UNIT : 1

[ INTRODUCTION ]

Evolution of Cloud Computing :

This idea first came in the 1950s. In making cloud computing what it is today,
five technologies played a vital role. These are distributed systems and its
peripherals, virtualization, web 2.0, service orientation, and utility computing.

1. Distributed Systems:

In the networks, different systems are connected. When they target to send the
message from different independent systems which are physically located in
various places but are connected through the network. Some examples of
distributed systems are Ethernet which is a LAN technology, Telecommunication
network, and parallel processing. The Basic functions of the distributed systems
are −

​ Resource Sharing − The Resources like data, hardware, and software

can be shared between them.
​ Open-to-all − The software is designed and can be shared.
​ Fault Detection − The error or failure in the system is detected and can
be corrected.

2. Mainframe computing:
Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are highly powerful and
reliable computing machines. These are responsible for handling large data such
as massive input-output operations. Even today these are used for bulk
processing tasks such as online transactions etc. These systems have almost no
downtime with high fault tolerance. Apart from the performance, mainframe
computing is very expensive.

3. Cluster Computing :
In Cluster Computing, the computers are connected to make it a single
computing. The tasks in Cluster computing are performed concurrently by each
computer also known as the nodes which are connected to the network. So the
activities performed by any single node are known to all the nodes of the
computing which may increase the performance, transparency, and processing
speed. To eliminate the cost, cluster computing has come into existence. We can
also resize the cluster computing by removing or adding the nodes.

4. Grid Computing :
It was introduced in 1990. As the computing structure includes different
computers or nodes, in this case, the different nodes are placed in different
geographical places but are connected to the same network using the internet.

The other computing methods seen so far, it has homogeneous nodes that are
located in the same place. But in this grid computing, the nodes are placed in
different organizations.

5. Virtualization:

It was introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers to the process of creating a

virtual layer over the hardware which allows the user to run multiple instances

simultaneously on the hardware. It is a key technology used in cloud computing.

It is the base on which major cloud computing services such as Amazon EC2,

VMware vCloud, etc work on. Hardware virtualization is still one of the most

common types of virtualization.

[Link] 2.0:

It is the interface through which the cloud computing services interact with the

clients. It is because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and dynamic web

pages. It also increases flexibility among web pages. Popular examples of web

2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter, etc. Needless to say, social media is

possible because of this technology only. It gained major popularity in 2004.

7. Service orientation:
It acts as a reference model for cloud computing. It supports low-cost, flexible,
and evolvable applications. Two important concepts were introduced in this
computing model. These were Quality of Service (QoS) which also includes the
SLA (Service Level Agreement) and Software as a Service (SaaS).

8. Utility computing:

It is a computing model that defines service provisioning techniques for

services such as compute services along with other major services such as

storage, infrastructure, etc which are provisioned on a pay-per-use basis.

overview of the cloud Computing :

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing resources — including storage, processing power,
databases, networking, analytics, artificial intelligence, and software applications — over the
internet (the cloud). By outsourcing these resources, companies can access the computational
assets they need, when they need them, without needing to purchase and maintain a physical,
on-premise IT infrastructure. This provides flexible resources, faster innovation, and economies
of scale. For many companies, a cloud migration is directly related to data and IT
modernization.
Cloud service providers are in the following figure :
Characteristics of Cloud Computing :
1. Flexibility : Cloud Computing lets users access data or services using
internet-enabled devices (such as smartphones and laptops). Whatever you want
is instantly available on the cloud, just a click away. Sharing and working on data
thus becomes easy and comfortable.

2. Scalability : Scalability is the ability of the system to handle the growing amount
of work by adding resources to the system. Continuous business expansion
demands a rapid expansion of cloud services.

3. Resource pooling : Computing resources (like networks, servers, and storage)

that serve individual users can be securely pooled to make it look like a large
infrastructure. This can be done by implementing a multiple-tenant model, just
like a huge apartment where each individual has his own flat but at the same
time every individual shares the apartment. A cloud service provider can share
resources among clients, providing each client with services as per their
requirements.

4. Broad network access : One of the most interesting features of cloud computing
is that it knows no geographical boundaries. Cloud computing has a vast access
area and is accessible via the internet. You can access your files and documents
or upload your files from anywhere in the world, all you need is a good internet
connection and a device, and you are set to go.

5. On-demand self-service : It is based on a self-service model where users can

manage their services like- allotted storage, functionalities, server uptime, etc.,
making users their own boss. The users can monitor their consumption and can
select and use the tools and resources they require right away from the cloud
portal itself.
6. Security : Data security in cloud computing is a major concern among users.
Cloud service providers store encrypted data of users and provide additional
security features such as user authentication and security against breaches and
other threats.

7. Resilience : Resilience in cloud computing means its ability to recover from any
interruption. A Cloud service provider has to be prepared against any disasters or
unexpected circumstances since a lot is at stake.

Application of Cloud Computing :

1. Online Data Storage : Organizations have a lot of data to store and with time
the size of this data increases. This data can be in any format like text, image,
audio, or video. Now, in order to store and maintain this huge amount of data,
organizations are no longer needed to set physical storage systems.

2. Backup and Recovery : Cloud service providers offer a lot of options for data
recovery. They offer various recovery plans at different costs. Companies can
decide which plan they need based on their requirements.
The cloud provider gives the option for data redundancy, i.e., a copy of data is
stored in different places.

3. Testing and Development : After the development of a product, testing plays

a major role in finalizing it for deployment.
Now, A cloud can provide these testing features in one place. Organizations can
easily test the performance of their product on the cloud against a large number
of users.

4. Cloud Computing in Medical Fields :

In the medical field also, cloud computing is doing wonders. It is used to store
data of patients and helps to access it over the internet without any need of the
physical computer set up to trace the previous records, or even doesn’t need the
paperwork. In case of emergencies, the patient’s data can be accessed remotely
from anywhere rather than waiting till they get access to information from the
hospital computer.

5. Big Data analysis

Big Data analysis involves dealing with huge amounts of data having sizes from
terabytes to zettabytes (known as big data).Cloud Computing allows us to store
large data sets that include structured, and unstructured data, from different
sources, and in different sizes from terabytes to zettabytes. Not only the storage
but also provides us various tools in order to do the analysis of this big data.

6. Entertainment Applications : Today we get a lot of entertainment content on

the internet, let it be Netflix web series episodes, online games, or youtube
videos. This data is widely used by users from almost all parts of the world.

7. Anti-virus Applications : Nowadays we have cloud-based antivirus solutions

which perform better than traditional antivirus software. The main reason behind
this is – Cloud-based antivirus stores malware information on the cloud rather
than on the user system.

Benefits of cloud computing topics

● Accessibility anywhere, with any device.

● Ability to get rid of most or all hardware and software.
● Centralized data security.
● Higher performance and availability.
● Quick application deployment.
● Instant business insights.
 ● Business continuity.
● Price-performance and cost savings.

Challenges in Cloud Computing :

Cloud Computing Cannot be Used in some Cases like :

● When The Processes , applications and data are largely coupled.

● When a high level of security is required.
● When the points of interaction are not well defined.
● When Cost is an issue.