ports increase employment opportunities.
fo n o
6- Ports increase trade links with the outside world.

e
7- Ports are a source of increase in national finances.
8- Ports increase investment opportunities.
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Karachi Port
It is the most important and oldest port in Pakistan, dating back more than 150
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years. In 1852, the Karachi Municipality formally founded it. Initially its scope was
limited, which increased over time. Karachi Port is considered one of the most important
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ports in the world, with unloading and unloading facilities. Modern International
Container Terminals have also been built, equipped with giant container cranes.
Government intends to expand it further.
Muhammad Bin Qasim Port
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It is the second largest port in Pakistan to be built near Pakistan Steel Mills, to
facilitate the needs of Steel Mills. Special terminals for iron ore and coal have been
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constructed at Bin Qasim port for the purpose of Steel Mills. Iron ore and coal imported
from abroad for Steel Mills are unloaded here. The Bin Qasim port meets 40% of the
country's shipping needs. The terminal has the capacity to unload 70 tons of coal and 70
tons of iron ore per hour. Container and Oil Terminal as well as many other facilities are
available here.
Gwadar Port
Gwadar Port is a deep-sea port on the Arabian Sea
in the city of Gwadar, Balochistan. This important port was
inaugurated on March 20, 2007. The port is an easy sea
route for East and Central Asian states. Trade of fertilizer,
wheat and coal and other commodities has started
through this port. It is hoped that the completion of the
Gwadar Port
80 Economic Development of Pakistan Chapter 7

projects under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in the near future will make
the port of Gwadar a global hub. It will improve Pakistan's economic situation.
Do you know?
The Gwadar port area was bought by Pakistan from Oman in 1958 in
300,000 dollars.

Dry Ports of Pakistan

In addition to the seaports, many dry ports

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have also been set up in Pakistan. Dry Ports are
functioning at Lahore, Karachi, Sialkot, Peshawar,
Multan, Quetta, Swat, Sambarial, Faisalabad and

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Quetta. These dry ports increase employment. Dry
ports help in reducing pressure on the ports.
Delivery and transportation of goods becomes

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easy through dry ports. Transportation costs
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decrease and business activity increases.

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Multan Dry Port

Exercise
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1- Tick the correct answer from the four answers given against each
question:
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(i) Head Islam has been constructed on:

(a) On the Indus River (b) On the River Chenab
(c) On the River Ravi (d) On the River Sutlej
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(ii) Karachi port was founded in:

(a) In 1832 (b) In 1842
(c) In 1852 (d) In 1862
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(iii) To speed up economic growth which plan was started in 1960:

(a) 2nd five year plan (b) 3rd five year plan
(c) 4th five year plan (d)5th five year plan
(iv) Vast Salt Deposits are found in:

(a) In Kharan (b) In Saindak

(c) In Kohistan Namak (d) Langrial
(v) Which of these is efficient and modern method of watering;
(a) Irrigation from conventional channels
(b) Irrigation from lined up channels (Pakka Khala)
(c) Sowing crop on ridges
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(d) Irrigation from sprinkler and Drip

2- Give short answers to the following questions:
(i) Define economic development.
(ii) What is the main reason for the decrease of foreign investment in Pakistan?
(iii) What is meant by manpower? Who are included in manpower?
(iv) What is meant by defense industry?
(v) Write names of five link canals.
3- Answer the following questions in detail:

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(i) Give a brief description of economic growth in the seventh decade from 2008 to 2018.
(ii) Describe the dams, barrages and canals on the Indus River.
(iii) What are the important minerals of Pakistan? Explain.

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(iv) Discuss the problems faced by agriculture? Give suggestions to solve these
problems.
(v) What are the positive effects of increase in crop yields on the economy?

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(vi) Discuss the main reasons of trade deficit of Pakistan? How the country can get rid of
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the Problem?

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(vii) How can poverty be decreased by promoting small industries?
(viii) Suggest ways to increase energy resources in the country?
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(ix) Why Pakistan's ports and dry ports are necessary for international trade?
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Activity for the Students

Ÿ Write a paragraph on the importance of Dam with the help of your teacher.
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Ÿ Go to a grocery store in your vicinity and make a list of ten “made in Pakistan” and ten
imported items, share this list with other students, and discuss these with them.

Instructions for teachers

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Ÿ Organize a study cum recreation tour of an industry, and show the students
production process.
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Ÿ Explain and discuss with students the energy resources and their importance in
Pakistan.
 Population, Society and Culture
seidutS nStudies
Pakistan atsikaP 010
1 8
Chapter

Population, Society and

of Pakistan

8
Culture of Pakistan
Student’s Learning Outcomes

After studying this chapter students will be able to:

1. Describe the growth and distribution of Population in Pakistan and impact of

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population explosion on society (Census table be added from 1951 to date).
2. Discuss the gender composition, gender discrimination and its related problems
with their solution.

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3. Explain the salient features of Pakistani society with reference to the social values,
customs and traditions.
4. Discuss the educational and health conditions in Pakistan.
5. Describe the importance of tourism and highlight natural and cultural attractions of

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Pakistan for tourism.
fo n o
6. Describe the need and importance of inter-faith harmony, tolerance and resilience

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against terrorism.
7. Identify the major features of Pakistan's culture and commonality in regional
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cultures leading to National integration and cohesion.

8. Trace the origin and evolution of national and regional languages.
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9. Trace the contribution and achievements of minorities in nation building.

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Growth and Distribution of Population in Pakistan

The number of people living an or on a place in a country, area or place is called
population. If you have four people in your house, your population will be four.
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Population of a rural area is of few hundred and an urban area can consist of thousands
or millions of people. The population includes children, the elderly, men and women.
For the study of population, a Subject on Demography has been introduced, in which
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statistical analysis of the human population is done. It provides statistical analysis of

birth rates, mortality rates, housing, migration, diseases, population distribution etc.
The discipline of Demography was started by the famous Muslim scholar Ibn-e-
Khaldun. He has analyzed the population in his book “Muqaddimah Ibn-e-Khaldun.”
Population Growth Rate:
Pakistan's population is growing at faster rate, it can be judged from the popula-
tion growth statistics. According to the 2017 census, Pakistan's population was
about 207 million. According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2021-22 the population
of Pakistan is above 224 million. Pakistan is 5 th largest country by population. The
area is the same, but the population is growing rapidly. That is why Pakistan is counted
among the densely populated countries. Two important things are kept in mind
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1 Pakistan Studies

regarding population: One is population distribution and the other is its growth rate.

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Province Wise Density of Population

Punjab is the largest province of Pakistan in term of population. About 53% of
the population of the country lives in Punjab Province. According to the 2017 census, the
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population density is given in the table below:

Sr. Name of region/ Population Area sq km Population density
No Province
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1. Pakistan 207 million 796,096 sq KM 261 persons per sq Km

2. Punjab 110 million 205,345 sq Km 535 persons per sq Km

3. Sindh 47.8 million 140,914 sq km 339 persons per sq km
4. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 30.5 million 101, 741sq km 300 persons per sq km

5. Balochistan 12.3 million 347,190 sq km 35 persons per sq km

6. Islamabad (Federal 2 million 906 sq km 2014 persons per sq km

Capital)
 Population, Society and Culture
Chapter 8
of Pakistan

Note: FATA which has now merged with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, had a
population of about 5 million.

