DCC40152

WATER SUPPLY & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING

1)SYAIDATUL NUR IWANI BINTI OSMAN 13DKA21F2012

2)NUR ‘ALYAA FAQIHAH BINTI ZULKIFLI 13DKA21F2018

NAME
3)ROSMALIANA BINTI SHAARI 13DKA21F2016

CLASS DKA4S2
LECTURER’S PUAN SUHAILA AZURA BINTI ABD SALAM
NAME

SUBMITION DATE : 28 NOVEMBER 2023

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CONTENT

BIL CONTENT PAGE

1 INTRODUCTION 3

2 - LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA 4

- TYPE OF SETTLEMENT
- NUMBER OF RESIDENCES
3 CALCULATION OF WDN 5

4 DISTRIBUTION COMPONENT SYSTEM AT STUDY LOCATION 6

5 - SKETCHING OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 7

- SKETCHING OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORKING SYSTEM

8 -SEWERAGE SYSTEM IN STUDY LOCATION 8

- CALCULATION OF REQUIRED SEWER DIAMETER

9 SUMMARIZE 9

10 CONCLUSION 10

11 RECOMMENDATION 11

12 REFERENCES 12

13 PICTURE 13

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CASE STUDY
A water treatment plant is a critical facility designed to purify and make water safe for consumption, industrial use, and other
applications. The primary goal of a water treatment plant is to remove impurities, contaminants, and pollutants from raw water,
ensuring that the treated water meets stringent quality standards. The treatment process typically involves several stages.
First, the raw water undergoes screening to remove large debris and particles. Then, in the coagulation and flocculation stage,
chemicals are added to clump together smaller particles, making them easier to remove. The water then passes through
sedimentation basins where these particles settle out. The next step involves filtration, where the water passes through layers
of sand, gravel, and other materials to capture remaining impurities. Finally, disinfection is applied to eliminate harmful
microorganisms, usually through the addition of chlorine or other disinfectants. Some water treatment plants also include
advanced processes such as reverse osmosis or ultraviolet disinfection for additional purification. The treated water is then
distributed through a network of pipes to consumers. Water treatment plants play a crucial role in ensuring public health by
providing access to clean and safe drinking water.

A distribution system, in the context of utilities, refers to the network of infrastructure designed to transport resources such as
water, electricity, or natural gas from the source to end-users. In the case of a water distribution system, this involves a
complex network of pipes, pumps, storage tanks, and treatment facilities. The system begins with the extraction of water from
its source, typically a river, lake, or groundwater, followed by treatment processes to ensure it meets quality standards. The
treated water is then pumped through a network of pipes to various locations, including residential, commercial, and industrial
areas. Distribution systems play a vital role in providing consistent and reliable access to essential resources. In the case of
electricity, a distribution system involves the transmission of electrical power from generating stations to homes and
businesses through a network of power lines, transformers, and substations. Efficient and well-maintained distribution systems
are essential for meeting the demands of growing populations and ensuring the sustainability of vital services.

A sewerage system is a vital infrastructure that manages the collection, transport, and treatment of wastewater from homes,
businesses, and industries. The primary purpose of a sewerage system is to protect public health and the environment by
safely disposing of and treating human and industrial waste. In a typical sewerage system, wastewater, which includes
domestic sewage and sometimes stormwater, is collected through an extensive network of underground pipes known as sewer
lines. These pipes transport the wastewater to a centralized wastewater treatment plant. Along the way, gravity and pump
stations help facilitate the flow of wastewater. At the treatment plant, the wastewater undergoes a series of processes,
including screening, primary and secondary treatment, and disinfection, to remove pollutants, solids, and harmful
microorganisms. Treated effluent is then released into water bodies, while the remaining solids, known as sludge, may undergo
further treatment or be safely disposed of. Sewerage systems play a crucial role in maintaining sanitation, preventing the
spread of diseases, and protecting the quality of natural water resources. Properly designed and maintained sewerage
systems are essential for sustainable urban development and the well-being of communities.

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Soalan 1

i) Chukai,Kemaman

Chukai is a town located in the Kemaman district of Terengganu, Malaysia, covering an area of 518km2. Kemaman, situated
on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, is well-known for its petroleum and gas industry. The region hosts oil and gas
refineries, contributing significantly to the local and national economy. Fishing and agriculture activities also take place, but
the primary economic growth is associated with the oil and gas [Link] the industrial sector develops, the area
experiences increased infrastructure development, including roads, transportation facilities, and other public amenities. This
progress enhances accessibility and supports economic growth. The population in Chukai and Kemaman is diverse,
consisting of various ethnic groups such as Malays, Chinese, and Indians. Local culture is evident through traditions,
cuisine, and local festivals held in the [Link] the oil and gas industry is a primary focus, the region also holds potential
for tourism. Beautiful beaches, marine parks, and local cultural heritage serve as attractions for tourists. Chukai serves as
the administrative center for the Kemaman district, which is one of the largest districts in Terengganu in terms of land area.

