,CJ 51?

A3/;
$ 4.1 =8240>.:

J5ÆO u *  o    ~o  V *wns ^= 6

NS^nsJ '^= 
JS4O  *b r8` "
)

J# *  Mmsy/ v /<lqQn&sz[
o~
6 T w
f1 l1 = f2 l2 . (1)

S M = f l 8 M = f l ℄ f 8 f Ay/Y h  O  r
℄

6 4Z s Q f 8 f Z℄r\A l 8 l 
H M 6= M Ks}
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2

FDo O )k2

1 2 1 2 1 2

| f 8 f B l 8 l _r\Q r=oJr\Av

1 2 1 2

O >
M1 = |f1 ||l1 | sin θ1 , M2 = |f2 ||l2 | sin θ2 . (2)

sQy//<z[;|T!w
M1 = |f1 ||l1 | sin θ1 = |f2 ||l2 | sin θ2 = M2 . (3)

<TK 8  ~6\ r j 4$T
O >

Mi = ri × fi . (4)

!  <S$ 8+p` B r/
 u * l

m
dv  X f , i = 1, 2, · · · · · · , N
=f + i
i
i ij (5)
dt j6=i

o
\sWÆXB r v\K> i  
mi ri ×
dvi  Xr × f
=r ×f +i i i ij . (6)
dt j6=i

1
J\)WÆ X |QA i =8  >
N
X
mi ri ×
dvi X
=
N
ri × fi
 + XXr × f
N
i ij . (7)
i=1 dt i=1 i=1 j6=i

z)W? X t>4
=A

fij = −fji , (8)

, > N X N X
X 1X
ri × fij = (ri − rj ) × fij . (9)
2 i=1 j6=i

's*I  T d r − r ZB f J|4K
9 so\K

i=1 j6=i

V$=8P

i j ij

J  JE4~+p l u X =8 \v W
~6\1!

N
X N N
dvi X d X dri
mi ri × = mi (ri × vi ) − mi × vi
i=1 dt i=1 dt i=1 dt
N
X XN
d
= mi (ri × vi ) − mi vi × vi . (10)
dt

KWt>Zj
i=1 i=1

=A v × v
i i =0
N N N N
! !
X dvi X d d X d X
mi ri × = mi (ri × vi ) = ri × (mi vi ) = ri × pi . (11)
dt dt dt i=1 dt i=1

\Sf3 y G)W (7) >  t> 

i=1 i=1

d X N XN
!
=M .
dt i=1
ri × pi = ri × fi
 (12)

S 
i=1

N
X N
X 
 L≡ (13) ri × pi , M ≡ ri × fi

T℄ibr` 8n_ : r
9sK!l~6Tt>w

i=1 i=1

d
dt
L=M .
 (14)

S4f3 Ti b`  
t ℄ Z | M = 0 Q  >

d
L = 0, (15)
dt

2
Owr` Z4$ _ mQX! Z ^=T

< 4.1: |y/v/<Q1: r
9s
L = m1 r1 × v1 + m2 r2 × v2 (16)

4^=
=A
v1 (t = 0) = v2 (t = 0) = 0, (17)

> L ≡ 0

< 4.2: VNb 4$bn_[ d" O r k f  K
i i >

r × f = 0.
i i (18)

9s M ≡ 0
9s > L ≡ f T
SqZRp/ %%#Jp/:

w< 12 ÆZJ4$/! D9

< 4.3: \<` ^=  X"y0  E4%#8p/[X
 JQX&J4!K

K=A%#8p/[Xw< " ` ; Z4$^=
,
>
L = |r × p| = r(mv) sin θ = f d. (19)

<2L? g AQX ~ d ds/dt \ Xj v   

ds
L = rmv sin θ = rm sin θ
dt
∆s ∆sr⊥
= lim rmsin θ = lim m
∆t→0 ∆t ∆t→0 ∆t
2∆S dS
= lim m = 2m . (20)
∆t→0 ∆t dt

S FnX  ∆S %#8p/[X  J ∆t QX&J4!K
9 s

 
dS L
= . (21)
dt 2m
SqZy0 

3
 ! 1  ∆t &%'!
< 4.4(69B 115 E+< 3): 0Af/!K >4 O
9bOq4 
R[X # a
yVQ Opf/ OA  g  r
A  b m 
< oD O 6xGj v vEgH
\=
0