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Rural urban Composition and Distribution of Population

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About one third of the total population in Pakistan lives in cities. According to
the Pakistan Economic Survey 2021-22, about 82.83 million people live in urban areas of
Pakistan while the remaining 141.96 million live in rural areas. The areas which are
administered by Metropolitan Corporation, Municipal Corporation, Municipal
Committee, Town Committee or Cantonment Board are called urban areas.
The urban population has more and better access to electricity, gas, roads,
education, health and shopping malls than in rural areas. These modern facilities of life
are lacking in the rural areas. Due to lack of economic activities and employment
opportunities in rural areas, people are migrating to cities. Due to this migration, the
population in urban areas is increasing, which is creating problems of residence,
employment, education and health in cities.
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Do you know?
For purposeful planning, it is important to know about different aspects of
population, such as: total population and its regional distribution, growth rate,
population per sq km, ratio of urban and rural population, quality of education and
popular professions of the people. The process of finding out these population data
is called census. The census takes place every ten years. The first census in the
subcontinent was conducted in 1881. The first census in Pakistan was conducted in

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1951, while the sixth census was conducted in 2017.

Schedule of Population Surveys (1951-2017) Conducted in Pakistan

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Census Year Population (millions)

1951 33.7
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1961 42.8

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1972 65.3
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1981 84.2
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1998 132.3
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2017 207.7
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Gender composition, Gender Discrimination and its related

Problems and their Solution
Gender distribution refers to the distribution of population on the basis of men
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and women. According to the facts and figures of 2019-20, men constitute about 51% of
the total population in Pakistan, while women constitute about 49%. These statistics
show that the birth rate of men in Pakistan is higher than that of women. These statistics
can be considered as very suitable for economic development and increase in economic
activities. It is possible to increase economic productivity in Pakistan by making the
workforce skilled. This will increase Pakistan's per capita income.
Distinguishing people on the basis of man or woman is called Gender
Discrimination. Nature assigned separate roles for men and women. Their main purpose
was to carry forward the human race. Making progress and moving forward is one of
the characteristics of a human being. Customs and Rituals change over time. Men and
women now have equal opportunities for development in society. All forms of
 Population, Society and Culture
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discrimination on the basis of gender are discouraged. Gender discrimination is not only
a problem of Pakistan, but it has become of international importance in terms of poverty
alleviation, access to education and medical facilities, and women's participation in the
economy and decision-making process.
There has been a great enlightenment in our thinking about daughters'
education. Conservative families who never thought their daughters could pursue a
career other than becoming doctors or teachers. Today, their daughters are showing
their talents as lawyers, engineers, fashion designers, politicians, Air Force Pilots, Civil

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Service officers, Army officers and media anchorpersons etc. In Pakistan, role that
women are playing in the development of society is not less than the role of men. In the
light of Islam and modern science, discrimination against women is not appropriate.

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Salient Features of Pakistani Society and Culture
Society is a translation of the English word society, derived from the Latin word
“Socius”, meaning "companion." Thus, society refers to a group of people. A group of

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people who are living for a few purposes is called a society. People in a society have
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relationships with each other. Society does not consist of one individual, but consists of

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a large group of individuals. All the people in the society belong to different classes and
communities. They cooperate with each other. Pakistani Society has its own recognition
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like other societies.

Culture is the name of the common beliefs, way of life, customs, language and
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traditions of the people living in a place. Culture includes all the beliefs, laws, customs,
traditions, sciences, arts and habits, etc., which man adopts himself as a member of
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society. Pakistani culture reflects Islamic values. Pakistan is inhabited by people who
speak different languages. They have a common culture due to their bond with Islam.
The Islamic colour is prominent in Pakistani society. National culture unites people of a
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nation or society and distinguishes them from other nations and societies. The salient
features of Pakistani society and culture are as follows.
1-The Colours of Islamic culture
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Pakistan is based on the religion of Islam. So, respect for the religion and
adherence to its traditions is evident in the lives of the people here. A majority of people
follow Islamic teachings in living, dress, food and socializing. Islam teaches respect for
other religions and their followers. The fact is that people living in different parts of
Pakistan may differ from one another in terms of their food, clothing, lifestyle, customs
and traditions, but Islam is the strong foundation that has brought them all together in
one garland. According to Islamic teachings, the difference between colour, race,
language, wealth and poverty does not matter. The colours of Islamic culture are
reflected in brotherhood, fraternity and equality.
2-Joint Family System
Pakistan as a whole has a common family system. The head of the family is the
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man, who is responsible for the sustenance of his family. Housewife takes care of the
house, children and household affairs. Elders are treated with the utmost respect in the
home. They are served as a religious and moral duty.
3- Customs and Traditions
People of Pakistan are generally friendly, polite and free mixing. They like to
share joys and sorrows with each other. They exchange wishes and gifts on events of joy
like marriage, birth of child, birthdays. At these events feasts, tea and sweet parties are

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arranged. For example, after birth of child Azaan is recited in the ears of new born baby.
This act has many dimensions, people thank Allah who blessed them with the baby, then
declare Allah is great and they believe in it. In case of any calamity, trouble or death,

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people share the grief with each others. When a Muslim passes away, relatives and
friends etc. gather at the deceased's house. After the funeral prayers, he is buried. The
Holy Qur'an is recited for the deceased person. Non Muslims living in the country also
have the right to perform their marriage, death and other ceremonies in their own way.

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4- Religious Harmony
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There exists respect for other religions, tolerance and harmony in Pakistan. In
subcontinent, a large number of people embraced Islam by impressing teachings of
saints. In Pakistan, caste, colour, race like distinctions are not given much importance.
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Constitution of Pakistan gives full protection to minorities.

5- Religious Festivals
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In accordance with the teachings of

Islam, two Eids are celebrated every year in
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Pakistan. Eid-ul-Fitr is celebrated at the end of

Holy month of Ramadhan on 1st Shawwal, Eid-
ul-Adhaa is celebrated on 10th of Zilhajj. Both
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Eids are celebrated with great religious

fervour. Include of other religious festival, the
Birth of Holy Prophet is
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th
celebrated on 12 Rabi-ul-Awal with Devotion
and respect. This day is also called Jashan-e-
Milad-un-Nabi .The Celebration of Eid
Muslims celebrate Meraj-un-Nabi , on 27th Rajab and Shabe-e-
Barat on 15th Sha'ban. The Muslims also celebrate the Yaum-e-Aashur on 10th Muharram
with religious devotion and respect. Like the Muslims، minorities in Pakistan celebrate
their social and religious festivals and rituals. Hindus observe Diwali and Holi in their
traditional way. Christians (Christmis, Easter etc), Sikh (Janam Din, Besakhi etc) and Bihai
(Naw-Ruz and Rid-van etc) celebrate their special days with zeal.
6- Dress and Food
Majority of the Pakistanis like to wear simple, clean and graceful dress. Shalwar
 Population, Society and Culture
Chapter 8
of Pakistan

Qamis is our national dress. Men and women across the

Pakistan like and wear this dress with minor difference. In
different regions people add vest coat, cap, turban, ajrak etc
with their dress. Women add Dupatta, Chadar, Shawl, Abaa
(an outer robe) in their dress. Wheat, rice, meat, pulses, fish,
fresh and dry fruit are common foods of the people.
Dress of Gilgit Baltistan
7- Mixed Culture

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Pakistani society is practically a beautiful bunch of Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun,
Balochi, Kashmiri, Balti, Brahvi and Seraiki culture. In the minority, the customs and dress
of Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, Parsis , Bahais and other religions also give a new colour to

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Pakistani society.
8- Urs and Fairs
There is a tradition of fairs on eve of harvesting crops or on the occasions of Urs
of saint (Sophie). These include the Urs of Hazrat Ali Hajveri Data Ganj Buksh ( ),
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fo n o
,Hazrat Shah Inayet Qadri ( ), Hazrat

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Baba Bulhe Shah( ), Hazrat Baba Farid-
ud-Din Gang Shakar ( ) , Hazrat Shah
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Rukn-e-Alam ( ), Hazrat Baha-u-Din