ii) Chukai is a town located in the Kemaman District, Terengganu, Malaysia. As the main town in the district, Chukai serves
as the administrative center and economic hub. Its coastal location makes it potentially suitable for industrial areas, including
the crucial oil and gas sector, which plays a significant role in the local economy. In addition, Chukai may also feature
residential areas, educational facilities, and other public amenities to meet the needs of the local population.

iii) The population of Chukai is 88,703, consisting of 45,509 males and 43,192 females. Kanak kanak berumur 5-9 tahun
sebanyak 6823 manakala 6526 bagi yang berumur 10-14 tahun dan 6569 orang yang terdiri daripada remaja berumur 14-18
tahun.

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1iv)

 Population – 88 706 people

 Water usage per capita – 250 liter/day
 Design factor – 1.5
 Population increase – 95%
 SJK China Kuala Kemaman – 124 people
 SK Kuala Kemaman – 631 people
 SMA Al-Falah – 929 people
 SMK Permai – 1348 people
 SMK Chukai – 1065 people
 Tadika Kuala Kemaman – 39 people
 Hospital kemaman –1/3 from population
 Clinic 1 – ¼ from population
 Clinic 2 – ¼ from population
 Pusat Dialisis NKF Buah Pinggang – 1/3 from population
 Kilang Satar – 1/3 from population
 Kilang Pemprosesan Hasil Perikanan – 1/3 from population
 Geliga Kemaman’s Mosque – 1/5 from population
 Sultan Ahmad’s Mosque – 1/5 from population
 Kampung Kuala Kemaman’s Mosque – 1/5 from population
 Chukai Police Station – ¼ from population
 Post office – ¼ from population

WDN = Pn x q x F1 x F2 X Dm1 x Dm2 x Dm3 x Dm4 x Dm5 x Dm6 x Dm7 x Dm8

x Dm9 x Dm10 x Dm11 x Dm12 x Dm13 x Dm14 x Dm15 x Dm16 x Dm17

= ( 88 706 x 250 x 0.95 x 1.5 ) + ( 124 x 250 x 1.5 ) + ( 631 x 250 x 1.5 ) + ( 929 x 250 x 1.5 ) + ( 1348 x 250 x 1.5 ) +

( 1065 x 250 x 1.5 ) + ( 39 x 250 x 1.5 ) + ( 1/3 x 88 706 x 250 x 1.5 ) + ( ¼ x 88 706 x 250 x 1.5 ) +

( ¼ x 88 706 x 250 x 1.5 ) + ( 1/3 x 88 706 x 250 x 1.5 ) + ( 1/3 x 88 706 x 250 x 1.5 ) + ( 1/3 x 88 706 x 250 x 1.5 ) +

( 1/5 x 88 706 x 250 x 1.5 ) + ( 1/5 x 88 706 x 250 x 1.5 ) + ( 1/5 x 88 706 x 250 x 1.5 ) + ( ¼ x 88 706 x 250 x 1.5 ) +

( ¼ x 88 706 x 250 x 1.5 )

= 31 601 512.5 + 46 500 + 236 625 + 348 375 + 505 500 + 399 375 + 14 625 + 11 088 250 + 8 316 187.5 + 8 316 187.5 +

11 088 250 + 11 088 250 + 11 088 250 + 6 652 950 + 6 625 950 + 6 625 950 + 8 316 187.5 + 8 316 187.5

= 130.65 x 106 liter/day

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2.i) Combination of Gravity and Pump System

• Known as a dual system

• This system is used due to its low cost
• It is utilized in topography with varying elevations
In a water distribution system, gravity and pumps work together to ensure that water reaches various locations efficiently.
Gravity helps move water downhill naturally, taking advantage of the force of gravity to guide the flow. This is especially useful
in areas with varying elevations. However, when water needs to be delivered to higher places or over longer distances, pumps
come into play. Pumps use mechanical force to push or lift water against the force of gravity, aiding its movement to areas
that might be uphill or farther away. Essentially, gravity assists in the parts of the system where water can flow downward,
while pumps step in to overcome the challenges of lifting water to higher points, ensuring a continuous and reliable water
supply to different areas within the distribution network.

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[Link])

- by strategically combining gravity and pump systems, there is an opportunity to optimize energy usage and
minimize operational costs. Gravity systems require less ongoing energy input, making them a cost-effective
choice for transporting water over shorter distances and downhill.
- Choosing a combination of gravity and pump system as a water distribution system is because by the suitability of
the topography.
- Choosing a combination of gravity and pump system for a water distribution system is based on the principle of
utilizing gravity for areas situated at lower elevations.

[Link])

- Selecting the grid iron system for water distribution networking is often motivated by its ability to reduce pollution
caused by water stagnation.
- Selecting a grid iron system for water distribution networking offers several advantages, particularly in terms of
minimizing the impact on service during repair and maintenance activities.
- The choice of a grid iron system for water distribution networking is often influenced by the availability of sufficient
water at street fire hydrants.

