Non commutative classical and Quantum fractionary Cosmology:

Anisotropic Bianchi Type I case.

J. Socorro1 ,∗ J. Juan Rosales 2 ,† and Leonel Toledo-Sesma3‡

1 Departamento de Fı́sica, DCI-Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato,
C.P. 37150, León, Guanajuato, México
2 Department of Electrical Engineering,
Engineering Division Campus Irapuato-Salamanca,
University of Guanajuato, Salamanca 36885, México.
3 Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPIIH,
Carretera Pachuca - Actopan Kilómetro 1+500,
42162. San Agustı́n Tlaxiaca, Hgo. México

In this work we shall explore the effects of non commutativity in fractional classical
and quantum schemes using the anisotropic Bianchi Type I cosmological model cou-
pled to a scalar field in the K-essence formalism. In previous work we have obtained
the commutative solutions in both regimes into the fractional framework. Here we
introduce noncommutative variables, considering that all minisuperspace variables
qinc do not commute, so the symplectic structure was modified and there are many
changes with the traditional formalism. In the quantum regime, the probability
density presents new structure in the scalar field corresponding to the value of the
non-commutative parameter.
Keywords: Fractional derivative, Fractional non-commutative classical and
quantum cosmology, K-essence formalism.

PACS numbers:

∗
Electronic address: socorro@[Link]
†
Electronic address: rosales@[Link]
‡
Electronic address: ltoledos@[Link]
 2

I. INTRODUCTION

There are many works that investigate the fractional calculus and its applications [1], be-
ing a powerful mathematical tool for describing complex processes, such as: the tautochrone
problem [2], models based on memory mechanism [3], anomalous diffusion [4], linear ca-
pacitor theory [5], non-local description of quantum mechanics [6], processing of medical
images [7, 8]. Recently, the FC has been applied to the general theory of relativity, with
interesting results to cosmology [9–23], quantum mechanics to quantum cosmology [24, 25];
applications such that the age of the universe is greater, of the order of 13.8196 Gyr., or more
[26]; Recently was found other age of our universe using fractional geometric parameter and
thermodynamics variables, being 13.91 Gyr., [27].
Let us consider the Misner parameterization [28] in the line element of Bianchi-type I
cosmological models

ds2 = −N 2 dt2 + A2 dx2 + B 2 dy 2 + C 2 dz 2 , (1)

√ √
2Ω+2β+ −2 3β−
= −N 2 dt2 + e 2Ω+2β+ +2 3β−
dx2 + e dy 2 + e2Ω−4β+ dz 2 , (2)

where N is the lapse function, Ω(t) is a scalar function. In this sense, we use the Misner’s
parametrization for the radii in this model,
√ √
A = eΩ+β+ + 3β−
, B = eΩ+β+ − 3β−
, C = eΩ−2β+ .

Usually, K-essence models are restricted to the Lagrangian density of the form [29–34]
√
Z
S = d4 x −g [f(φ) G(X)] , (3)

where the canonical kinetic energy is given by G(X) = X = − 21 ∇µ φ∇µ φ. K-essence was
originally proposed as a model for inflation; and then, as a model for dark energy, along
with explorations of unifying dark energy and dark matter [34–36]. Another motivation to
consider this type of Lagrangian originates from string theory [37]. For more details on
K-essence applied to dark energy, you can see [38] and references therein.
One of the simplest K-essence Lagrangian density is
√
 
R
Lgeo = −g + G(X) , (4)
2

where, R is the scalar of curvature, f (φ) is an arbitrary function of the scalar field φ, g is
the determinant of the metric tensor. Then, the field equations are given by

Gαβ + [GX φ,α φ,β + Ggαβ ] = Tαβ , (5a)

h i
GX φ,β;β + GXX X;β φ,β = 0, (5b)
 3

where we have assumed the units with 8πG = 1 and, as usual, the semicolon means a
covariant derivative, and a subscript X denotes differentiation with respect to X.
The same set of equations(5a,5b) is obtained if we consider the scalar field X(φ) as part
of the matter content, i.e. to say LX,φ = G(X), with the corresponding energy-momentum
tensor
Tαβ = [GX φ,α φ,β + G(X)gαβ ] . (6)
Also, considering the energy-momentum tensor of a barotropic perfect fluid,