Zakria ( ), Hazrat Madhu-Lal-Hussein
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(Mela Charghan) ( ), Hazrat Sakhi Saidn

Shah Sherazi ( ), Hazrat Sachal
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Surmust ( ), Hazrat Lal Shehbaz

View of Urs of Hazrat Ali Hujwiri
Qalandar( ), Hazrat Shah Abdul Latif
Well Known as Data Gunj Buksh
Bhittai ( ), Hazrat Pir Mehar Ali Shah
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( ), Hazrat Sakhi Sarwar ( ), Hazrat Khawaja Ghulam Farid ( ),

Hazrat Sultan Bahu ( ) and more. Sibi mela (festival, Balochistan) is very famous
fair of Pakistan.
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9-Sports and Recreation

Hockey is the National game of
Pakistan. Pakistan's Cricket, Hockey, Kabaddi,
Squash, Snooker and Tennis teams are
among the best in the world. Pakistani
women also take part in national and
international sports. Sports tournaments are
held at tehsil, district, divisional, provincial
and national levels. Polo is very popular game
in Gilgit Baltistan and Chitral. A Scene of Kabaddi Game
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10-Protecting the Rights of Minorities

Minorities in Pakistan enjoy all kinds of religious, moral and social freedoms.
Quota is allocated for them in the fields of education, employment and politics.
11- Hospitality
Hospitality is the hallmark of the people of all parts of Pakistan. The people give
respect and serve their guests whole heartedly.
12- Architecture and Painting

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The architectural style of Badshahi Mosque, Shalamar Garden, Shahi Fort,
Jahangir Mausoleum and Haran Minar are reminiscent of the greatness of Muslims. The
Faisal Mosque, the Minar- e-Pakistan and the Mausoleum of Quaid-e-Azam (‫)رﲪﺔ ﷲﻋﻠ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﯿﻪ‬

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are symbols of our current cultural heritage. Painting is also a hallmark of our culture.
Abdul Rehman Chughtai, Ejaz Anwar, Ustad Allah Bakhsh, Sadequain, Jamil Naqsh and
Ismail Gulji are famous painters of Pakistan.
13- Poetry and Literature
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Poetry and literature have a prominent place in Pakistani culture. Sufism and
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religious colours are evident in Pakistani literature. Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal (‫) رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠــﯿﻪ‬
is our national poet, whose poetry is full of love for Islam, homeland and traditions.
Among the modern poets include N.M. Rashid, Majeed Amjad, Nasir Kazmi, Faiz Ahmad
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Faiz, Ahmad Faraz, Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi, Munir Niazi and Habib Jalib etc. Their poetry
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reflects the sentiments and ideas of patriotism.

Problems of Pakistani Society and Their Solution
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The following are some of the main problems of Pakistani society:

1- Poverty and Unemployment
A large portion of Pakistan's population suffers from poverty and
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unemployment. More than 38% of the country's population lives below the poverty line
and millions are unemployed. Poverty and unemployment create unrest and crime. To
solve the problem of poverty and unemployment, it is necessary to encourage cottage
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and private industries at the government level, creating new employment

opportunities. Loans should be provided to the poor people on easy terms so that they
can start their own business.
2- Low literacy rate
About 40% of population of Pakistan is illiterate. These illiterate people are
unable to play any role in the development of the country individually and collectively
like that of educated people. Government is working responsibly and seriously to raise
the literacy rate in Pakistan. New educational institutions are being opened and old
educational institutions are being upgraded.
3-Health Issues
In many parts of Pakistan people are deprived of basic medical facilities. In rural
 Population, Society and Culture
Chapter 8
of Pakistan

areas of the country death rate at maternity is very high. Health facilities are insufficient.
Government has done a lot in this regard. Basic Health Units have set up in remote areas.
The number of hospitals, doctors and nurses, etc. has increased. Government hospitals
have better treatment facilities, but there is room for improvement.
4-Population Growth
Another serious social problem in Pakistan is the rapid increase in population.
Migration from rural areas to cities is a problem. Population growth is increasing the
problems of food, health, education, unemployment, traffic and environmental

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pollution. Government has taken several steps to control the growing population, but it
is very difficult for the government to overcome this problem without the cooperation

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of the people.
Education Conditions in Pakistan
According to the Islamic teachings,
education is the basic need of every citizen.
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Education and socio-economic development are
fo n o
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interrelated. Literacy rate in Pakistan is about 62.8%
as per the statistics of 2021-2022. Increase in
literacy is considered necessary for economic
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growth. Government is giving great importance to

education. The important steps in this regard are
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as follows: Scene of an Educational Activity

1. Free education from grade 1 to grade 10,
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free supply of textbooks and scholarships for students.

2. Review and analysis of the curriculum on scientific and future needs basis.
3. Cooperation between government and private sector for the promotion of
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technical, vocational and scientific education.

4. Revolutionary measures in the field of information technology to improve the
quality of higher education for social and economic development.
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5. Make efforts for gender equity in the field of education, paying special attention
to women's educational institutions.
6. Establishment of universities in public and private sector to promote higher
education.
7. Establishment of Education Foundation at central and provincial level to solve
educational problems.
Pakistan's Educational Structure
The educational structure of Pakistan is divided into three phases:
1- Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE), Primary and Elementary Education
Pre-one grade education is called Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE).
Primary education is from the Grade-1 to Grade-5, while the scope of elementary
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education is from the Grade-6 to the Grade-8. The federal and provincial governments
are working to establish primary schools in every village, so that all people have access
to uniform education. For this purpose, a uniform national curriculum is being
implemented across the country.
2-Secondary and Higher Secondary Education;
Secondary Education consists of 9th and 10th grade. Education in eleventh and
twelfth classes is called Higher Secondary Education. The higher secondary education
course is two years long in which arts, science, commerce and other subjects are taught.

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Examinations from 9th to 12th grade are conducted by the Board of Intermediate and
Secondary Education (BISE).
3-University Education

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After higher secondary education, university education begins, for which there
are many universities in the country. In addition to universities, higher education is also
offered in colleges. There are many types of university education. This education

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contains BS and MS etc. In the field of higher education, research education at the level
fo n o
of [Link]. and Ph.D. is also provided in each subject. Students have to enroll in medical

e
colleges and engineering universities for medical and engineering education. There are
also professional training institutes for law, business, agriculture and other technical
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sciences.
Educational Problems and their Solution
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1- Low Literacy Rate

According to the latest statistics, literacy is currently 62.8%, which is lower than
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other developing countries. It is not satisfactory. Pakistan is an important country in the

world according to size of population and lags far behind in terms of literacy.
2- Defective Examination System
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Our examination system is defective. In this system we test memory and ability
to memorize. Examination should be test mental abilities of the student. So, we need to
evolve an examination system that is transparent and effective in testing the potential of
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students.
3- Limited Resources for Education
Unfortunately, very little importance has been given to education in the country.
Little sums of money are allocated for education in budget. There should be a
substantial increase in this allocation to fulfill needs of education system and
institutions.
4-Shortage of Teachers
There is a wide spread complaint of shortage of teachers in educational
institutions. It is very important to increase the number of teachers and educators in
educational institutions. In addition, training and skill development of teachers in
accordance with modern requirements is also necessary.
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5-Lack of Vocational and Technical Subjects in the Curriculum

The curriculum that is generally followed lack professional, technical and market
related subjects. This weakness can be addressed by inducting agriculture, gardening,
electronics photography, Information Technology (IT) and other professional subjects.
6- Lack of Teaching Material
Many of our schools and colleges do not have libraries and laboratories, when
these facilities are available; they are not up to mark. Due to this situation students
cannot perform practical, they cannot borrow books from the library. This affects their

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learning and latter their performance.
7-Lack of Basic Facilities
Educational institutions of our country lack many basic facilities. These basic

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Problems include no electricity, lack of safe water-health and sanitation facilities etc.
Transport and hostel facilities are available with few selected institutions. Lack of these
basic facilities is major obstacle to education.
8- Lack of Co-curricular Activities
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fo n o
Co-curricular activities are helpful in moral training and personality building.

e
Extra-curricular activities like speeches, Mushairay (Literary functions), debates, study
tours, quiz and sports activities are salt of life. But our educational institutions lack these
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co-curricular activities, which make the youth less practical.

