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Name:
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Applications of Hesss law
Part 2 _______________________
Class:
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Date:
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Time: 43 minutes
Marks: 43 marks
Comments:
Page 1 of 13
Q1.
The data below refer to the industrial production of nitric acid from ammonia.
Reaction 1 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ∆H = −909 kJ mol−1
Reaction 2 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) ∆H = −115 kJ mol−1
Reaction 3 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) ∆H = −117 kJ mol−1
The direct oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen dioxide can be represented by the equation
4NH3(g) + 7O2(g) → 4NO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
for which the standard enthalpy change, in kJ mol−1, is
A −1139
B −1024
C −794
D −679
(Total 1 mark)
Q2.
(a) Write an equation for the complete combustion of propanone, C3H6O, to form carbon
dioxide and water.
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(1)
(b) In a laboratory experiment, 1.45 g of propanone were burned completely in oxygen.
The heat from this combustion was used to raise the temperature of 100 g of water
from 293.1 K to 351.2 K.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of propanone in the 1.45 g.
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(ii) Calculate the heat energy required to raise the temperature of 100 g of water
from 293.1 K to 351.2 K.
(The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J K–1 g–1)
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Page 2 of 13
(iii) Hence, calculate a value, in kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy of combustion of
propanone.
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(5)
(c) In a similar experiment, the enthalpy of combustion of butanone, C4H8O, was found
to be –1290 kJ mol–1. A data book value for the same reaction is ΔHc = –2430 kJ
mol–1.
(i) Suggest one reason why the experimental value is very different from the data
book value.
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(ii) This data book value of ΔHc for butanone (–2430 kJ mol–1) refers to the
formation of carbon dioxide gas and water in the gaseous state. How would
this value differ if it referred to the formation of water in the liquid state?
Explain your answer.
Difference _____________________________________________________
Explanation ____________________________________________________
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(3)
(d) Calculate a value for the standard enthalpy of formation for liquid
ethanethiol,C2H5SH. Use the equation given below and enthalpy of combustion data
from the following table.
Substance C2H5SH(l) C(s) H2(g) S(s)
ΔHc / kJ mol–1 –1170 –394 –286 –297
2C(s) + 3H2(g) + S(s) → C2H5SH(l)
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(3)
(Total 12 marks)
Q3.
Using the information below, answer this question.
Fe2O3(s) + 3H2(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3H2O(g) ΔH = +96 kJ mol−1, ΔS = +138 J K−1 mol−1
Page 3 of 13
Fe2O3(s) H2(g) Fe(s)
ΔH / kJ mol−1 −822.0 0 0
ΔS / J K−1 mol−1 90.0 131.0 27.0
The standard enthalpy of formation of steam is
A +286 kJ mol−1
B +242 kJ mol−1
C −242 KJ mol−1
D −286 kJ mol−1
(Total 1 mark)
Q4.
The table below contains some standard enthalpy of formation data.
Substance C(s) N2(g) H2O(g) CO2(g) NH4NO3(s)
ΔHf / kJ mol–1 0 0 –242 –394 –365
(a) Why are the values of the standard enthalpy of formation for carbon and nitrogen
zero?
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(1)
(b) State Hess’s Law.
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(2)
(c) Use Hf data from the table to calculate a value for the enthalpy change for the
following reaction.
NH4NO3(s) + C(s) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g) + CO2(g)
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Page 4 of 13
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q5.
(a) What is the meaning of the term enthalpy change?
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(2)
(b) (i) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation of a compound.
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(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the formation from its elements
of solid sodium sulphate, Na2SO4
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(5)
(c) State Hess’s Law.
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(1)
(d) Some standard enthalpy changes are difficult to measure directly but can be
determined from standard enthalpies of combustion.
Maleic acid, C4H4O4, reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water as shown
by the following equation.
C4H4O4(s) + 3O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Use the standard enthalpy of combustion data given below to calculate a value for
the standard enthalpy change for the following reaction.
4C(s) + 2H2(g) + 2O2(g) → C4H4O4(s)
C4H4O4(s) C(s) H2(g)
ΔHc / kJ mol–1
–1356 –393.5 –285.8
Page 5 of 13
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(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q6.
(a) Define the term standard molar enthalpy of formation, ΔHf .