Tαβ = (ρ + P)uα uβ + Pgαβ , (7)

with uα being the four-velocity satisfying the relation uµ uµ = −1, ρ the energy density and P
the pressure of the fluid. For simplicity, we consider a comoving perfect fluid. The pressure
and energy density, corresponding to the energy momentum tensor of the field X, are

P(X) = G, ρ(X) = [2XGX − G] ; (8)

P(X)
thus, the barotropic parameter ωX = ρ(X)
for the equivalent fluid is

G
ωX = . (9)
2XGX − G
Notice that the case of a constant barotropic index ωX , (with the exception ωX = 0) can be
obtained by the G function
1+ωX
G=X 2ωX
. (10)
Choosing the barotropic parameter as
2κ − 1
ωX = , → G = Xα ,
2κ + 1
where the α parameter
2κ
, α= (11)
2κ − 1
is relevant in our approach. Thus, we can write the barotropic parameter in terms of
1 α
ωX = 2α−1
, when κ = 2(α−1)
. With this, we can write the states in the evolution of our
universe as:



 stiff matter : κ → ∞, ωX = 1, → G(X) = X.

ωX = 13 , → G(X) = X2 .




 Radiation: κ = 1,

κ → 12 , ωX → 0, → G(X) = Xm , m → ∞.

 dust like:


 inflation : κ = 0, ωX = −1, → G(X) = 1, Λ = cte.


inflation like κ = 14 , ωX = − 13 , → G(X) = 1




 X
 1
κ = 10 , ωX = − 23 , → G(X) = √1
.

4
X
 4

II. LAGRANGE AND HAMILTON FORMALISM

Introducing the line element (2) of the anisotropic Bianchi type I cosmological model into
the Lagrangian (4), we have
"  α   #
Ω̇2 β̇ 2 β̇ 2 1 2α
LI = e3Ω 6 −6 + −6 − − φ̇ N −2α+1 . (12)
N N N 2
∂L
Using the standard definition of the momenta Πqµ = ∂ q̇ µ
, where q µ are the coordinate fields
q µ = (Ω, β+ , β− , φ) we obtain the momenta associated to each field

Ω̇ ΠΩ
ΠΩ = 12e3Ω , Ω̇ = N e−3Ω ,
N 12
β̇+ Π+
Π+ = −12e3Ω , β˙+ = −N e−3Ω ,
N 12
β̇− Π−
Π− = −12e3Ω , β˙− = −N e−3Ω ,
N 12
 α 1
 α−1  2α−1
1 2α 3Ω 2α−1 2
Πφ = − e φ̇ , φ̇ = −N Πφ , (13)
2 N 2α−1 αe3Ω

and introducing them into the Lagrangian density, we obtain the canonical Lagrangian as
Lcanonical = Πqµ q̇ µ − N H. When we perform the variation of this canonical Lagrangian
δLcanonical
with respect to N , δN
= 0, we obtain the constraint H = 0. In our model the only
constraint corresponds to Hamiltonian density, which is weakly zero. So, we obtain the
Hamiltonian density for this model
3
( 1 )
e− 2α−1 Ω
 α−1  2α−1
6(α−1) 12(2α − 1) 2 2α
e− 2α−1 Ω Π2Ω − Π2+ − Π2− −
 
HI = N Πφ2α−1 . (14)
24 α α
3
In the following we take the gauge N = 24e 2α−1 Ω and we will do the analysis with the
reduced Hamiltonian
 1
 12(2α − 1) 2α−1 2α−1 2α−1
 2α
6(α−1)
− 2α−1 Ω
 2 2 2
H=e ΠΩ − Π+ − Π− − Πφ , (15)
α α

The corresponding Hamilton equations becomes

 5

6(α−1)
Ω̇ = 2ΠΩ e− 2α−1
Ω
, (16)
6(α−1)
− 2α−1 Ω
β̇± = −2Π± e , (17)
1
 α−1  2α−1
2 1
φ̇ = −24 Πφ2α−1 , (18)
α
6(α − 1) − 6(α−1)
e 2α−1 Ω Π2Ω − Π+ − Π−
 