9- Selection of Wrong Combination of Subjects
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In our country, the majority of parents want their children to become doctors or
engineers. So, they force their children to study science subjects. While doing this
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inclination and mental capacity are not taken care of. This puts psychological pressure
on the young ones. Even most of the schools and colleges do not provide the students a
chance to make choice. It is important teachers should guide the students in the
selection of subjects. Parents should also consider their children's preferences and
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abilities when choosing subjects, rather than forcing them to do so. The best which can
be advised is, parents, teachers and students should consult each other at this stage.
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Suggestions for solving Educational Problems

· The budget for education should be increased every year.
· All the middle schools should be given the status of secondary schools.
· All the primary teachers should have at least graduate degree.
· Science and technology-based subjects should be made part of the
curriculum. Existing technical and occupational subjects which are part of
curriculum need overhauling.
· Subjects of science and Information technology should also be made part of

“Deeni Madaras” curriculum, and their degrees should also be recognized.
· Ensure provision of playground and clean drinking water in all government
schools.
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Health Conditions in Pakistan

Pakistan is a densely populated country. Unfortunately, much attention has not
been given to health and medicine. A very small amount of money is allocated to the
health services budget. According to the Pakistan Economic Survey, 2021-22 a total sum
of Rs 657.2 billion were spent in health sector in Pakistan, which is only 1.2% of our G.D.P.
There is one doctor for 963, and one dentist for 9413 people. In hospitals there is only
one bed facility for 1608 people. In our country, average age of men is about 66 years

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and the average age of women is 68 years, while the average age in developed world is
about 70 years. In Pakistan, Health Department is responsible for the management and
control of hospitals, dispensaries, TB clinics, Rural Health Centres, Basic Health Units and

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Maternity and Child Care Centres.
There are many areas in the country where basic medical facilities are not
available. Further people do not follow principles of hygiene. That is why a healthy
society has not yet been formed. Health

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department is headed by health minister; its chief
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administrator is secretary health. Director General

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Health manages development work in health
department along with curative and preventive
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medicines. In Pakistan Lady Health visitors are

responsible for healthcare service at village level.
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Basic Health Units and Rural Health Centers are also

established. There are Tehsil Headquarter Hospitals View of a Govt. Hospital
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(THQ) and District Headquarter Hospitals (DHQ) at Tehsil and district level respectively.
Teaching Hospitals, Institute of Cardiology, Mental Health Institute and Children
Hospital are functioning under the control of provincial government. At the District level
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District Health authority has been setup. Government of Pakistan has taken many steps
in the health sector, important steps are listed below:
· Setting up hospitals.
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· Establishment of medical colleges

· Post-graduation in medical.
· Prevention of diseases.
· National Health research institute.
· Development of Head Quarter (HQ) hospitals
· Computer facilities at teaching hospitals
Problems in the Health Sector
In Pakistan, the increase in medical resources is less than the increase in
population. Health sector faces many problems such as lack of medical facilities,
overpopulation, multitude of diseases, lack of awareness about hygiene and
unbalanced diet etc. The government should allocate more funds for the health sector
 Population, Society and Culture
Chapter 8
of Pakistan

and take effective measures to control the population growth rate.

Importance of Tourism and Natural and Cultural Attraction for
Tourism in Pakistan
(i) Introduction
The tourism sector plays an important role in the development of any country.
Fortunately, Pakistan is one of the countries where there are plenty of opportunities
which can make Pakistan a tourist paradise. High mountains, lush green valleys, vast

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plains, natural freshwater lakes, holy sites of people of all faiths, archeological sites
across the country and a variety of cultural colours from around the world are in
Pakistan. They have the full potential to attract tourists. However, it is also an undeniable

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fact that despite being rich in tourism resources, Pakistan's tourism sector has not been
able to play a commendable role in the country's development. Fortunately, the
government is fully aware of the importance and usefulness of tourism and is taking
revolutionary steps to develop this sector. It is hoped that the timely completion of
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tourism projects, initiated by the government will open the door to prosperity in

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Pakistan.
(ii) Pakistan's Tourist Destinations
A brief description of Pakistan's tourist destinations is given below:
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Tourist Places full of Natural Scenery

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Tourist destinations full of natural scenery include Hunza Valley, Deosai Plain
(Baltistan), Naltar Valley (Gilgit), Fairy Meadows, Nanga Parbat and K-2 Base Camp,
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Kailash Valley, Swat Valley, Kaghan and Naran, Nathia Gali, Thandiani, Murree, Kotli
Satian , Soon Valley Sakesar, Koh-e-Sulaiman, Chaman, Ziarat, Gawadar, Beaches of
Karachi and Balochistan etc.
Religious Tourist places
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There are a lot of religious tourist places in different regions. More famous
among these are Taxila (Rawalpindi), Harappa (Sahiwal), Mohenjo Daro (Larkana), Katas
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Raj Temple (Chakwal), Tilla Jogian (Jhelum), Nankana Sahib, Kartarpur Sahib (Narowal),
Hassan Abdal (Attock), Lahore and Multan etc.
Important Historical Places in terms of Tourism
Important historical places in terms of tourism include Akrand Fort, Kenhaty
Garden, Kallar Kahar (Soon Valley, Khushab District), Shahi Fort (Lahore), Shalamar
Garden (Lahore), Derawar Fort Bahawalpur, Altit Fort (Gilgit Baltistan), Shigar Fort
(Shigar-Baltistan), Skardu Fort (Skardu), Mughal Garden Wah, Attock Fort, Rohtas Fort
(Jhelum), Rani Kot Fort (Jamshoro District, Sindh), Sharda Fort (Neelum Valley, Azad
Kashmir), Takht-e-Bhai (Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Bhambhore (Thatta District,
Sindh), Fort Monroe (Dera Ghazi Khan), Bala Hissar Fort (Peshawar), Masjid Mahabat
Khan (Peshawar), Badshahi Masjid (Lahore), Shah Jahan Masjid (Thatta District, Sindh),
Hingol National Park (Makran, Balochistan) And Jhal Magsi (Balochistan) etc. are
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important.

