LGS SAMANABAD (Landmark Project)

ACADEMIC SESSION 2024-2026

D MATHEMATICS (4024)
Name: ...................................................... Class/Section : ......................................................

Algebraic Expression and Manipulation

Key Points

Expansion of Algebraic Expressions

 a (b + c) = ab + ac
 (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
 (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
 (a + b)(a − b) = a2 − b2

Factorization of Algebraic Expressions

 Taking out a Common factors: To factorise an algebraic expression, always look for a common
factor. If there is a common factor, then take it out and use the difference of two
squares formula

 Making Groups ( factorize four terms):

x² - 2x + 5x - 5 = 2x(x - 1) + 5(x - 1) = (x - 1)(2 x + 5)

This does two things. First, the four terms are swapped around and regrouped if necessary,
then the pairs of terms are factorized in such a way that a common factor results. In this
example, (x-1) is now a common factor, so that if the factorise command is used one more
time the expression will be fully factorised.

 Difference of perfect squares a² - b² = (a + b)(a −b)

 Algebraic Identities

a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 = (a + b)(a+b)

a2 − 2ab + b2 = (a − b)2 =(a − b)(a − b)

 Factorizing Quadratic Expression (Mid-Term Break)

There is no simple method of factorizing a quadratic expression, but with a little practice it
becomes easier. One systematic method, however, is as follows:

A "quadratic" is a polynomial that looks like "ax2+ bx + c", where "a", "b", and "c" are just
numbers. For the easy case of factoring, you will find two numbers that will not only multiply
to equal the constant term "c", but also add up to equal "b", the coefficient on the x-term. For
instance:

Evaluation of Algebraic Expressions

 The process of replacing the variables in an expression with the numerical values and
simplifying it is known as evaluating an algebraic expression.
 Order of operation is used to evaluate an algebraic expression.
 Parenthesis | Exponents | Multiplication | Division | Addition | Subtraction
1. Perform the operations inside a parenthesis first
2. Then exponents
3. Then multiplication and division, from left to right
4. Then addition and subtraction, from left to right

Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions

"Like terms" are terms that contain the same variables raised to the same power.

 3x2 and 7x2 are like terms.

 – 8x2 and 5y2 are not like terms, because the variable is not the same.
 We can only add or subtract like terms.
 Simplify 13x + 7y − 2x + 6a = 11x + 13y

Algebraic Fractions

 Algebraic fractions have properties which are the same as those for numerical fractions, the
only difference being that the numerator (top) and denominator (bottom) are both algebraic
expressions.
 Sometimes a little more work is necessary before an algebraic fraction can be reduced to a
simpler form.

Addition of Algebraic Fractions

 Addition (and subtraction) of algebraic fractions proceeds in exactly the same manner as for
numerical fractions.
Subject of the Formula

In above formula
 The variable on the left, is known as the subject: What you are trying to find.
 The formula on the right, is the rule, that tells you how to calculate the subject.
 So, if you want to have a formula or rule that lets you calculate d, you need
 to make d, the subject of the formula.
 This is changing the subject of the formula from C to d.

Solution of Equations and Simultaneous Equations

Key Points
Linear Equations in One Unknown

A linear equation in one unknown is an equation in which the unknown appears only to the
first power.
If the unknown is x, then the only operations that involve x are multiplication or division by a
number and addition or subtraction of numbers.
That is, a linear equation in x does not contain x in the denominator of a fraction, it does not
contain a root of x or a power of x other than the first power.
For example,
 2(x – 3) + 5x = 7 – x is a linear equation in x, but
 3x2 + 5 = 2x is not since it has an x2 in it.

 To solve linear equations, you add, subtract, multiply and divide both sides of the equation by
numbers and variables, so that you end up with a single variable on one side and a single
number on the other side.
Fractional Equations with Numerical and Linear algebraic Denominators;

Steps to solving algebraic fractional equations:

 Step 1: Find the least common denominator of the fractions.
 Step 2: Multiply by the least common denominator on both sides of the equation
 Step 3: Reduce the fraction and solve.

Methods to solve simultaneous linear equations in two unknown

There are three methods (in GCE O level Syllabus) to solve simultaneous linear equations.

a) Elimination method b) Substitution method c) Graphical Method

Elimination Method
To solve the simultaneous equations, make the coefficients of one of the variables the same value in
both equations. Then either add the equations or subtract one equation from the other (whichever is
appropriate) to form a new equation that only contains one variable. This is referred to as eliminating
the variable.
Solve the equation thus obtained. Then substitute the value found for the variable in one of the given
equations and solve it for the other variable. Write the solution as an ordered pair.

Substitution Method

To solve the simultaneous equations, find the value of y in terms of x (or vice versa) for one of the two
equations and then substitute this value into the other equation.