Π̇Ω = (19)
2α − 1
Π̇+ = 0, Π+ = p+ = constant, (20)
Π̇− = 0, Π− = p− = constant, (21)
Π̇φ = 0, Πφ = pφ = constant, (22)

when we introdution (22) into (18) we have the time solution for the scalar field as
1
2α−1
  2α−1 1
φ(t) = φi − 24 pφ2α−1 (t − tαi ) (23)
α
where φi and tαi are the initial value for the scalar field and the initial time in the α scenario,
respectively.
On the other hand, using the Hamiltonian constraint, we found that
1
2α−1
  2α−1
−
6(α−1)
Ω
 2  12(2α − 1) 2α
e 2α−1 ΠΩ − Π2+ − Π2− = pφ2α−1 = constant, (24)
α α
that substituting into equations (19) we have the time solution
1
2α−1
  2α−1
72(α − 1) 2α
ΠΩ (t) = p0 + pφ2α−1 (t − tα0 ) , (25)
α α
where p0 is an integration constant.
The equation (16) can be written as
 •
2α − 1 6(α−1) Ω
e 2α−1 = 2ΠΩ , (26)
6(α − 1
substituting the solution for ΠΩ (t), we obtain that
1
432(α − 1)2 2α−1
  2α−1
6(α−1) 12(α − 1) 2α
e 2α−1
Ω
= a0 + p0 (t − tα0 ) + pφ2α−1 (t − tα0 )2 . (27)
2α − 1 α(2α − 1) α
thus the Ω(t) become
"  1 #
432(α − 1)2 2α−1 2α−1 2α−1

2α − 1 12(α − 1) 2α
Ω(t) = Ln a0 + p0 (t − tα0 ) + pφ (t − tα0 )2
6(α − 1) 2α − 1 α(2α − 1) α
(28)
 6

and the corresponding solutions for the anisotropic parameter β± are

Z
dz
β± (t) = β±0 − 2p± , z = t − tα0 . (29)
a0 + b α z + c α z 2
1
 α−1  2α−1 2α
12(α−1) 432(α−1)2 2 2α−1
with bα = 2α−1 p0 , cα = α(2α−1) α
p φ , and β0 ± are integration constant, so
solution become
" p #
b 2 −
2cα (t − tα0 ) + bα −
4a c
Z
dz 1 0 α
2
=p Ln p α ,
a0 + b α z + c α z 2
bα − 4a0 cα 2
2cα (t − tα0 ) + bα + bα − 4a0 cα
√
with the condition over the constant bα > 2 a0 cα which inside in the relation between the
constant p0 and pφ .
As we have mentioned, this Hamiltonian has parts that are fractional derivatives and
parts that are integers. The case of integer derivatives must be resolved in a particular way.

A. Stiff matter scenario, α = 1, β = 2.

When we analyze the stiff matter scenario for the universe follows from the Hamiltonian
constriction
H = Π2Ω − Π2+ − Π2− − 12Π2φ , (30)
then the Hamilton equations are

Ω̇ = 2ΠΩ , (31)
β̇± = −2Π+ , (32)
φ̇ = −24Πφ , (33)
Π̇Ω = 0, ΠΩ = p0 = constant, (34)
Π̇± = 0, Π± = p± = constants, (35)
Π̇φ = 0, Πφ = pφ = constant, (36)

Then the Ω solution become

Ω(t) = Ω0 + 2p0 (t − ts ). (37)

and the anisotropic variables have the solution β± (t) = β±0 − 2p± (t − ts ). The volume of
the universe for this scenario V (t) = e3Ω(t) is

V (t) = V0 e6p0 (t−ts ) . (38)

and the solution for the scalar field φ is

φ(t) = φs − 24pφ (t − ts ). (39)

where φs is the initial value in the stiff matter scenario.