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View of a Tourist Destination View of a Lake in Kaghan Valley

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(iii) International Views on Pakistan's Tourism Sector
National and international experts and observers of tourism are agreed on the
point that Pakistan has the potential to become a first-class tourism resort. In 2010, the

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well-known tourism magazine "Lonely Planet "called Pakistan a "Big Thing" in terms of
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tourism. In 2018, the British Backpacker Society, which is known for providing services

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for the promotion of tourism, named Pakistan as the best place for adventure tourism. In
2019, an American magazine “Forbes” named Pakistan as the best place to visit. In 2020,
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another American magazine “Console Nast Traveller” declared Pakistan the best place to
spend holidays.
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(iv) Performance of Pakistan's Tourism Sector

Despite having ample resources, the tourism sector in Pakistan has not yet
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shown significant performance. The tourism sector contributes an average of about 10

percent annually to the world economy, but in Pakistan it contributes only 2 to 3 percent
annually. One of the main reasons for the backwardness of the tourism sector is that
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very few international tourists visit Pakistan. According to the World Atlas, France was
the biggest recipient of international tourists in 2018, with 89 million international
tourists a year. The other countries which received large number of tourists are
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respectively, Spain (83 million), United States (80 million), China (63 million), Italy (62
million) and Turkey (46 million). The number of international tourists who visited
Pakistan was less than two million.
The reasons for the decline in the number of international tourists in Pakistan are
the law and order situation, low projection of tourist resorts and lack of basic facilities in
tourist places. It is worth mentioning here that although international tourists visit
Pakistan in small numbers but the number of Pakistani tourists is satisfactory in all
respects. In 2019, the number of Pakistani tourists in Pakistan was around 50 million.
(v)Measures Taken by the Government to Promote Tourism
Recognizing the importance of tourism sector, the government has taken revolutionary
steps in this regard. A brief overview of these measures is as follows:
 Population, Society and Culture
Chapter 8
of Pakistan

· The Government of Pakistan has made significant changes in the visa policy for
international tourists. In addition to simplifying and expediting the visa process,
tourists from many countries have been granted visa facility at airports.
· The Government of Pakistan, in collaboration with the Provincial Governments,
has taken steps to strengthen the Tourism sector. At the federal level, a body, the
National Tourism Coordination Board has been set up. The purpose of this body
is to strengthen the relationship between the federation and the provinces.
· Pakistan has signed memorandums of understanding with countries like

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Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Nepal and Turkey etc. They have reiterated their
commitment to work together to promote mutual tourism.
· The Federal government has taken a number of steps to encourage the private

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sector. Government rest houses across the country are being systematically
handed over to the private sector. The mobilization of the private sector has led
to a significant increase in tourism activities.
·
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The Government of Pakistan and the Provincial Governments are taking
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effective steps to promote new tourist destinations. The measures taken in

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Kumrat Valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Kotli Satyan and Chakwal in Punjab
are links in the same chain.
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· Additional funding for tourism has been ensured in the Federal and Provincial
budgets for the provision of tourism facilities.
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· Regular plans have been made for the sustainable development of the tourism
sector. Punjab Tourism Policy 2019 is a link in the same chain. The future needs of
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tourism sector have been taken into consideration. The feasibility study of
various schemes has been started. Tourist destinations will be developed in the
light of these reports.
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(iv) Responsibilities of the Pakistani People for the Promotion of Tourism

There are also some responsibilities of the Pakistani people for the promotion of
tourism:
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· Avoid throwing rubbish.

· Do not distort and destroy existing facilities.
· Obey traffic and other laws.
· Avoid immoral behaviour.
· Capture beautiful photos and videos and spread these in the word
through social media to create a trend of tourism.
Do you know?
According to the report of World Tourism Organization, the number of people
travelling from one country to another was 631million in 1997. It has crossed to one
million in 2020.
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Need and Importance of Interfaith Harmony, Tolerance and

Resilience against Terrorism
Interfaith is a symbol of respect for others and tolerance. It is a way forward for
peaceful coexistence, peace and prosperity in the world of increasing political and
economic discontent.
It is well known that elimination of violence, extremism and prejudices from
human society has been common message of all divine religions. From Hazrat Adam (‫)ﻋﻠﯿﻪاﻟﺴﻼم‬

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to the last of the Messenger, Hazrat Muhammad and after
him the Righteous Caliphate, Companions ( ‫)ر انﷲ ا‬
and the Imams have always given a message to human beings to love each other,

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tolerance, eradicate hatreds and prejudices. Rather, the main goal and purpose of the
revelation of the Prophets is to serve the people and guide them on the path of
goodness. One of the basic principles of all religions Islam, Judaism, Christianity,
Buddhism and Parsi religion, are tolerance, love for humanity, kindness, and the

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elimination of prejudices.
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All religions have taught to keep all human values alive for the sake of sincerity,

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loyalty, devotion and humbleness. Regarding negative desires religions have asked to
stop greed, cruelty, selfishness, injustice, prejudice, jealousy and ignorance. When there
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is such a common ground among all religions, then why is it that evils such as terrorism,
prejudice, narrow-mindedness, oppression and extremism prevail in human society
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today? Human society today paints a grim picture of oppression, cruelty and murder. It
certainly has nothing to do with religion or civilized society.
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Islam's basic view is that religion and belief are private affair of the individual.
There is no room for coercion. Allah Almighty has created this world to test loyalty of
man, his knowledge and intellect for which human beings must have the freedom of
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action and inaction. There is clear example of the “Charter of Madinah” when Hazrat
Muhammad , came to Medina and founded the state
of Medina. First of all, a peace treaty (Charter of Medina) was made among the tribes of
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different religions, including Muslims, Jews and Christians.

The government is showing seriousness on the issue of harmony and tolerance.
All schools of thought are interconnected, which will certainly have a positive effect.
Minority festivals are now being held at the government level. In this way, this caravan of
love and tolerance will move forward. Now it is the time to eradicate hatred from the
beloved homeland, spread love and hold various programmes, conferences and
workshops on interfaith harmony.
In the constitution of Pakistan, followers of all religions are free to perform their
religious rites. No one has the right to oppose the beliefs and ideas of another religion.
We must create harmony among all religions. It is also necessary to identify the
mischievous elements that are the enemies of the country and the nation and are
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working on the foreign agenda. In this way, the country and the nation could be
protected from their nefarious aims.
No group has the right to use religious force against another group. Let us
pledge to promote interfaith harmony and send a message to every Pakistani living in
our dear homeland that he is mine and I am his. Come on! Get out of the shell of your
own colour and race and adopt the same colour. May it be the the colour of Islam, the
colour of love and peace and the colour of Pakistan.
Commonality in Regional Cultures Leading to National

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Integration and Cohesion
People of the four provinces of Pakistan differ to some extent in their customs,

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habits, language and way of life. But amid diversity a common national culture is
creeping in among the people. People who came from different regions and now live
together in different areas interact with each other. People have a sense of belonging,
which creates national unity, solidarity and oneness. This is the first and foremost
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important stage leading to national integration. Islamic values have an impact on
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Pakistan's regional culture. Values such as equality, brotherhood, fraternity, social
justice etc. are not only valued but also practised by the people. During the reign of
Muslim rulers, calligraphy, literature, music, painting and architecture developed under
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the government umbrella. What Muslims did in these fields is our cultural heritage.
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These achievements are our contribution, our pride and recognition. It is true that
nationalities living in the country want their recognition as Punjabi, Sindhi, Pakhtun,
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Baloch and others. But at the same time all the important occasion they show unity,
harmony and oneness.
Human feelings are reflected in literature and poetry. A look at literature
testify that lot of things are common in literature of all regions. Sufism, humanity,
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justice, love and cooperation are common subjects of national and provincial
languages. Hazrat Sultan Bahu ( ‫) رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬, Hazrat Baba Bulhe Shah ( ‫)رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬, Hazrat
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Waris Shah ( ‫ ) رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬, Hazrat Shah Hussain (‫)رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬, Hazrat Mian Muhammad
Bakhsh ( ‫) رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬, Hazrat Baba Farid-ud-Din Gang Shakar ( ‫)رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬, Hazrat Khawaja
Ghulam Farid ( ‫) رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬, Hazrat Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai ( ‫) رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬, Hazrat
Sachal Sarmast ( ‫) رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬, Khushhal Khan Khatak, Rahman Baba and Mir Gul Khan
Naseer etc. all have given the message of love, humanity and tolerance. These
common cultural values promote harmony and cohesion. Media brings cultural
expressions before the public. It fosters cultural rhetoric and creates national unity,
solidarity and harmony. Study of culture, its components and continuity in education
system, the subjects and topics taught also lead to a focus on culture. It promotes
shared values and cohesion. Pakistani society is based on Islamic ideology which should
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have been all pervasive. But it has given space to the subculture to exist. So, we see
there are some differences in the lifestyle, dress, food, construction style and customs of
the people due to regional and geographical conditions of the provinces and regions.
Origin and Evolution of National and Regional Languages
Urdu Language
Urdu is a word of Turkish language with its meaning army, camp, and soldier etc.
It was originated in the first decade of the eleventh century in subcontinent. In the reign

