Prepared by: Prof, Muhammad Bilal Saith 0337-8052395

Saithbilal604@[Link]

Data Processing:
The process of converting data into information is called data processing. Data is
the input and information is the output of a data processing system. It is also known as
computing.

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Information
Data Processing

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Data Processing involves six stages which are described below:

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• Data collection
• Data preparation

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• Data Input
• Processing

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• Output/Information
• Data Storage
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1. Data Collection
Collecting data is the first step in data processing. It is important that the data source
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available are trustworthy and well-built so the data collected is of highest possible quality.
2. Data Preparation
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Once data is collected, it then enters the data preparation stage. Data preparation, often
referred to as “pre-processing” is the stage at which raw data is cleaned up and organized
for better use.
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3. Data Input
The clean data is then entered into its destination and translated into a language that it can
understand.
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Data input is the first stage in which raw data begins to take the form of useable
information.
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4. Processing
In this step, the raw data is subjected to various data processing methods using machine
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learning and artificial intelligence algorithms to generate a desirable output

5. Output/Information
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The processed data is called information. Information is an organized and processed form
of data. It is used for making important decisions. Data can be processed in different ways
to produce the required information.

6. Data Storage
Prepared by: Prof, Muhammad Bilal Saith 0337-8052395
Saithbilal604@[Link]

The last step of the data processing cycle is storage, where data is stored for further use.
This allows for quick access and retrieval of information whenever needed, and also allows
it to be used as input in the next data processing cycle directly.

Data Storage:

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Data storage essentially means that files and documents are recorded digitally and saved in a
storage system for future use. Storage systems may rely on electromagnetic, optical or other media

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to preserve and restore the data if needed.
Types of Storage:

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 Main Memory/Primary Memory

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It is a type of memory where data is stored temporarily. It is also known as volatile memory as

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data remain present until computer is on.
e.g. RAM ( Random Access Memory)
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 DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
A type of RAM that uses transistors to store data . It has less storage capacity. It is slower
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as is needs to be refreshed again and again.

 SRAM: (Static Random Access Memory)
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A type of RAM that uses capacitors to store data .It has large storage capacity. It is faster
than DRAM as it does not need to be refreshed again and again.
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 Secondary Memory:
It is a type of memory that stores data permanently .It is also known as non-volatile
memory as data are kept on a long-term basis.
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e.g. Hard Disk , USB ,CD/DVD , Memory card.

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 Logical Storage:
Logical storage helps users locate specific data and improves the efficiency of the retrieval
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process.
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 Physical Storage:
Physical storage, also known as local storage, is when you save your files on local servers
or storage devices that you control and operate yourself.
Prepared by: Prof, Muhammad Bilal Saith 0337-8052395
Saithbilal604@[Link]

Flowchart
Flowchart:
Flowcharts are helpful to know about the steps used to solve a problem. In the following, we discuss
the concept of flowcharts in detail.

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Definition: START
A flowchart is a graphical presentation of the steps

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to solve a problem. We use symbols for each step,
and these symbols are connected with the help of Take Shoes
arrows to show the flow of processing. &Socks

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Figure shows a flowchart for the simple problem
of wearing shoes with socks. It shows that not only

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the steps are important but also the order to complete
Wear Socks
a process. A flowchart is used to visually communicate
the steps in a process.

L Wear Shoes
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End

Importance of Flowcharts in Problem Solving :

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In problem solving, flow charts can be used to plan a solution. If a flowchart is already there, we can
quickly understand the way a problem is solved. It is more effective to visualize a solution graphically
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than a text. A graphical representation also makes it effective to verify weather a solution is correct or
not. It is also a good way to communicate the solution of a problem to other people.
Determining Requirements for a Flowchart :
In a flowchart we use input, output, decision making and processing. These concepts are described
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below:
Input: Input means taking data from the user. It is important to know, how many and what type of
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inputs are required.

Processing : A flowchart also contains processing steps. The processing steps are used for
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performing calculations and storing the results of calculations.

Decision Making: To determine whether a statement is true or false, and taking appropriate steps
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accordingly, is called decision making.

Outputs: Outputs are used to display information and usually this information exhibits the processed
results.
Flowchart Symbols:
Flowcharts explain a process clearly through symbols and text. They use special shapes to represent
different types of actions or steps in a process.
Prepared by: Prof, Muhammad Bilal Saith 0337-8052395
Saithbilal604@[Link]

Symbols Name Description

Flow Lines It is used to determine the

flow of steps in a flowchart.

Terminal It indicate start and end of a

flowchart.

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Process It represents operations to
change values.

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Decision It shows a conditional
operation that determine
which one of the two paths to

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take It is usually a yes/no or a
true/false.
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Input/output It indicates the input of data
from user or displaying
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results to user.
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Connector If a flowchart doesn’t fit on a

page, than we use connector
to connect parts of a
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flowchart on different pages.

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