 7

B. Dust scenario, α → ∞, β = 1.

For this scenario, the hamiltonian constraint is

√
H = e−3Ω Π2Ω − Π2+ − Π2− − 12 2Πφ ,
 
(40)

with the Hamilton equations

Ω̇ = 2e−3Ω ΠΩ , (41)
β̇± = −2e−3Ω Π± , (42)
√ √
φ̇ = −12 2, φ(t) = φd − 12 2(t − td ), (43)
Π̇Ω = 3e−3Ω Π2Ω − Π2+ − Π2− ,
 
(44)
Π̇± = 0, Π± = p± = constant, (45)
Π̇φ = 0, Πφ = pφ = constant. (46)

where the constant φd must be very huge in such a way that this scalar field survive actually.
√
Now, using the Hamiltonian constraint, we found that ΠΩ (t) = pd + 36 2(t − td ), and
substituting into (41), we have that the volume of this universe become
√
V (t) = e3Ω = a0 + 6pd (t − td ) + 108 2pφ (t − td )2 , (47)

and the others solutions are

Z
dz
β± = β0 ± − 2p± , z = t − td . (48)
a0 + b 0 z + c 0 z 2
√
where b0 = 6pd and c0 = 108 2pφ , and the integral is
" p #
dz 1 2c0 (t − td ) + b0 − b20 − 4a0 c0
=p 2 Ln p
a0 + b 0 z + c 0 z 2 b0 − 4a0 c0 2c0 (t − td ) + b0 + b20 − 4a0 c0
√ q √
with the condition over the constants 36p2d − 432a0 2pφ > 0, pd > 2 3 2a0 pφ .

III. NONCOMMUTATIVE FRACTIONAL CLASSICAL EXACT SOLUTION

We start with the following classical hamiltonian that comes from the anisotropic Bianchi
type I fractionary cosmological model coupled to a scalar field in the K-essence formalism
2α
(15), written in term of the fractional parameter β = 2α−1
and in particular gauge, where in
order to find the commutative equation of motion, we use the classical phase space variables
qµ = (Ω, β+ , β− , φ), where the Poisson algebra for these minisuperspace variables are

{q µ , q ν } = 0 {Πqµ , Πqν } = 0, {q µ , Πqν } = δνµ , (49)

 8

1
 α−1  2α−1
 24 2
−3(2−β)Ω
Πβφ ,
 2 2 2
H=e ΠΩ − Π+ − Π− − (50)
β α f (φ)
Now the natural extension is to consider the noncommutative version of our model,
with the idea of non-commutative between the all variables (Ωnc , β± nc , φnc ), so we apply a
deformation of the Poisson algebra. For this, we start with the usual Hamiltonian (50), but
the symplectic structure is modify as follow
{ΠΩ , Πφ }? = 0, {q µ , Πqµ }? = 1, {Ω, β+ }? = θ1 , {Ω, β− }? = θ2 ,
{Ω, φ}? = θ3 , {β+ , β− }? = θ4 , {β+ , φ}? = θ5 , {β− , φ}? = θ6 , (51)
where the ? is the Moyal product, and the resulting Hamiltonian density is
 1
 24 2α−1 2α−1 β

−3(2−β)Ωnc
 2 2 2
Hnc = e ΠΩ − Π+ − Π− − Πφ , (52)
β α
When we used the sifted variables (Bopp shift approach) but with the original (commu-
tative) symplectic structure
µ µ
q̇nc = {qnc , Hnc } ,
Π˙µ nc = Πµ nc , Hnc ,

(53)
the commutation relations (51) can be implemented in terms of the commutation coordinates
and it results in a modification of the potential like terms in the Hamiltonian density. In other
words, this same result can be found employing the Bob Shift between the commutative co-
ordinate q µ = (Ω, β+ , β− , φ) and the non-commutative coordinate qnc
µ
= (Ωnc , β+nc , β−nc , φn )
with the relation
1
q µ = qnc
µ
+ Θµν Πν , (54)
2
where we choosing the Θµν matrix as
 
