Quality in Construction
Chapter 4: Quality in Planning and Design
Date : 2080/06/07
Chapter 4
Quality in Planning and Design (5 hrs)
Quality planning process and its importance
Quality control and assurance in design
Quality standards and specifications
Quality function deployment (QFD) in construction
Constructability and value engineering for quality planning and
design
Quality planning process and its importance
Quality planning is a methodology to design a process that will be
able to meet established goals under operating conditions.
QP helps the stakeholders and top-level management to check the
progress of a project.
It determines the scope of what's going to be measured and what
metrics will define whether the project is successful
Importance of Quality Planning Process
Clients expectations can be achieved through Quality Planning
In QPP strategies are made to guarantee that quality standards are
followed throughout the whole construction process (from design
to the handover stage)
It provides a framework to resolve any issues that could arise
and have an impact on the quality of products or services
QPP lowers the possibility of expensive rework
Thus if QP is implemented properly, it increases customer
satisfaction, builds brand loyalty, and drives business growth for the
respective organization
Steps for Quality Planning Process
Step 1: Elaborate Quality Objectives
Step 2: Find out the Customer’s Requirements
Step 3: Develop Quality Standards
Step 4: Find out the process for Quality Control
Step 5: Define the process for Quality Assurance
Step 6: Establish a Quality Improvement Plan
Step 7: Allotting Resources
Quality Function Deployment (QFD) in construction Project
Definition
QFD is a system for translating customer requirements into
appropriate product or service requirements at each stage of
product development from raw material to engineering,
manufacturing, marketing/sales, and distribution by utilizing the
VOC throughout the process
By understanding and integrating the VOC into product and
service design, organizations can significantly reduce the time to
market, number of design changes, and development costs while
providing and documenting innovative design solutions
History of QFD
Dr. Akao developed QFD in 1966 (Father of QFD) in Japan and was
first implemented in Mitsubishi’s Kobe shipyard in 1972
After the introduction of QFD in Japan, the methodology was
mainly used in manufacturing in the United States (Chan and Wu,
2002)
However, the use of QFD expanded considerably and is now used
widely in product development, service development, and
educational design etc
Concept of QFD
It is a method for linking customer requirements to technical
specifications which can be used by designers and production
engineer
It helps to focus on the needs of the customers by using matrices and
charts
Thus,
QFD is a systematic approach to translating customer requirements into
appropriate requirements from:
Research and development to engineering (Design)
Engineering to Manufacturing
Manufacturing to distribution and sales
Application of QFD
QFD can effectively link the project phases through design and
construction and into operations and maintenance to ensure the
owner's project requirements
QFD is applied in a wide variety of applications viz product design,
manufacturing, production, engineering, R&D, information
technology (IT), support, testing, regulatory, and other phases in
hardware, software, service, and system organizations
Processes of QFD
QFD process consists of 2 parts
• Stage 1. Collecting the Customer’s Voice
• Stage 2. Construction of House of Quality
The primary planning tool which is used in the QFD is the House of Quality. It
is called this name because of its shape which is like a house.
Most managers and engineers believe that it is a primary tool for quality
planning
It is a kind of cognitive map that provides inter-functional communication and
projection
House of Quality (HOQ)
House of Quality (HOQ)
HOQ is a process of product
development
It is a process of listening to
customers
translating their desires into a
written plan
prioritizing execution steps based
on the most important to the
customer and
putting a realistic plan on paper
There are 6 key steps in creating a HOQ
HOQ is used as a tool during QFD to help facilitate group decision-making.
Key steps in creating the house of quality:
1. The customer attributes
Describing what the product must
do, a structured list of needs and
wants, determined by market
research. Represents the Voice of
the Customer (VOC)
13
Key steps in creating the house of quality:
2. The engineering characteristics:
Describing how the product may
achieve its required performance.
Represents the Voice of the
Designer
14
Key steps in creating the house of quality
3. Relationships
Between the customer attributes
and the engineering characteristics,
indicating where there are strong,
moderate or weak relationships.
15
Key steps in creating the house of quality:
4. Technical matrix
Indicating the technical priorities
based on the relationships between
customer requirements and
engineering characteristics. Also
providing quantitative design targets
for each of the engineering
characteristics, based on the
technical priorities and competitive
benchmarking.
Determine the key design requirements that should be
focused on. This is in the “basement” of the house of
quality and is commonly referred to as the “how much”
Degree of Technical Importance
16
Key steps in creating the house of quality:
5. Technical Correlations
Recording how the engineering
characteristics may be either
mutually supporting or contradictory.
Or
Evaluate the design tradeoffs.
17
Key steps in creating the house of quality:
6. Planning Matrix
Competitive assessment to determine
how well the organization meets the
customer requirements compared to the
competition
Competitive
Assessment
House of Quality
How to draw the House of Quality (HOQ)
First VOC
How to draw the House of Quality (HOQ)
Plot competitive assessment grid
How to draw the House of Quality (HOQ)
Technical requirements
Bottom part of the House of Quality (HOQ)
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Importance of QFD:
• Improved safety, reliability, delivery, sustainability (green), and
decision-making
• For meeting the customers’ requirements in construction projects
• QFD provided a means to keep the project moving forward, could
eliminate the need to backtrack for design corrections
26
What is a Specification?
• Specifications provide specific/additional requirements for the
materials, components, or services that are beyond the code or
standard requirements.
• For Example, if you want an A106 Gl B pipe with a Maximum carbon of
0.23% against standard requirements of 0.3% Max, you have to specify
your requirement in your specification or Purchase Order.
• The specification is generated by private companies to address
additional requirements applicable to a specific product or application.
27
Why is Specification required?
• It allows a purchaser to include special requirements as per
design and service conditions
• It allows customizing your product
• The requirements in the specification must meet the
requirements
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What is the Code?
• When governmental bodies adopt the standard and become legally
enforceable, or when it has been incorporated into a business contract,
the standard will become a code.
• ASME ( American Society of Mechanical Engineers)
Codes are legally enforceable in many US states. Whereas, in the other
parts of the world, they are not legally enforceable, but such countries
have similar codes
• National Building Code
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Why is a Code required?
• Code Provides a set of rules that specify the minimum
acceptable level of safety & Quality for manufactured,
fabricated, or constructed goods.
• Codes also refer to standards or specifications for the
specific details on additional requirements that are not
specified in the Code.
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Difference Between Code, Standard, and Specification:
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Logical Framework Approach (LFA)
The Logical Framework Approach (LFA) is a methodology mainly
used for designing, monitoring, and evaluating international
development projects.
This approach helps in
Measuring change due to
project intervention.
Logical Framework Approach (LFA)
The main steps in the Logical Framework Approach are:
Getting to know the context
Identify the key stakeholders
Analysis of problem tree
Formulating the objectives tree
Choosing the main strategy of the project
Formulating the log frame
Verifying the project design
Assignment 2
Draw the House of Quality of a Office table /window/door of
a residential building
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Thank You