(1) B n_   \ T 9 

0

(2) \ B  MDL x 2T
td<D O vEgH j9 

0

(3) JKa4 l Op A<nw[( W 9 

0

7Ew v (1)  j7Op OZ<n_"
9s

 ~
v02
|T0 | = m . (22)

Ew v (2)  j7=A<n_ " ,<A O 

r0

` JV$D Z 4 l Z^=
9 s >

L = mvr = mv0 r0 (23)

j
S r 8 v ℄<JDZ4lfbQ O u817j


4! s Qon_  " 
v2 v2
m = 2|T0 | = 2m 0 . (24)
r r0

4
uSÆ$l g o
v 3 = 2v03 , (25)

HZ
v = 21/3 v0 , (26)

6N
r = 2−1/3 r0 . (27)

t> P Qw( 8 JD Z 4 l E94$Q  >

∆W = T(r) · ∆r = T (r)∆r. (28)

4! <H s* l

v 2 (r)
T (r) = −m (29)
r

6N` ^= l
mvr = mv0 r0 . (30)

9 s g  2
m v0 r0 mv02 r02
T (r) = − =− . (31)
r r r3
9 sJ ;M )W (28) ~6 T !w
mv02 r02
dW = T (r) dr = − dr. (32)
r3

K>  > Z
mv02 r02 1 mv02 r02
W =− dr + C = + C. (33)
r3 2 r2
=A | r = r Q  W = 0  > C = − mv
9 s t> 
0
1
2
2
0

1 mv02 r02 1 2
W = − mv0 . (34)
2 r2 2

t ℄ Z | r = r /2 Q   
0
1/3

1 1 1  
W = mv02 r02 · 22/3 − mv02 = mv02 41/3 − 1 . (35)
2 2 2

5
 < 4.5(69B 113 E+< 1): EmQ` θ Qg l Q<b
m
? Q (.x [ D
\= Q <n_  r M 8 Q <`  L N1J
Eg2L/!& L

7Q<n_ f mg 8Op T
=A T Z" oA r
k

>+
9 s \ ~`  \v W
M = l × mg = mgl sin θeτ . (36)

S  e Z Q <Eg2L7 2Z1j z 

 Q <` 
τ

L = l × mv. (37)

oZ4$|Q r \A l 8 Q <j v 
j7  l ZB v  r \  ~

\KWw
L = mlveL . (38)

S e `  L z
EÆqZ1P o omQX Z B1

's`    >
L

dL
= M = l × mg. (39)
dt

\ s WBf Uj g  k >   ~

dL d(gL⊥ )
g· = = g · (l × mg) = 0. (40)
dt dt

9 s L Z4$ _ mQX! Z ^=

= o ` J/%A Q <Eg2L/!& L  ℄j7 S
⊥

$ZB Q <j v r\
|Q 1w℄Z4$ f d
SZ=A P Q 8 

k

>
|L | = L − L = m v l − L = f d.
q q
2 2 2 2 2 2
k ⊥ (41) ⊥

= s  
dLk
= Lk φ̇ eτ = M = mgl sin θ eτ . (42)
dt

6
S  φ nm`
B J Em Q } S$`AQX~d
v v
φ̇ = = . (43)
R l sin θ

\[ y G l (42) ^ g o L >  >

k

l sin θ mgl2 sin2 θ

Lk = (mgl sin θ) = . (44)
v v

9 st> j Ql  &1= v

= o v  <F$W* l
v2 v2
m =m = T sin θ, mg = T cos θ, (45)
R l sin θ

HZ
v2 mg
m = sin θ. (46)
l sin θ cos θ
= s  l g s s
gl gl
v= sin2 θ = sin θ. (47)
cos θ cos θ
\o y G L  \v W>   
k
s
mgl2 sin2 θ cos θ 1 q
Lk = = mgl2 sin2 θ = ml sin θ gl cos θ. (48)
v gl sin θ

< 4.6(69B 116 E+< 4): b~g 2l yyRWJ# h < l 

f/hK  # a k
yVQ R u X o K!nxob m L(
R
?nxob m < m 4$L(
> uL(<_ UÆ$
1

L(|QGhQU`j ω
\<b`  A ω `Lx Q 

2 1

~U?L(o 
0

7Akh O ,Æ$L(f:2: r
M = Mk = −(m1 − m2 )gl cos θ, (49)

;` K
L = Lk = (m1 + m2 )l2 ωk. (50)