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of Mughal emperor Zaheer-ud-Din Babar and his army do have special importance in
respect of inception of Urdu and its evolution. Urdu evolved in South Asia during the
period of Sultans of Delhi and Mughal Empire under the influence of Persian, Arabic and

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Turkish. Now, it is national language of Pakistan. Urdu is written in “Nastaliq” script. It
contains large number of Arabic and Persian words. Wali Dakhni is recognised as first
Ghazal poet of Urdu. Asadullah Khan Ghalib, Mir Taqi Mir, Aatish, Mir Dard, Momin and
Allama Muhammad Iqbal (‫)رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬, our national poet, are great and famous poets
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of Urdu. Before the Establishment of Pakistan, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Maulana Shibli
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Nomani, Altaf Hussain Hali, father of Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq and Deputy Nazir Ahmad
rendered valuable services for the development of Urdu.
Among the contemporary Urdu poets, Nasir Kazmi, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Ahmad
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Nadim Qasmi, Majid Amjad, NM Rashid, Meera G, Ibn-e-Insha, Parveen Shakir, Ahmad
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Faraz, Munir Niazi, John Elia and Kishwar Naheed etc are the famous poets of recent age.
Similarly, there are famous Urdu prose writers: Patras Bukhari, Mushtaq Ahmad Yousafi,
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Ghulam Abbas, Saadat Hassan Manto, Intezar Hussain, Mukhtar Masood, Qudrat-ullah-
Shahab, Mumtaz Mufti, Bano Qudsia, and Ashfaq Ahmad etc. After the establishment of
Pakistan, Urdu was given the status of national language and English was made the
official language. For the development of Urdu language, Federal Urdu University has
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been established.
Regional Languages
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The detail of few of the Regional Languages of Pakistan is given as under:

i-Punjabi
Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan. The language evolved in
ancient period with Harappa/ Darawar civilization of the Punjab. During the course of
evolution, it assimilated many changes. Under the influence of historical and
geographical changes it has six main dialects: Maajhi, Pothwari, Multani, Chachi,
Shahpuri and Dhani etc.
Literature in this language begins with the form of Hazrat Baba Farid-ud-Din Ganj
Shakar (‫ )رﲪﺔﷲﻋﻠــﯿﻪ‬The subject of his poetry is love and mysticism. Later comes the name of
Guru Nanak Dev, the founder of the Sikh religion. From the 15th to the 19th century
Muslim Sufi poets made rich contribution in Panjabi literature. Major contributor of the
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time is; Hazrat Baba Bulhe Shah (‫)رﲪﺔ ﷲﻋﻠ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﯿﻪ‬, Hazrat Shah Hussain (‫)رﲪﺔ ﷲﻋﻠ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﯿﻪ‬, Hazrat
Baba Farid-ud-Din Ganj Shakar (‫)رﲪﺔ ﷲﻋﻠـ ـ ـ ــﯿﻪ‬, Hazrat Sultan Bahoo(‫)رﲪﺔ ﷲﻋﻠ ـ ـ ــﯿﻪ‬, and Hazrat
Khawaja Ghulam Farid (‫)رﲪﺔ ﷲﻋﻠـ ــﯿﻪ‬. Story narration (Qissa-goi) is an important genre
of Punjabi literature. Popular stories in Punjabi literature include: Waris Shah's story
Heer Waris Shah, Hazrat Mian Muhammad Bakhsh's story Saif-ul-Muluk, Hashim Shah's
Sassi-Punnu, Fazal Shah's Sohni-Mahinwal and Qissa Mirza Sahiban by Hafiz
Barkhurdar. These stories are reflection of socio cultural, religious, historical, economic,

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and mystical life of Punjab. Punjabi is well known for its folk colours and folk songs.
Famous types of folk lore are Maahiey, Boolian, Tappey etc. Many Punjabi folk songs are
linked with occasions. These songs reflect culture and traditions of Punjab as well as

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emotions and feelings.
(ii) Sindhi Language
Sindhi is widely spoken language of the Sindh Province. It contains words of
Turkish, Sanscrit, Greek, Iranian and Dravidian languages. Sindhi is written in a modified
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Arabic script. The language is spoken in many dialects, famous of which are: Lari, Thari
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,Fakri, Gandavi, Lasi and Wicholi. The Sindhi dialect spoken in southern Sindh is called
Lari. Lasi is spoken in Lasbela district of Balochistan. Wicholi is dialect of central Sindh.
The standard Sindhi literature is also wicholi (intermediate) Sindhi. Thari is spoken in the
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deserts of Thar.
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Sindhi has been a popular language of instruction from the fourteenth century
AD to the eighteenth century AD. Muslim rulers made great efforts to promote the
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development of the Sindhi language. Sindhi language was given the second rank after
Arabic language. The Holy Qur'an was first translated into Sindhi. There is a vast
collection of Islamic literature and Sufi poetry in the Sindhi language. Hazrat Shah Abdul
Latif Bhittai, (‫)رﲪﺔ ﷲﻋﻠـ ــﯿﻪ‬, and Hazrat Sachal Sarmast (‫ )رﲪﺔ ﷲﻋﻠـ ــﯿﻪ‬are among the great poets
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of Sindhi language. Sindhi language is widely used in educational institutions, offices

and courts in Sindh province.
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(iii) Pashto Language

Pashto is spoken in vast areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and some parts of
Balochistan. The language has two famous dialects; Western and Eastern dialect. There
exists difference of some words between the two dialects. Due to touch with other
civilizations, the language carries words of other languages which are Greek, Arabic,
Persian and Turkish. Pashto language started with poetry. First Known book of Pashto
poetry is “Pata Khazana (Hidden Treasure)”, it was created in the middle of 8th century.
Ameer Karor is considered first poet of Pashto.
Before the arrival of Muslims, it was written in “Kharushi script”. During the reign
of Mehmud Ghazanvi, Saif Ullah (Historian) transformed it in Arabic dialect. Rahman
Baba and Khushal Khan Khatak are the main poets of Pashto. In the folk song category,
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“Tappa” and “Charbeta” are famous formats of poetry.

(iv) Balochi Language
It is language of the tribes of Balochistan province. In addition to the Pakistani
province of Balochistan, it is spoken in Iran and some parts of Persian Gulf states. Old
Balochi literature consists of folk songs, poems, war poetry, and love stories. Among the
famous poets of this period, Sardar Azam, Mir Chakar Khan, Shah Lashari, Mir Jamal,
Rind, Abdullah Khan, Junaid Rind and Muhammad khan Gashkuri. During the English
rule in the subcontinent, poets like Mullah Fazlullah Ali, Raham Ali and Ismail Abadi

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appeared on the scene and won popularity. Singers memorized the poetry and poems
of these poets, sung these, thus became means of transmission to the next generation.
After the establishment of Pakistan, great efforts were made for the development and

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promotion of Balochi literature. In 1949, Balochistan Writers Association set up.
Balochistan Academy was established in 1959, which published a large number of
Balochi books. Government has made efforts to promote Balochi Language through

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educational institutions. Syed Zahoor Shah Hashmi, Atta Shad, Murad Sahir, Mir Gul
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Khan Naseer, Momin Buzdar, Ishaq Shamim, Siddique Azad, Mir Abdul Qayyum Baloch,

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Mir Mitha Khan Marri, and Malik Muhammad Panah are mainstream poets.
(v) Kashmiri Language
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Kashmiri language is related to other languages of the Indus Valley. The popular
dialects of Kashmiri are Hindki, Gami and Ganduar. Gandur is considered as standard
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dialect and has a special literary significance.