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3.i) Separates System

[Link])

 Culvert slope – 1:40

 Water requirement per capita per day = 250 liter/person/day
 Flow rate factor – 4.5 > 10 000 people
 Roughness coefficient – 0.013 ( cast iron )

Total Flow Rate

Q= AV

Q= 4.5 x 88 706 x 250

= 99 794 250 liter/day 99 794 250 ÷ 1000 ÷ ( 24 x 60 x 60 ) = 1.16m3/s

= 1.16m3/s

V = 1/n m 2/3 √ί , V = Q/A

V = 1/n m2/3 √ί = Q/A

1/0.013 x ( ¼ x d ) 2/3 x ( 1/40 ) ½ = 1.16 / πd2/4

d2/3 x πd2 = 1.16 x 0.013 x 4

0.396 x 0.158

d8/3 = 1.16 x 0.013x 4

0.396 x 0.158 x π

d = 0.642 m

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[Link]

The process of sewerage treatment in a separate system involves the collection and treatment of two distinct types of
wastewater domestic sewage and stormwater. In a separate sewer system, domestic sewage which wastewater from toilets,
sinks, and household drains and stormwater which rainwater and runoff are conveyed through separate pipe networks.
Domestic sewage is collected through a network of sanitary sewers, which transport the wastewater from residential,
commercial, and industrial areas to a centralized sewage treatment plant. Stormwater is collected through a separate
network of storm sewers that capture rainwater and runoff from streets, and other surfaces. This water typically does not
undergo treatment and is discharged directly into nearby water bodies or absorbed into the ground. Domestic sewage is
directed to a sewage treatment plant, where various treatment processes are applied to remove impurities and
contaminants. In the primary treatment stage, large solids are settled and removed through processes such as
sedimentation. This helps reduce the overall organic load in the wastewater. The wastewater undergoes biological treatment
in the secondary stage, where microorganisms break down organic matter into simpler, more stable forms. Common
methods include activated sludge processes or biological filters. Some treatment plants incorporate a tertiary treatment
phase to further polish the effluent by removing remaining contaminants. This may involve additional filtration, chemical
treatment, or advanced biological processes. After treatment, the treated wastewater is either discharged into a receiving
water body, which is Kemaman’s River.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, the case study of the water treatment plant underscores the pivotal role that such facilities play in safeguarding
public health, preserving the environment, and sustaining communities. Through a comprehensive and multi-stage treatment
process, the plant successfully purifies raw water, ensuring that it meets stringent quality standards before being distributed
to consumers. The intricate mechanisms involved, from screening to disinfection, highlight the plant's commitment to removing
impurities, contaminants, and harmful microorganisms. The integration of advanced technologies, such as reverse osmosis
and ultraviolet disinfection, showcases the plant's adaptability to emerging challenges and commitment to continuous
improvement. The water treatment plant stands not only as a testament to technological innovation but also as a cornerstone
of responsible urban planning, providing communities with access to clean and safe drinking water. Its impact extends beyond
the confines of the facility, positively influencing public health outcomes and contributing to the overall well-being of the
population. As we navigate an era where water scarcity and quality are global concerns, the lessons gleaned from this case
study underscore the importance of sustainable water management practices and the critical role of water treatment plants in
securing a healthier and more resilient future.

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Recommendations

In light of the case study on the water treatment plant, it is recommended that a comprehensive evaluation be conducted to
assess the overall efficiency, infrastructure integrity, and environmental impact of the facility. The assessment should
encompass a thorough examination of the plant's technological processes, adherence to water quality standards, and its
ability to meet the growing demands of the community it serves. Additionally, a detailed analysis of the plant's maintenance
practices, equipment condition, and any historical challenges should be undertaken to identify potential areas for
improvement. Furthermore, considering the dynamic nature of water treatment technologies, the study should explore
opportunities for implementing innovative and sustainable solutions that could enhance the plant's performance and reduce
its ecological footprint. Collaborative efforts with environmental agencies and local communities should be prioritized to
ensure that the water treatment plant aligns with regional sustainability goals and meets the expectations of its users.
Investing in staff training and public awareness programs is also advisable to enhance understanding and appreciation for
water conservation practices. Finally, the findings and recommendations from this case study should be shared
transparently with relevant stakeholders, facilitating informed decision-making and promoting a culture of continuous
improvement in the operation and management of the water treatment plant.

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REFERENCES

- [Link]
- [Link]
- [Link]
05dka20f2028-2102-water-1docx-water-supply/75814951
- [Link]
- [Link]
- [Link]
=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIHCAEQIRigAdIBCDYzNjVqMGo3qAIAsAIA&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
- [Link]
- [Link]

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Water Plant Treatment in Chukai,Kemaman

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