7
'sb`    >
dL d h i
= (m1 + m2 )l2 ω k = M = −(m1 − m2 )gl cos θk, (51)
dt dt

HZ
dω
(m1 + m2 )l2 = −(m1 − m2 )gl cos θ. (52)
dt
= s  
dω dω dθ dω m1 − m2 g
= = −ω =− cos θ. (53)
dt dθ dt dθ m1 + m2 l
K>  >
Z Z
1 m1 − m2 g m1 − m2 g
ω dω = ω 2 = cos θ dθ + C = sin θ + C. (54)
2 m1 + m2 l m1 + m2 l

< n Vz[ | θ = θ 0 = arcsin hl Q ω = ω 0   

1 m1 − m2 g h
C = ω02 − . (55)
2 m1 + m2 l l

9 s >
1 2 m1 − m2 g 1 m1 − m2 g h
ω = sin θ + ω02 − . (56)
2 m1 + m2 l 2 m1 + m2 l l
 | yy R ?L(oQ  1= ω = 0  θ = −θ
S0 O~v ω0

o℄=W& o
0

1 2 m1 − m2 gh
ω0 = 2 , (57)
2 m1 + m2 l2
HZ s
2 m1 − m2
ω0 = gh. (58)
l m1 + m2
< 4.7(69B 117 E+< 6): f/xE,D4 " \h4= `j ω )
k
,K>4b m < u " O  o  -o O I
 r = αθ 2LH

5ZJ4l <A O `  L Z4$^=\=<n_TS
` F 8o F

7=A
θ r

L = r × (mv) = r × (mvθ ) = mrvθ k = mr · r θ̇k, (59)

8
 >
L = mr 2 θ̇ = f d. (60)

= s  
dθ L 1
= . (61)

=A r = αθ , >
dt m r2

dr dθ αL 1
=α = . (62)

 8 e ~ d
>
dt dt m r2
= F 8 F
θ r C&1Z r θ
    
d2 θ dθ̇ dr d αL 1 dr L 1 αL 1 L2 1
2
= = 2
= −2 = −2α , (63)
dt dr dt dr m r dt m r3 m r2 m2 r 5
6N
d2 r d2 θ 2
2L 1
= α = −2α . (64)

J  Ql F 8
JE,bQ 
dt2 dt2 m2 r 5
θ Fr >
F′ = F + mω 2 r − 2m~ω × v′ , (65)

HZ
Fθ′ = Fθ − 2mωvr′ , Fr′ = Fr + mω 2 r + 2mωvθ′ . (66)

=A<A O ` Z^=  > F ′

θ =0
9sJS.[b{ 
>
dr αL 1 αLω
Fθ = 2mωvr′ = 2mω = 2mω =2 2 . (67)

l
dt m r 2 r
 oKs*
 !2 
2
dr dθ
m 2
−r  = Fr′ = Fr + mω 2 r + 2mωvθ′ . (68)
dt dt

9 s    !2 
d2 r dθ
Fr = m 2 − r  − mω 2 r − 2mωvθ′
dt dt
" #
L2 1 L2 1 L1
= m −2α 2 5 − r 2 4 − mω 2 r − 2mω
2
m r m r mr
" ! #
2ωL L2 2α2 1
= − mω 2 r + + 1+ 2 . (69)
r m r r3

9
 < 4.8(69B 121 E+< 7): b|Æ$baA0An!K
R
u 2a
NJ t = 0 Q R ℄ GAo "  r \8
j v
\= t > 0 Q Æ$b[Xu d A n VQRb" O `j
 ω(t) 8`Uj β(t)

7=AJ t > 0 QÆ$b_ xoJf/!K%qwGj\H

2qZi oA O x [  (a, vt) 8 (−a, −vt)
R[Xu
q √
d= (2a)2 + (2vt)2 = 2 a2 + v 2 t2 . (70)

1 b 1 A O `j~6{4z[
a a a
ωr = v cos θ = v =v = v√ 2 (71)
r d/2 a + v 2 t2

v
=s  
a av
ω(t) = v 2
= 2 . (72)
r a + v 2 t2
\1AQX t = ~ >   
av · (2v 2 t) 2av 3 t
β(t) = ω̇(t) = − = − . (73)
(a2 + v 2 t2 )2 (a2 + v 2 t2 )2