The first Kashmiri language poet was Shanti Ganth who expressed religious themes in
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poetry. Stories of love and affection have also been narrated in Kashmiri language. The
creator of these stories is a famous poetess named Habba Khatun. Her real name was
Zone which means Moon.
Ghulam Ahmad Mahjoor has a special place in present literature. He started
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writing poetry in Persian, and then wrote poetry in his mother tongue Kashmiri. He is
instrumental in awakening the people of Kashmir. Mahjoor Kashmiri has influenced the
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whole generation with his poetry. He worked on the topics of spirituality in Kashmiri
language and literature. Even today Kashmiri poetry is due to him in different genres.
Many Kashmiri poets have followed Mahmud Gami.
Mullah Mirza Tahir Ghani was a representative poet of Kashmiri, Hindi and
Persian languages of the Kashmiri subcontinent. He was born in Khari Sharif, Mirpur,
Allah Ditta Jogi was a famous Kashmiri and Punjabi poet. Kashmiri proverbs and phrases
are also prominent features of Kashmiri literature.
(vi) Saraiki Language
Saraiki is the main regional language of Punjab. Saraiki speakers live in Southern
Punjab, Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Northern Sindh and Eastern Balochistan. Saraiki
poetry is unique in its sweetness and effectiveness. Saraiki is one of the world's perfect
languages due to its special alphabet. Due to this quality, Saraiki speakers have the
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ability to speak nearly all the languages with its original pronunciation. It is distinction of
Saraiki that it is second language of Pashto, Sindhi and Balochi people. Many people
have command in Saraiki like their mother tongue.
The Saraiki language also has the honor of being famous and popular for its
poetry in Saraiki areas (Wasaib). The most prominent Saraiki poet is Sufi poet and saint
like Hazrat Khawaja Ghulam Farid (‫)رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠ ــﯿﻪ‬. Hazrat Khawaja Ghulam Farid (‫)رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠــﯿﻪ‬
is called Haft Zaban Shair (poet of seven Languages). Major part of his poetry is in Saraiki
language. His Kafi is famous due to its mystical tone. His poetic work is known as

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"Dewan-e-Farid". He brought Saraiki poetry to a high place. The genres of Saraiki
literature include folk tales, fiction, novels, dramas, duets, ghazals, marsias, songs and

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kafi, etc. Saraiki language and literature has developed much in present day. Shakir
Shujaabadi, Iqbal Sokri, Ahmad Khan Tariq, Aziz Shahid, Ashiq Buzdar, Riffat Abbas and
Ashu Lal Faqeer are some famous poets of Saraiki. Bahauddin Zakariya University
Multan and Islamia University Bahawalpur have set up departments for the

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development and research of this language.
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(vii) Shina, Balti, Wakhi and Burushaski Languages

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Sheena, Balti, Wakhi, and Burushaski are the languages of Gilgit Baltistan.
Sheena is a fascinating language of Gilgit-Baltistan. It is a language spoken from the
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Kohistan district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the far corners of Gilgit Baltistan. Balti is a
language spoken in Baltistan.
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The language is facing threat of extinction. The Khawara Academy has appealed
to UNESCO to save the endangered languages of Chitral and the Northern Areas. These
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languages include Balti also. Wakhi language is spoken in Gilgit, Baltistan's Gojal, Yasin
and Ishkoman valley. It is also spoken in Broghil valley of Chitral district (Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa). The Burushaski language is spoken in some parts of Nagar, Hunza, Yasin
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valley (Gilgit Baltistan), and Neelum district of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.
(viii) Brahui Language
Brahui language is similar to the ancient Drawari language. Brahui is one of the
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major languages spoken Balochistan. Brahui is spoken in the vicinity of Quetta, kalat and
Khuzdar. The language is also spoken in some areas of Punjab and Sindh. In the Brahui
folk literature, a genre “Lela Moore” is very famous. In standard literature, the
distinguished poet Malik Dad and his work “Tuhfa-ul-Ajaib ( ‫ ”) ا‬has a special
significance. The Holy Quran was translated into the Brahui language during the British
rule. Now literary magazines, fictions, poems, prose writing and newspapers etc. are
being published in Brahui language. Significant work is being done at the Balochistan
university for the development and promotion of this language. The University is
offering MA. [Link]. and Ph.D. programmes in this language. This language is also being
promoted with the establishment of Brahui Literary Societies and Associations.
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(iv) Pahari or Hindko Language

The Hindko language is spoken and understood in parts of Pakistan, Northern
India and Afghanistan. The term Hindko has also been found in ancient Greek scholarly
circles, referring to the mountain ranges of present-day Northern Pakistan and Eastern
Afghanistan. The language is spoken and understood in districts of Abbottabad,
Mansehra, Haripur, Battagram, Peshawar and Kohat regions (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). It is
also spoken in Attock and Pothwar in Punjab province and in most parts of Azad Jammu

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and Kashmir. In the city of Peshawar, the speakers of this language are called Peshawari
or Kharay. This means the native Hindko speakers of the city of Peshawar.
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government is working for the development of

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Hindko language and literature. Gandhara Hindko Academy has been established
under the Gandhara Hindko Board. Hindko is one of the oldest languages of the
province.
(x) Gojri Language
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Gojri is also one of the ancient languages of the subcontinent. Gujar
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governments were established in India from the fifth century AD to the thirteenth
century AD. In this era, governments patronized this language. Writers and poets
created Gojri literature, mostly mystical. Among these poets are Syed Noor-ud-Din
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Satguru, Hazrat Amir Khusrow, Shah Meera Jee, Burhan-ud-Din Janam and Amin Gujrati
are more prominent. After the fifteenth century AD, the decline of Gujar governments in
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India started. With this, the official patronage of Gojri language came to an end. As time
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passed, the language moved away from its central position, resulting in the Gojri
language being divided into local dialects. Gojri spoken in the state of Jammu and
Kashmir is clearly under the influence of Arabic and Persian languages. The Gojri
language has its own vocabulary and a distinct identity. It has its own stock of Idioms,
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proverbs, riddles, folk songs and tales etc. On this basis, it can be given the status of a
language.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies for Poverty Alleviation in
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Pakistan
Poverty cannot be defined in terms of, who is poor and what percentage of the
country's population is prey to poverty. Different financial institutions have defined it in
their own way. A simple and operational definition of the term is as follows:
Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial
resources that are essential to meet basic human needs. According to the criteria of
Planning Commission of Pakistan, a person is poor if he is unable to attain 2350 calories
a day. (The quantity of energy human body needs to survive). Poverty is relatively low in
urban areas of the country because of greater employment opportunities in cities.
Causes of Poverty in Pakistan
· Rapidly growing population.
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· Low increase in productive resource

· Energy Crisis.
· Illiteracy and lack of technical education
· Slow economic growth.
· Slow expansion in business activities.
· Decrease in internal and external investment.
· Rising inflation. People Suffering from Poverty

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Do you know?
According to United Nation standard, a person is poor if his daily income is 1.9
dollar a day or less.