0 θ1 θ2 θ3
 
 −θ 0 θ θ 
 1 4 5
Θµν =   (55)
 −θ2 −θ4 0 θ6 
 
−θ3 −θ5 −θ6 0
we have that
θ1 θ2 θ3
Ω = Ωnc + Π+ + Π− + Πφ , (56)
2 2 2
θ1 θ4 θ5
β+ = β+nc − ΠΩ + Π− + Πφ , (57)
2 2 2
θ2 θ4 θ6
β− = β−nc − ΠΩ − Π+ + Πφ , (58)
2 2 2
θ3 θ5 θ6
φ = φnc − ΠΩ − Π+ − Π− . (59)
2 2 2
 9

then
θ1 θ2 θ3
Ωnc = Ω − Π+ − Π− − Πφ , (60)
2 2 2
θ1 θ4 θ5
β+nc = β+ + ΠΩ − Π− − Πφ , (61)
2 2 2
θ2 θ4 θ6
β−nc = β− + ΠΩ + Π+ − Πφ , (62)
2 2 2
θ3 θ5 θ6
φnc = φ + ΠΩ + Π+ + Π− . (63)
2 2 2
These transformations are not the most general possible to define non-commutative fields.
With this in mind, our hamiltonian density has the form
1
2α−1
  2α−1
Hnc = e −3(2−β)[Ω−
θ1
2
θ θ
Π+ − 22 Π− − 23 Πφ ] Π2 − Π2 − Π2  − 24 Πβφ , (64)
Ω + −
β α

the Hamilton equations are

θ1 θ2 θ3
Ω̇ = 2ΠΩ e−3(2−β)[Ω− 2 Π+ − 2 Π− − 2 Πφ ] , (65)
θ1 θ2 θ3
β̇ = −2Π e−3(2−β)[Ω− 2 Π+ − 2 Π− − 2 Πφ ]
+ +
3(2 − β) −3(2−β)[Ω− θ21 Π+ − θ22 Π− − θ23 Πφ ]  2
ΠΩ − Π2+ − Π2− ,

+θ1 e (66)
2
θ θ θ
−3(2−β)[Ω− 21 Π+ − 22 Π− − 23 Πφ ]
β̇− = −2Π− e
3(2 − β) −3(2−β)[Ω− θ21 Π+ − θ22 Π− − θ23 Πφ ]  2
ΠΩ − Π2+ − Π2− ,

+θ2 e (67)
2
 α−1  2α−11
24 2
φ̇ = −24 Πβ−1
φ
β α
3(2 − β) −3(2−β)[Ω− θ21 Π+ − θ22 Π− − θ23 Πφ ]  2
ΠΩ − Π2+ − Π2− ,

+θ3 e (68)
2
θ θ θ
−3(2−β)[Ω− 21 Π+ − 22 Π− − 23 Πφ ]
 2
ΠΩ − Π2+ − Π2− ,

Π̇Ω = 3(2 − β)e (69)
Π̇± = 0, Π± = p± = constants, (70)
Π̇φ = 0, Πφ = pφ = constant. (71)

In similar way, using the Hamiltonian constraint and partial results in the Hamilton equa-
tions, we have that
1
2α−1
  2α−1
e−3(2−β)[
θ θ θ
Ω− 21 Π+ − 22 Π− − 23 Πφ ] Π2 − Π2 − Π2  = 24 pβφ = constant,
Ω + −
β α

then
1 1
2α−1 2α−1
  2α−1   2α−1
72(2 − β) 72(2 − β)
Π̇Ω = pβφ , ΠΩ = p0 + pβφ (t − tαi ) . (72)
β α β α
 10

the Ω equation can be rewritten as

3 i
Ω̇ = 2ΠΩ e−3(2−β)Ω e 2 (2−β)F (θi q )

where F (θi q i ) = θ1 p+ + θ2 p− + θ3 pφ , then we have that

" 1
 α−1  2α−1 #
1 • 3 i 144(2 − β) 2
e3(2−β)Ω = e 2 (2−β)F (θi q ) 2p0 + pβφ (t − tαi )