L-IGD=*M+H0
$ 4.3

J C }+p4bJ>" e H

℄ Z s Qb` ;Z4$^=
9 sb_'J4$-
/!&H
9 s ~6JS$/!&?4$Mx [ 
u *  o  
>F l
! !
d2 r d2 θ
m − r θ̇2 = f (r), m 2ṙθ̇ + r 2 = 0. (74)
dt2 dt

$)W~6 T !w
1d  2 
m r θ̇ = 0. (75)
r dt
9 s >
r 2 θ̇ = r(r θ̇) = rvθ = fd = mrvm θ
=
L
m
. (76)

10
S_ _ 4Z4 t .X` ^= 5

J  Iz4$ l  
o~6 T !w
d2 r 2 dṙ m2 r 4 θ̇2
f (r) = m − mr θ̇ = m −
dt2 dt mr 3
2
dṙ dr L dṙ L2 m dṙ 2 L2
= m − = m ṙ − = − (77)
dr dt mr 3 dr mr 3 2 dr mr 3

= s   Z Z Z
m 2 L2
dṙ − dr = f (r)dr + C. (78)
2 mr 3
K>  t> 
1 2 1 L2
2
mṙ +
2 mr 2
+ U(r) = f d. (79)

j7  ṙ = v 6N
r
L2 m2 r 4 θ̇2
= = m(r θ̇)2 = mvθ2 , (80)
mr 2 mr 2
KW~6 T !
1  2
2
 1
m vr + vθ2 + U(r) = mv 2 + U(r) =
2
f d. (81)

SZMx [  '^=  \v W

uK! ~ ~6z Z'^= CZ` ^= SSKÆ
Z* 4 t K
H z[ T s K ~6\ u S  o  
 _W Iki* gv4$twSS v

L2
fTi"Y'
A_|` ℄ L < L < L  >F 2 nX
"Y'>
JSSQl "Y' N: Y' U(r) ffT:J42 
2mr 2 1 2 3
L2

8 j 4$>Y'5d
2mr 2

e L2
U(r) = + U(r). (82)
2mr 2
1$J 2 &o
S0v J+pbJoH Q; Y
F u  3 
~6z| brJ ' E > 0 Qf/ E B Ue (r) >j>4$^ i 
*
u )W
1 2
mv = E − Ue (r) (83)
2 r

11
 ! 2 $ ( U(r) = −  '!
L2
2mr 2
GM m
r

o zS4;A v = 0
9sbH 2L4 hy>

 | E < 0 Q f/ E = f d B U (r) >>Æ$^
o \ Xbv4>hH
r

{ZVH U (r) $lZ 4 nX>4$Mx℄
%OUZA$4$'
e

E f/ E = f d B U (r) >>Æ$^ H 2 _ FZ>h
SZ=AJ

e

^ r p >
1
e
∂ U (r ) 1
> 0. (84)
∂r
9sb_  f (r ) = −Ue (r ) < 0 Z4$^u X 
′

9sb\D
H
| J r  p >
1 1

f (r2 ) = −Ue ′ (r2 ) > 0. (85)

SZ4$+m
9 sb\F ;FH
B bH _Z>h

Ja}` 138 ` 139 3K sJ$
U(r) = Ar α (86)

12
 ! 3 )#Æ '!

! 4 "  )#Æ '!

13
Y e bH
t℄ZA: Y
GMm
U(r) = − , (87)
r

z| 1rJ ' E < 0 QbH Z>h
J  1X" 1H

2LZ4$
E

℄  >'^=)W
1 2 L2 GMm
mvr = E − 2
+ . (88)
2 2mr r

= s g o s 
dr 2E M L2
vr = = + 2G − . (89)
dt m r m2 r 2
|Q
L
vθ = r θ̇ = (90)
mr
j
9s >
s 
dr dr 1 dr 1 dr L L dr 2E M L2
= θ̇ = (r θ̇) = = = + 2G − . (91)
dt dθ r dθ r dθ mr mr 2 dθ m r m2 r 2

2qZi
s 
dr mr 2 2E M L2
= + 2G −
dθ L m r m2 r 2
v
u !2 ! !2
u GMm2 2EL2 1 GMm2
2t
= r 1+ 2 2 3 − − . (92)
L2 G M m r L2


1 GMm2 2EL2
= , ǫ2 = 1 + , (93)
p L2 G2 M 2 m3
KKW~6!w v
u !2 !2
dr u ǫ 1 1
2t
=r − − , (94)
dθ p r p
HZ v
u !2 !2
1 dr d 1 u t ǫ 1 1
= − = − − . (95)
r 2 dθ dθ r p r p