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(3)
(b) State Hess’s law.
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(1)
(c) Propanone, CH3COCH3, burns in oxygen as shown by the equation
CH3COCH3(l) + 4 O2(g) → 3H2O(l) + 3CO2(g)
Use the data given below to calculate the standard enthalpy of combustion of
propanone.
CO2(g) H2O(l) CH3COCH3(l)
ΔHf /kJ mol–1 –394 –286 –248
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 6 of 13
Q7.
Using the data below, which is the correct value for the standard enthalpy of formation for
TiCl4(l)?
C(s) + TiO2(s) + 2Cl2(g) → TiCl4(l) + CO2(g) ∆H = −232 kJ mol−1
Ti(s) + O2(g) → TiO2(s) = −912 kJ mol−1
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) = −394 kJ mol−1
A −1538 kJ mol−1
B −1094 kJ mol−1
C −750 kJ mol−1
D +286 kJ mol−1
(Total 1 mark)
Q8.
When ethanamide (CH3CONH2) burns in oxygen the carbon is converted into carbon
dioxide, the hydrogen is converted into water and the nitrogen forms nitrogen gas.
Substance ethanamide carbon water
dioxide
Enthalpy of formation ( ) / kJ −320 −394 −286
mol−1
Using the data above, which one of the following is a correct value for the enthalpy of
combustion of ethanamide?
A −1823 kJ mol−1
B −1183 kJ mol−1
C −1000 kJ mol−1
D −360 kJ mo1−1
(Total 1 mark)
Q9.
Consider the reactions
C2H4(g) + 2O2(g) → 2CO(g) + 2H2O(g) ∆H = −758 kJ mol−1
2C(s) + 2H2(g) → C2H4(g) ∆H = +52 kJ mol−1
H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(g) ∆H = −242 kJ mol−1
Page 7 of 13
The enthalpy of formation of carbon monoxide is
A −111 kJ mol−1
B −163 kJ mol−1
C −222 kJ mol−1
D -464 kJ mol−1
(Total 1 mark)
Q10.
Given the following data
C(s) + 2H2(g) → CH4(g) ∆H = −75 kJ mol−1
H2(g) → 2H(g) ∆H = +436 kJ mol−1
which one of the following is the enthalpy change, in kJ mol−1, of the reaction below?
CH4(g) → C(s) + 4H(g)
A −947
B +511
C +797
D +947
(Total 1 mark)
Q11.
Nitric acid is produced industrially from ammonia, air and water using the following
sequence of reactions:
(1) 4NH3 (g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ∆H = –909 kJ mol−1
(2) 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g) ∆H = –115 kJ mol−1
(3) 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) ∆H = –117 kJ mol−1
Which is the enthalpy change (in kJ mol−1) for the following reaction?
4NH3(g) + 7O2(g) → 4NO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
A −679
B −794
C −1024
D −1139
(Total 1 mark)
Page 8 of 13
Mark schemes
Q1.
A
[1]
Q2.
(a) C3H6O + 4O2 → 3CO2 + 3H2O (1) (or multiple) 1
(b) (i) (1) = 0.0250 (1)
allow 0.025
allow conseq on wrong Mr
1.45/100, CE; C.E.
(ii) heat released = mcΔT
= 100 × 4.18 × 58.1 (1)
if 1.45 used in place of 100 CE = 0
= 24300 J (1) (or 24.3kJ)
allow 24200 to 24300
ignore decimal places
units tied to answer
If use 0.1 × 4.18 × 51.8 allow ½ for 24.3 with no units
(iii) = –972 (kJ mol–1) (1)
allow –968 to –973
allow +972
allow conseq
allow no units
penalise wrong units
5
(c) (i) Heat loss (1) or energy loss
do not allow incomplete combustion
(ii) Difference: more negative (1) (or more exothermic)
QoL mark
Explanation: heat (or energy) released when water vapour condenses (1)
or heat/energy required to vaporise water
or water molecules have more energy in the gaseous state
3
(d) ΔH = ΣΔHreactants – ΣΔHproducts (1)
Page 9 of 13
(or cycle )
= (2 × –394) + (3 × –286) + (–297) – (–1170) (1)
= –773 (1)
ignore units even if wrong
Allow 1/3 for +773
3
[12]
Q3.