(73)
3(2 − β) β α

thus, we have
" 1 #
216(2 − β)2 2α−1
  2α−1
3
(2−β)F (θi q i )
e3(2−β)Ω = a0 + e 2 6(2 − β)p0 (t − tαi ) + pβφ (t − tαi )2
β α

having
" 1 #
2
 α−1  2α−1
1 3 i 216(2 − β) 2
Ω(t) = Ln a0 + e 2 (2−β)F (θi q ) 6(2 − β)p0 (t − tαi ) + pβφ (t − tαi )2 ,
3(2 − β) β α
(74)
then, the volume of our universe is
1
" " 1 ## 2−β
2 α−1
  2α−1
3 i 216(2 − β) 2
V (t) = e3Ω = a0 + e 2 (2−β)F (θi q ) 6(2 − β)p0 (t − tαi ) + pβφ (t − tαi )2 ,
β α
(75)
the anisotropic parameters β± (t) and scalar field φ(t) become

1
α−1 θ , f or β+
  2α−1
36(2 − β)
Z
dz 2 1
β± = β0 ± − 2p± 2
+ pβφ (t − tαi ) ,
a0 + b α z + c α z β α  θ2 , f or β−
1
2α−1
  2α−1  
36(2 − β)
φ(t) = φαi + pβ−1
φ −24 + θ3 pφ (t − tαi ) , (76)
α β
where the integrals are the same that appear in equations (48). As test that these non-
commutative solutions are correct, when all θi = 0, we recover the commutative solutions
found in the previous section.

IV. QUANTUM COMMUTATIVITY

The WDW equation for these models is obtained by making the usual substitution Πqµ =
−i~∂qµ in (15) and promoting the classical Hamiltonian density in the differential operator
applied to the wave function Ψ(Ω, β± , φ), ĤΨ = 0; we have
 1
∂ 2Ψ ∂Ψ ∂ 2 Ψ ∂ 2 Ψ 24 2α−1 2α−1 β ∂ β Ψ
  
2 −3(2−β)Ω
Ĥc Ψ = ~ e − 2 +Q + + − ~ = 0. (77)
∂Ω ∂Ω ∂β+2 ∂β−2 β α ∂φβ
 11

2α
with fractional differential equation of degree β = 2α−1
, and employing the following ansatz
for the wave function Ψ(Ω, β+ , β− , φ) = B+ (β+ )B− (β− )A(Ω)F(φ) and next dividing between
this one, we have the following expression

d2 A `2 3(2−β
 
dA 2
−Q ± `a + 2 e Ω A = 0, (78)
dΩ2 dΩ ~
1
dβ F `2 β  α  2α−1
∓ F = 0, (79)
dφβ 24~β 2α−1
d2 B +
2
± `2+ B+ = 0, (80)
dβ+
d2 B −
± `2− B− = 0, (81)
dβ−2

where `2 , `2+ , `2− are separations constants for the scalar field equation, and the anisotropic
function B± , respectively, also `2a = `2+ + `2− .
The corresponding solutions become
 h i
` 32 (2−β)Ω
Q
 Jρ− 2 ~ e , for +`2
A = A0 e 2 Ω h i (82)
 Kρ 2 ` e 23 (2−β)Ω , for −`2
+ ~

 Cos (` β − α ),
± ± ± for +`2±
B± = B0± (83)
 Cosh (`± β± + α± ), for −`2±
  
 f (0)Eβ ∓ Aφβ , for 0 < β ≤ 1
F =   n n
 f (0)Eβ ∓ Aφβ + f 0 (0) ∞ (−1) A φnβ+1 , for 1 < β ≤ 2
P
n=0 Γ(nβ+2)

√  1
 2α−1
Q2 ±4`2a `2 β α
with the order in the Bessel function ρ± = 3(2−β)
and A = ∓ 24~ β 2α−1
.

