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Excel Guide for Stress-Strain Analysis

This document provides steps to use Excel to calculate Young's modulus and yield strength from a stress-strain curve. It describes converting load-displacement data to stress-strain, performing a linear regression to determine Young's modulus from the linear portion of the curve, biasing the graph, and adding a 0.2% offset line to determine yield strength.

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Waqas Azad
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71 views4 pages

Excel Guide for Stress-Strain Analysis

This document provides steps to use Excel to calculate Young's modulus and yield strength from a stress-strain curve. It describes converting load-displacement data to stress-strain, performing a linear regression to determine Young's modulus from the linear portion of the curve, biasing the graph, and adding a 0.2% offset line to determine yield strength.

Uploaded by

Waqas Azad
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Data Processing for Stress-Strain Curves

This document shows how to use Excel to find Young’s modulus and yield strength from a
stress-strain curve. You may also use other software, such as matlab.

At this point you should have done the following:


● Downloaded Excel (ideally not the online version as it is missing some features. If you
are using google sheets please refer to this link for linear regression.).
● Downloaded and opened Vlab load-displacement data in Excel (this tutorial will use
Aluminum 6061).
● Converted load-displacement to stress-strain.
● Plotted a scatter plot of your stress-strain graph.

Before we start, it is important to remember that the data may not be entirely accurate due to
machine compliance. But we will treat the data regardless.

For a video tutorial, refer to this link.

Procedure

To begin, let's start by finding Young’s Modulus through a linear regression.


1. Your unbiased stress-strain curve should look like this:

2. Go to Chart Design→Select Data→Add Legend Entries. Based on your own observation,


select the data points that approximately correspond to the linear portion of the stress-
strain curve (for this tutorial, data points 6-11 were selected).
3. Go to Chart Design→Add Chart Element→Trendline→More Trendline Options and
choose your linear fit data series. You should be able to format your trendline and go to
the Options, in which you can display the equation on the chart.

After displaying your equation, you may format your equation by Label
Options→Choose Series Equation→Label Options (different from the first Label
Options)→Number→Category. You could change your category to number and set your
decimal places.
4. For example, 𝑦𝑦 = 1,015,244.37𝑥𝑥 − 18,215.20 is your linear fit equation and the slope
is your Young’s Modulus (E). In literature studies, E is on the order of 10 msi (msi is 106
psi) for Aluminum 6061. However, in this case E = 1 msi. Why do you think this is?

The next step is to bias your graph.


1. The bias value is 𝑥𝑥bias = −𝑏𝑏⁄𝑚𝑚, where b is your y-intercept and m is your slope. For this
example, your bias is approximately 0.0179 (in/in).
2. Create two new columns for your biased strain and stress values.
3. Subtract all of your strain values with the bias value.
4. Copy and keep all your stress values the same.

5. Finally, set your horizontal value axis bounds to start at 0. Your biased graph should look
like this:

The last step is to add your 0.2% offset strength to your biased stress-strain curve.
1. Create two new columns for your 0.2% offset values.
2. Add 0.002 to all of your biased strain values. These are your new 0.2% offset strain
values.
3. Multiply all of your biased strain values (without the added 0.002) with your slope.
4. Add these values to your biased stress-strain curve.
5. The point at which the 0.2% offset line intersects with the curve is your calculated yield
strength.

Common questions

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The process of converting load-displacement data to stress-strain data involves processing the data received from load-displacement measurements to reflect material properties under load. Although specific calculations are not detailed in the document, this typically involves dividing the applied load by the cross-sectional area of the specimen to obtain stress, and dividing displacement by the initial gauge length to obtain strain. The document emphasizes the proper setup of these parameters in Excel for further analysis .

To bias a stress-strain graph, calculate the bias value using the formula x_bias = -b/m, where b is the y-intercept and m is the slope from the linear regression. In the example, the bias is approximately 0.0179 in/in. Create new columns for biased strain and stress, subtract the bias value from all original strain values, and retain the original stress values in the new columns. Adjust the horizontal axis bounds to start at zero for a correctly biased representation .

The purpose of introducing a 0.2% offset strength on a stress-strain curve is to determine the yield strength of the material. By creating new columns for 0.2% offset strain values, which are calculated by adding 0.002 to the biased strain values, a new line is created on the graph. The yield strength is determined at the point where this offset line intersects with the stress-strain curve. It accounts for the elastic range and calculates the material's yield point, which is a crucial measure in determining the stress needed to initiate material deformation .

To determine Young's modulus using a stress-strain curve in Excel, first plot a scatter plot of the stress-strain data. Identify the linear portion of the curve by selecting data points that represent this section (e.g., data points 6-11). Then, apply a linear regression using a trendline in Excel to fit the linear portion of the curve. Display the equation of the trendline, with the slope representing Young's modulus. For instance, if the linear fit equation is y = 1,015,244.37x - 18,215.20, the slope (1,015,244.37) is Young's modulus (E). It's essential to adjust the chart elements correctly to obtain the right representation of the modulus .

Machine compliance affects the accuracy of stress-strain data by introducing systematic errors that can lead to underestimating or overestimating material properties such as Young's modulus. The compliance of the testing apparatus can distort the actual strain experienced by the sample, leading to discrepancies between observed and true values. Even though such errors are noted, the document suggests treating the data as accurate for analysis purposes .

Discrepancies in the calculated Young's modulus for Aluminum 6061 could arise due to machine compliance or systematic errors during the data collection process. Literature values indicate E is on the order of 10 msi (10^6 psi) for Aluminum 6061, but measured values can deviate due to calibration issues or not correctly capturing the linear portion of the stress-strain curve. In the tutorial’s example, E was found to be 1 msi, which might be attributed to these inaccuracies .

In literature, Young's modulus for Aluminum 6061 is typically presented as approximately 10 msi (10^6 psi), reflecting its theoretical properties based on controlled experimental conditions. In contrast, the document example calculates Young's modulus as 1 msi, a significant deviation possibly attributed to factors like data collection inconsistencies or machine compliance. This reveals a gap between theoretical and practical measurements, highlighting the importance of considering experimental conditions and errors when calculating material properties .

Excel serves a pivotal role in the analysis process by providing a platform for plotting and analyzing stress-strain data. It allows users to create scatter plots of stress-strain data, apply linear regression to determine Young's modulus, and manipulate data points to bias the graph. It also facilitates calculating yield strength using offset values, making it a versatile tool for managing and interpreting engineering data .

It is recommended not to use the online version of Excel or Google Sheets for the analysis mentioned because these platforms may lack advanced features required for comprehensive data analysis, such as specific linear regression tools and chart element customization options. These tools are necessary for precise application of linear regression to the stress-strain data, as well as to modify chart elements to accurately present results .

The bias value calculation method, x_bias = -b/m, is specifically used to adjust stress-strain data to ensure the correct representation of the elastic region in a stress-strain curve. However, its applicability may be limited for materials that do not exhibit a clear linear elastic behavior or involve complex loading conditions. For non-linear materials, or those with multiple transition points, a different or adapted method might be needed to account for these complexities, indicating the need for customized calibration approaches based on material characteristics .

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