14
 1
r
=t
~6k4 ` \K!)Ww
v
u !2 !2
dt u ǫ 1
− =t − t− . (96)
dθ p p

=K>     
Z d t− 1 Z
p
− r   2 = dθ + C. (97)
2
ǫ 1
p
− t− p

HZ 
1

t− p
arccos  ǫ  = θ + C. (98)

9 s g
p

1 1 ǫ
− = cos(θ + C), (99)
r p p
HZ
1 1 + ǫ cos(θ + C)
= . (100)
r p
? } d>   
p
r= . (101)
1 + ǫ cos(θ + C)
SZ4$ t > l
A 2Z  ~6 C = 0
S0 | θ = 0 Q 
r = r
9 s t>>
l p
r= . (102)
1 + ǫ cos θ
S>Pe:
&1 ℄ U6{

(1) | E > 0 Q  >
s
2EL2
ǫ= 1+ > 1. (103)
G2 M 2 m3

9 s> y\ 4$e>Y
M A&℄K

(2) | E = 0 Q  > ǫ = 1
>- 

(3) | E = 0 Q  > ǫ < 1
>
E

15
 ℄{ E < 0 :

s Q yw2 4
E
b 
C
ǫ= =e (104)
A

8
E."
^ 8  >
C 2 = A2 − B 2 . (105)

h Y 4uZ H< 7 y xb ^ < kQq y x −GMm K K!  

fAn 7}|0 j

< 4.9(69B 132 E+< 14): \p/bRw M
\=%#Ja}` 132 3
K 4-34 1, 2 8 3 p j v , v 8 v T ~o y0I 

7℄ >'^=/
1 2 3

1 2 GMm 1 GMm
mv1 − = mv22 − (106)
2 A−C 2 A+C

6N` ^=/
L1 = L2 . (107)

=A L = r × p J g hÆ >
L1 = mr1 v1 = m(A − C)v1 = L2 = mr2 v2 = m(A + C)v2 . (108)

= s g s s
A+C GM A−C GM
v1 = , v2 = . (109)
B A B A
Jh  p >
L3 = r(mv3 ) sin φ = mv3 (A sin φ) = mv3 B. (110)

9 s >
L3 = mv3 B = L1 = m(A − C)v1 . (111)

= s g s s
A−C A2 − C 2 GM GM
v3 = v1 = = . (112)
B B2 A A

16
 ~y0I  ~6 u y0 
dS L
= (113)
dt 2m

o
K>  
Z Z
L L
dS = S = dt + C1 = t + C1 . (114)
2m 2m

=A S(t = 0) = 0  > C 1 =0
9s t> 

L
S= t. (115)
2m

| t = T Q S = πAB
yG>  
2mS 2mπAB 2mπAB
T = = =
L L3 mv3 B
s
2πA A 2π
= = 2πA =√ A3/2 . (116)
v3 GM GM

Æ X ?/>   
4π 2 3
T2 = A. (117)
GM
sOy0I 
A3
T 2
=
GM
4π 2
= f d. (118)

SZ4$i> J* “p *” Q1<  )W

< 4.10(69B 133 E+< 15): C6ND<v
EH
|oJlQ-H
M4$r 3 U[4'-- 2 F<
HJF6|0
MjM s r 3 o\-9e2 A<H

7JMgX-2 7 > ^=/
(M + m)v1 = MvM,1 + mvm,1 . (119)

S v , v 8 v ℄C6N8r 3JM5>A< b Qj


1 M,1 m,1

u = vm,1 − vM,1 > 0 (120)

17
KZr 3AC6NMj
H2 -  K7oA< b Q
, r 3'
9 s >
1 2 GMm
E1 = mvm,1 − = 0. (121)
2 r1

J vZ HJF6|Mj u Mr 31< b Q'

ZWCZ

 E r 3Jl p M5'
M> r 3G!' (J
M5>gX r 3Y'Z|)
0

1 2 1 1
∆E1 = E1 − E0 = mvm,1 − mv12 = m(vm,1
2
− v12 ). (122)
2 2 2

 o v 2
m,1  \ v M,1 = vm,1 − u ((120 W) y G ^=W (119) u  
(M + m)v1 = M(vm,1 − u) + mvm,1 = (M + m)vm,1 − Mu. (123)