V. QUANTUM NON-COMMUTATIVITY

Using the quantum commutative version in the hamiltonian density

 1
∂ 2Ψ ∂Ψ ∂ 2 Ψ ∂ 2 Ψ 24 2α−1 2α−1 β ∂ β Ψ
  
2 −3(2−β)Ω
Ĥc Ψ = ~ e − 2 +Q + + − ~ = 0. (84)
∂Ω ∂Ω ∂β+2 ∂β−2 β α ∂φβ

we have the quantum non-commutative version in the hamiltonian density

 1
∂ 2Ψ ∂Ψ ∂ 2 Ψ ∂ 2 Ψ 24 2α−1 2α−1 β ∂ β Ψ
  
2 −3(2−β)Ωnc
Ĥnc Ψ = ~ e − 2 +Q + + − ~ = 0. (85)
∂Ω ∂Ω ∂β+2 ∂β−2 β α ∂φβ
 12

and employing the transformation between Ωnc and Ω we have

∂ 2Ψ ∂Ψ ∂ 2 Ψ ∂ 2 Ψ
h i 
θ1 ∂ θ2 ∂ θ3 ∂
2 −3(2−β) Ω+i~ 2 ∂β+ +i~ 2 ∂β− +i~ 2 ∂φ
~e − 2 +Q + +
∂Ω ∂Ω ∂β+2 ∂β−2
 1
24 2α−1 2α−1 β ∂ β Ψ

− ~ = 0. (86)
β α ∂φβ
and employing the following ansatz for the wave function Ψ(Ω, β+ , β− , φ) =
B+ (β+ )B− (β− )A(Ω)F(φ) and next dividing between this one, we have the following ex-
pression
 θ1 ∂  θ2 ∂ 
−3(2−β)i~ −3(2−β)i~ θ3 ∂ ! 2
!
2 −3(2−β)Ω  e
2 ∂β
+ B+   e 2 ∂β
− B−  e−3(2−β)i~ 2 ∂φ F − ddΩA2 + Q dA
dΩ
~e
B+ B− F A
 θ ∂
−3(2−β)i~ 21 ∂

θ2 ∂
d2 B+
 
−3(2−β)i~ θ ∂ !
F e
2 ∂β −3(2−β)i~ 23 ∂φ β+

e
− B−  e dβ+2
+

B− F B+
 

 θ2 ∂ 
 θ1 ∂  −3(2−β)i~ d2 B−
−3(2−β)i~ θ3 ∂ ! 2 ∂β
e
2 ∂β −3(2−β)i~ −
e + B+  e 2 ∂φ F dβ−2
+

B+ F B−
 

1 dβ F
2α−1
  2α−1
24 β dφβ
− ~ = 0. (87)
β α F
this equation can be separated as
θ θ
−3(2−β)i~ 21 ∂ ∂ −3(2−β)i~ 22 ∂ ∂
   !
2
e β+
B+   e β−
B−  − ddΩA2 + Q dA
~2 e−3(2−β)Ω  dΩ
B+ B− A
θ   −3(2−β)i~ θ21 ∂ ∂ 2 
−3(2−β)i~ 22 ∂ ∂

β+ d B+
e β−
B e 2
dβ+
−
+   
B− B+


θ1 ∂   −3(2−β)i~ θ22 ∂ ∂ 
d2 B−

−3(2−β)i~
B+   e
2 ∂β β−
e + dβ−2
+

B+ B−
 

 1
 2α−1 dβ F
24 2α−1 β dφβ
β α
~ F
=  θ
 = ±`2 . (88)
−3(2−β)i~ 23 ∂
e ∂φ F
F

having the equation for the scalar field as

1 1
dβ F β`2  α  2α−1 dF `2 β  α  2α−1
± iθ3 (2 − β) α−1 ∓ F = 0. (89)
dφβ 16~β 2 dφ 24~β 2α−1
 13

and the complementary equation

θ θ
−3(2−β)i~ 21 ∂ ∂ −3(2−β)i~ 22 ∂ ∂
   !
d2 A dA
e β+
B + e β−
B − − dΩ 2 + Q dΩ

B+ B− A
θ   −3(2−β)i~ θ21 ∂ ∂ 2 
−3(2−β)i~ 22 ∂ ∂

β+ d B+
e β−
B e 2
dβ+
−
+  
B− B+


θ1 ∂   −3(2−β)i~ θ22 ∂ ∂ 
d2 B−

−3(2−β)i~
B+   e
2 ∂β β−
e + dβ−2 `2 3(2−β)Ω
+ = ± e (90)