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Effects of Poverty
· Poverty is increasing frustration and unrest.
· Fatal diseases are on the rise.
·
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· The literacy rate is slowing down.
· Pakistan's international reputation is being damaged.
· Theft, robbery and terrorism are on the rise.
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Remedies for Poverty Alleviation

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The government is taking the following steps for poverty alleviation:

· Creating new job opportunities in the annual development budget.
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· Launch of schemes for yellow taxi, rickshaw and tractor scheme etc.
· Launch of youth loan schemes.
· Increase in the provision of basic facilities.
· Monthly assistance to deserving students through free books and
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scholarships in educational institutions for the promotion of education.

· Financial assistance to deserving individuals and families from Bait-ul-
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Mal and Zakat Fund.

· Launch of Ehsas Kifalat programme.
Contribution and Achievements of Minorities in Nation
Building
The term minority refers to the group of people/community who want
recognition on the basis of race, religion; ethnicity etc. and they are lesser in numbers
than the main group/groups. It is very important for the development and prosperity of
any nation that all the basic amenities of life are available to the minority groups living
there like the majority. They should have all kinds of support and cooperation at the
public and government levels. The government of Pakistan has provided the minorities
living in all the rights, concessions and facilities. They feel that their life, property and
honour are safe and protected in the country. The minorities have always proved to be
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responsible citizens and patriots. During the difficult times for the nation, they all stood
by their compatriots the m a i n s t r e a m . Q u a i d - e - A z a m ( ‫ )رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠ ـ ـ ــﯿﻪ‬a lso
guaranteed complete religious freedom and security to non-Muslims in Pakistan.
Addressing Pakistan's first assembly in Karachi on August 11, 1947, (before the
establishment of Pakistan) Father of the Nation (‫ )رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬said:
“You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your
mosques or to any other places of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to
any religion or caste or creed, that has nothing to do with the business of the State.

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Thank God, we are not starting in those days. We are starting in the days when there is no
discrimination, no distinction between one community and another, no discrimination

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between one caste or creed and another. We are starting with this fundamental principle
that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one State.
Now, I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that
in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be

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Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual,
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but in the political sense as citizens of the State.”
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Founder of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah(‫ ) رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬addressing in

first lagislative assembly of Pakistan in Karachi on August 11, 1947

Father of the nation (‫ )رﲪﺔ ﷲﻋﻠ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﯿﻪ‬always expressed till his last breath, that Pakistan
is country of all the people living in Pakistan. There can be no religious discrimination.
Rights of all the citizens will be protected here. Other rulers who came after the death of
Quaid-e-Azam (‫ )رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬were also concerned about the rights of minorities.
The minority community include Hindu, Christian, Sikh and Parsi etc. Pakistani minorities
have rendered invaluable services in the building and development of Pakistan. In the
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field of law, the name of the former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, A. R.
Cornelius will always shine like a shining star. He played a key role in drafting the 1973
constitution. Mr. Badi-uz-Zaman Kaikaus was an expert in Islamic law (Quran and
Sunnah). He served in the Supreme Court of Pakistan for eight years. Justice Rana
Bhagwan Das served as the Acting Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. He
was also chairman of the Federal Public Service Commission. Justice Rustom Sohrab jee
Sidhu and Justice Dorab Patel rendered valuable services as the member of Supreme
Court of Pakistan.

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The role of minorities in Pakistan's armed forces has also been significant. Rear
Admiral Leslie, Maj. Gen Julian Peter, Maj. Gen Noel Khokhar, Brigadier Maron,
Squadron Leader Peter Christie, Air Commodore Nazir Latif, Air Vice Marshal Eric

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Gordon, Group Captain Cecil Chaudhry, Amir Commodore Balvant Kumar Das served in
armed forces. They made great sacrifices for which they were awarded military honours.
Harcharan Singh is a Sikh officer in the Pakistan Army.
In the field of politics, Akshay Kumar Das, Kamni Kumar Datta, Derek Superin,
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Basanta Kumar Das, Kamran Micheal, Clement Shahbaz Bhatti and Darshan Lal have
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served in various capacities. While Dr. Ramesh Kumar, Krishna Kumari Kohli and Sardar

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Ramesh Singh Arora, the first Sikh MPA to be elected after the formation of Pakistan, are
serving in various other positions.
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In the field of health, Dr. Ruth Pfau has dedicated her life in eradicating Leprosy
from Pakistan. In recognition of her services, she was buried with state honours. Sister
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Ruth Lewis served the disabled for fifty years. Dr. Drago had a special reputation for
treating poor people. Eye specialist Dr. J. Paul Chhabra has performed high valued
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services in the field of Ophthalmology. Nobel Laureates in Education Dr. Abdul Salam,
Bishop Anthony Lobo, Dr. Mira Felbus, Roshan Khurshid Bharocha and Prof. Kanhaiya Lal
Nagpal served Pakistan.
In the same manner in the field of sports, Anthony D. Souza, Michael Masih,
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Wells Mathas, Anil Dalpat, Danish Kaneria and Bahram De Awari performed for Pakistan.
In brief minorities in Pakistan have equal rights in each area of activity. The minority
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community is also playing its full role in the progress of country.

Do you know?
Rai Bahadur Sir Ganga Ram was a well-known civil
engineer. He was born in Mangtanwala, a village in Punjab
(now Nankana Sahib District). Many famous buildings of
Lahore, GPO, Lahore Museum, National College of Arts,
Chemistry Department of GCU are designed by him. While Sir
Ganga Ram Hospital, DAV College (Present Islamia College
Civil Lines), Sir Ganga Ram Girls School (now Lahore College
for Women University) and institution for the rehabilitation of
disabled and many other institutions were set up by him on
his own expense. Rai Bahadar
Sir Ghangha Ram
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Exercise
1- Tick the correct answer from the four answers given against each question.
(i) Famous poet of Pashto is:
(a) Hazrat Khawaja Ghulam Farid (‫( )رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬b) Ghulam Ahmad Mahjoor
(c) Khushaal Khan Khattak (d) Baba Bulhe Shah (‫)رﲪﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬
(ii) Served as the judge of Supreme Court:
(a) Peter Christie (b) Dr. Routh Pfau

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(c) William D Harvey (d) Badi-uz-Zaman kakaous
(iii) The facts and figures of observing population is called:

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(a) Migration (b) Mutation
(c) Consolidation (d) Census
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(iv) The Islamic event is celebrated on 12 Rabi ul Awal:
(a) Meraj-un-Nabi (b) Jashan-e-Milad-un-Nabi

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(c) Eid-ul-Fitr



(d) Shab-e-Barat
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(v) The numbers of Pakistani toured in Pakistan in 2019 was:

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(a) About 40 million (b) About 50 million
(c) About 60 million



(d) About 70 million
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2- Give short answers to the following questions.

i. Enlist five problems of education in Pakistan?
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ii. What is gender discrimination?

iii. What is meant by co-curricular activities?
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iv. Write names of three Punjabi poets?

v. How balance can be created between population and resources?
3- Answer the following questions in detail:
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(i) Give suggestions to solve problems of education in Pakistan.

(ii) Describe similarities in regional cultures promote national harmony.
(iii) What are the important attributes of Pakistani society?
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(iv) Discuss in detail national and two regional languages in Pakistan.

(v) What is the significance of tourism in Pakistan?
(vi) Discuss gender distribution of population in Pakistan.
(vii) What are the problems of health sector? Suggest ways to solve these problems.
(viii)Discuss role of minorities in Economic development of Pakistan.
(ix) Write main features of Pakistani culture.

Activity for the Students

· Organize a debate on National harmony among the students.
· Collect pictures relating to Pakistani culture.
 Population, Society and Culture
Chapter 8
of Pakistan

· Conduct a survey in your area and prepare a list of social problems there

Instructions for teachers

· Inform the students about main features of their culture.
· Ask the students to prepare chart of main features of Pakistani culture and hang
it in your classroom.

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Pakistan

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Glossary
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Infrastructure

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