= s g
M
vm,1 = v1 + u. (124)
M +m
\[ y G ∆E  \v W>  >
" 2  #
1 M
∆E1 = v1 + u − v12
2 M +m
" #
1 M M2 2 Mm mM 2
= m 2 uv1 + 2
u = uv1 + 2
u2 . (125)
2 M +m (M + m) M +m 2(M + m)

| JF p >
Mm mM 2
∆E2 = E2 − E0 = uv2 + u2 . (126)
M +m 2(M + m)2

9 s  
Mm
∆E2 − ∆E1 = E2 − E1 = u(v2 − v1 ). (127)
M +m
u` ^= \v W
mv1 r1 = mv1 (A − C) = mv2 r2 = mv2 (A + C) (128)

18
o >
v2 < v1 . (129)

9 s)W
E2 < E1 = 0 (130)

j
2qZiJFM>r 3\D<v
EH

< 4.11(69B 134 E+< 16): VNp/ "%#: $W
F = −GMmr α . (131)

(1)H5Zp/J4$
E2 ℄K  α | 9℄ 

(2) H5Zp/J4$
E2  " p α | 9℄ 
7℄=A: Z4$" %#` |4^=
OJ
E2
 g hÆ  >
mv1 (A − C) = mv2 (A + C), (132)

HZ
v2 A−C
= . (133)
v1 A+C
's*  JSÆ p  ℄ >
v12 v22
man,1 = m = GMm(A − C)α , man,2 = m = GMm(A + C)α . (134)
ρ1 ρ2

=A ρ 1 = ρ2    4$ U ℄
v22 (A + C)α
= . (135)
v12 (A − C)α

Ub)W (133) 8 (135) >  

(A − C)2 (A + C)α
= . (136)
(A + C)2 (A − C)α

usl g
(A + C)2+α = (A − C)2+α . (137)

19
=A A 6= 0 8 C 6= 0
,1C s W j  W'1=
2 + α = 0, (138)

HZ α = −2

Ew$ v  {%#J 1 8 3 pH
sQ >` ^
= \v W
mv1 A = mv3 B, (139)

6N* l
v12 B2
man,1 = m = GMmAα , ρ1 = , (140)
ρ1 A
8
v32 A2
man,3 = m = GMmB α , ρ3 = . (141)
ρ3 B
= s  
v3 A v32 B α−3
= , = α−3 , (142)
v1 B v12 A
HZ
A2 B α−3
= . (143)
B2 Aα−3
g
Aα−1 = B α−1 . (144)

=A A 6= B  z 1UKW j W'>
α − 1 = 0. (145)

2qZi
α = 1. (146)

< 4.12: 5Z4|%#Dp/k 2 4
E1gh 2A h 2B

\< A 8 B  \ XS|%#'8` 

7N%#p/tl8tFu℄ l 8 l
> 1 2

L2 GMm L2 GMm
E= 2
− = 2
− . (147)
2ml1 l1 2ml2 l2

20
= s g
L2 L2
l12 E = − GMml1 , l22 E = − GMml2 . (148)

ÆWY>   
2m 2m

(l12 − l22 )E = (l1 − l2 )(l1 + l2 )E = −GMm(l1 − l2 ), (149)

HZ
(l1 + l2 )E = 2AE = −GMm. (150)

9 s >
GMm
E=− . (151)

S4)W f ><

2A

= L  ~6\ l (148) ÆWU> 

2

L2 L2
(l12 + l22 )E = − GMm(l1 + l2 ) = − GMm(2A). (152)
m m
9 s >
h i
L2 = (l12 + l22 )E + 2AGMm m
h i
= (l1 + l2 )2 E − 2l1 l2 E + 2AGMm m
h i
= (2A)2 E − 2(A − C)(A + C)E + 2AGMm m
h i
= 4A2 E − 2(A2 − C 2 )E + 2AGMm m
h i
= 4A2 E − 2B 2 E + 2AGMm m
   
2GMm 2
= (4A − 2B ) − + 2AGMm m
2A
 
GMm 2
= −2AGMm + B + 2AGMm m
A
GMm2 2
= B . (153)
A
9 s t>  s
GM
L= mB. (154)

NFa}` 143 3` 148 3 4-4    4-9  4-10  4-13  4-14 

A
4-6 4-8
4-15  4-16  4-24  4-26  4-30 v

21