B+ B− ~2
 

that can be rewritten as

θ θ
   
−3(2−β)i~ 21 ∂ −3(2−β)i~ 22 ∂
∂β d2 B+ ∂β d2 B−
e + e −
 dβ+2   dβ−2 
!  B+   B− 
2
− ddΩA2 + Q dA
dΩ
+ θ ! + θ
A
!
−3(2−β)i~ 21 ∂ −3(2−β)i~ 22 ∂
∂β ∂β
e + B+ e − B−
B+ B−

`2 3(2−β)Ω
~2
e
=± θ ! θ ! (91)
−3(2−β)i~ 21 ∂ −3(2−β)i~ 22 ∂
∂β ∂β
e + B+ e − B−
B+ B−

and considering the following

θ θ2 ∂
−3(2−β)i~ 21 ∂ ∂
   
−3(2−β)i~ 2 ∂β
e β+
B+  e − B− 
C+ =  , C− = 
B+ B−

as constant, we have

 θ1 ∂   θ2 ∂ 
! −3(2−β)i~ 2 ∂β d2 B+ −3(2−β)i~ 2 ∂β d2 B−
e  e
2
− ddΩA2 + Q dA
dΩ
+
dβ+2
−
dβ−2
+ +

A C+ B + C− B−


`2
~2
=± e3(2−β)Ω (92)
C+ C−
having the equation separated for the function A as

d2 A `2
 
dA 2 3(2−β)Ω
−Q ± `a + 2 e A=0 (93)
dΩ2 dΩ ~ C+ C−
 14

who solution become

√ 3 (2−β)Ω
 
Q
Ω `
A(Ω) = A0 e Zρ 2 √
2 ±e 2 , (94)
~ C+ C−
√ 2 2
Q ∓4`
where Zρ (z) is the generic Bessel function with order ρ = 3(2−β) a , and the corresponding
equations for the functions B+ and B−
3 d3 B+ d2 B+
−i~θ1 (2 − β) 3 + 2
± `2+ C+ B+ = 0, (95)
2 dβ+ dβ+
3 d B− d2 B−
3
−i~θ2 (2 − β) 3 + ± `2− C− B− = 0, (96)
2 dβ− dβ−2
with `2a = `2+ + `2− the solution for these equation are exponentials in its variables.
The equation for the scalar field φ, (89), is a differential fractional linear equation with
constant coefficient. We take the Caputo fractional derivative definition and applying the
Laplace transform, for the case 0 < β ≤ 1, we have

f (0)sβ−1 + Af (0)
F (s) = (97)
sβ + As + B
with
1
iθ3 β`2  α  2α−1
A = ± (2 − β) α−1 (98)
16~β 2
1
`2 β  α  2α−1
B = ∓ (99)
24~β 2α−1
Solving this equation and taking the inverse Laplace transform, for the case 0 < β ≤ 1, we
get [],

∞ X
∞
(−B)n (−A)k n+1+k


X
F(φ) = f (0) k
φk(β−1)+nβ +
n=0 k=0
Γ[k(β − 1) + (n + 1)β − (β − 1)]
∞ X ∞
(−B)n (−A)k n+1+k


X
β−1
+ A f (0)φ k
φk(β−1)+nβ (100)
n=0 k=0
Γ[k(β − 1) + (n + 1)β]
and, in the more general case, 0 < β ≤ 2, we have the Laplace transform
f (0)sβ−1 + f 0 (0)sβ−2 + Af (0)
F (s) = (101)
sβ + As + B
and its inverse Laplace transform gives
∞ X ∞
(−B)n (−A)k n+1+k


X
F(φ) = f (0) k
φk(β−1)+nβ +
n=0 k=0
Γ[k(β − 1) + (n + 1)β − (β − 1)]
∞ X ∞
(−B)n (−A)k n+1+k


X
0
+ f (0)φ k
φk(β−1)+nβ +
n=0 k=0
Γ[k(β − 1) + (n + 1)β − (β − 2)]
∞ X ∞
(−B)n (−A)k n+1+k


X
β−1
+ A f (0)φ k
φk(β−1)+nβ (102)
n=0 k=0
Γ[k(β − 1) + (n + 1)β]
 15

 1
 2α−1  1
 2α−1
2 `2 β
where A = ± iθ16~
3 β`
β (2
α
− β) 2α−1 α
and B = ∓ 24~β 2α−1

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