C
[1]
Q4.
(a) They are elements (1)
Ignore irrelevant comments
1
(b) Enthalpy change (1)
or heat energy change or heat change or ΔH or any named
enthalpy change C.E. if change not mentioned
Independent of route (1)
OR depends on initial and final states
Only give second mark if first mark awarded except allow if
energy used instead of enthalpy
2
(c) ΔH = ΣΔHf (products) - ΣΔHf (reactants) (1) (Or a cycle)
= 2 × –242 + ½ × –394 – (–365) (1) (also implies first mark)
= -316 kJ mol–1 (1)
3
Ignore no units penalise wrong units
+316 scores 1/3
[6]
Q5.
(a) Heat energy change (1)
Not energy on its own
measured at constant pressure (1)
Mark separately, ignore constant temperature statements
2
(b) (i) Enthalpy change when 1 mol of a substance (or compound / product) (1)
is formed from its constituent elements (1) in their standard states (1)
Page 10 of 13
under standard conditions (1)
Mark separately
(ii) 2Na(s) + S(s) + 2O2(g) → Na2SO4(s)
Balanced (1) State symbols (1), but only if all species are
correct
Allow S8 (s)
5
(c) Enthalpy change is independent of reaction route (1)
Penalise incorrect additional statements
1
(d)
–1356 + (2 × 285.8) + (4 × 393.5) + ΔHfC4H4O4 = 0
ΔHf = –789.6 kJ mol–1
If answer is incorrect:
Score +789.6 two marks
Score (× 1); (× 2) and (× 4) for species - one mark
If an incorrect negative answer given check for AE for loss of
one mark
3
[11]
Q6.
(a) (Enthalpy change) when 1 mol (1) of a compound is formed
from its constituent elements (1) in their standard states (1)
3
Allow energy or heat, Ignore evolved or absorbed
Mark each point independently
(b) (The enthalpy change for a reaction is) independent of the route (1)
1
(c) ΔHR = Hf products - Hf reactants (1)
= [(3 × -286) + (3 × -394)] - (-248) (1)
= -1792 (1) (kJ mol–1)
Page 11 of 13
Deduct one mark for each error to zero
3
[7]
Q7.
C
[1]
Q8.
B
[1]
Q9.
A
[1]
Q10.
D
[1]
Q11.
D
[1]
Page 12 of 13
Examiner reports
Q2.
This question proved accessible to most candidates; even the weaker candidates were
able to score marks approaching half of those available. Answers to part (a) were usually
correct.
Most candidates also gave a correct answer to part (b)(i) though there were a significant
number of errors in the calculation of the relative molecular mass of propanone. Parts (b)
(ii) and (b)(iii) were also answered well although there were some problems with units.
The correct answer to part (c)(i) was known by most candidates but part (c)(ii) proved to
be much more discriminating and only the best candidates were able to explain why the
enthalpy of combustion is more negative when water is formed in the liquid state. A fair
majority of candidates was able to give a correct answer to part (d) but as usual in this
type of question, weaker candidates made an error in signs leading to an answer of +773
kJ mol–1 or made an error by omitting to multiply the relevant enthalpy of combustion by
the number of moles of the substance involved.
Q4.
This question was answered well by many candidates. Answers to part (a) were usually
correct. Most candidates provided good answers to part (b) but some lost marks because
they referred to energy or to enthalpy alone rather than to enthalpy change. In part (c) the
most common error was to invert signs leading to an answer of 316 kJ mol-1 rather than
to –316 kJ mol–1.
Q5.
The meaning of the term enthalpy change, required in part (a), was not well stated and
whilst many correctly referred to the heat energy change, most failed to state that this was
measured at constant pressure. Part (b) was well answered with many correct definitions
of the term standard enthalpy of formation of a compound though slightly fewer
candidates gave a correct equation with state symbols in section (ii). Hess’s Law was
correctly stated by many candidates and it is particularly pleasing to report that the
calculation required in part (d) was very well done.
Q6.
This question was very well answered and many candidates were able to score full marks.
Happily, as candidates showed working in part (c), part marks could be awarded when
incorrect answers were given.
Page 13 of 13