Quadratic Equation

 A quadratic equation is an equation where the highest power of x is x2., so it is an equation of

the form ax2 + bx + c = 0. There are various methods of solving quadratic equations, as
shown below.
 Factorization
 Completing the Square Method
 Quadratic Formula
 Completing the Square Method

Completing the Square Method

Some quadratics are fairly simple to solve because they are of the form "something-with-
x squared equals some number", and then you take the square root of both sides. An example
would be:
(x – 4)2 = 5
x – 4 = ± √5 x = ± √5 ± 4 x = ± √5 + 4 or x = ± √5 − 4

Quadratic Formula:

The Quadratic Formula uses the "a", "b", and "c" from "ax2 + bx + c", where "a", "b", and "c" are just
numbers; they are the "numerical coefficients". The Formula is derived from the process of completing
−𝐛 ±√𝐛 𝟐 −𝟒𝐚𝐜
the square, and is formally stated as 𝐱 =
𝟐𝐚
 LGS SAMANABAD (Landmark Project)
ACADEMIC SESSION 2024-2026
D MATHEMATICS (4024)
Name: ...................................................... Class/Section : ......................................................

-
Algebraic Expression and Manipulation
1 Factorise.
(a) 12 t 2 - 4 t
(b) a (x - y ) + b (y - x )
(c) x2 - 2x - 3
- -

2 Solve the simultaneous equations.

3x - 2y = 12
4x + y = 5
3 (a) Simplify 3 (3a - 4 ) + 2 (2 - a).
8x + y
(b) Given that 4x = 3y , find the numerical value of
y .
4 Solve the simultaneous equations.
3x - 2y = 12
4x + y = 5
5 (a) Solve the equation 5x – 1 3 x
= .
9 5
(b) Factorise 8 - 10y + 12x - 15xy .
6 (a) A = h(4m + h)
Express m in terms of A and h .

(b) Factorise completely 3ax + 5bx – 6ay –10by .

7 Factorise. -

3xy - qy + 6px 2 pq

8 Solve the equation 6 + 8x = 7 - 2x .

9 Factorise.
(a) 49 - 9 t 2
(b) 15xy + 5x - 6y - 2
10 Express as a single fraction in its simplest form
1 – 2 ,
(i)
2x 5x
7 .
(ii) 4 +
x x–3
11 (a) Solve 3 = 2 .
x–1
(b) Given that p = 2t – r , express t in terms of p and r.
12 (a) Solve 10 – 3(2x – 1) = 3x + 1 .
(b) Solve the simultaneous equations.
4x + 3y = 11
2x – 5y = 25
 2

2
13 y is directly proportional to ( x - 1) .
When x = 5, y = 32.

Find the value of y when x = - 2 .

2
14 Factorise 4x + 5x - 6 .
15 (a) 2 - 5x
Solve =3.
3x + 10
3 5
(b) Express as a single fraction in its simplest form - .
x 2 2x + 1
16 Solve the simultaneous equations.
Show your working.
5x + 2y = 7
2x - 3y = 18
17 y is inversely proportional to the cube of x.
1
When x = , y = 24 .
2
(a) Find the formula for y in terms of x .
1
(b) Find the value of y when x = 3
Write x + 10x + 6 in the form `x + aj + b .
2 2
18
19 Express as a single fraction in its simplest form.

3 2
x 7 + x+5
-

20 Express as a single fraction in its simplest form.

5 3
-
2x - 1 x + 4
-

21 Solve the simultaneous equations.

Show your working.

9x + 4y = 5 -

6x - 2y = 6
22 (a) Expand and simplify (x 3) 2 .
-

(b) Factorise 18 - 6y + 5x y 15 x .
-

23 (a) Write x 2 - 7x + 5 in the form (x a) 2- -

b.

24 y is inversely proportional to the square of x .

1
Given that y = 10 when x = 3, find y when x = .
-

2
25 (a) Factorise 25t 2 - 4.
(b) Factorise x2 - 6x - 3xy + 18y.
4 1
26 Solve = .
x - 11 3x
 3
27 Express each of the following as a single fraction in its simplest form.
2 5
(a) 3a + 2a
5 15
(b) 2'
2b 4b 3
28 Solve the simultaneous equations.
5x - 2y = 16
3x + 4y = 7
29 y is inversely proportional to the square of x.
The table shows some values for x and y.

x 2 4 p
3
y 3 48
4

(a) Find the equation connecting x and y.

(b) Find the value of p.
7x
30 (a) Solve 3.
4 - 3x =
(b) Simplify fully 4x2 - 9
2 .
2x - 13x + 15
31 y is directly proportional to the square of x.
When x = 10, y = 20.

Find the value of y when x = 6.

32 Solve the simultaneous equations.

6x + y = 1
4x - y = 4

33 (a) Factorise 4x2 – 1.

2Q + R
(b) P =
R
(i) Find P when R = Q.
(ii) Rearrange the formula to make R the subject.
p+3
34 (a) Make p the subject of the formula t = .
p -4
4x2 - 1
(b) Simplify fully .
2x - 9x - 5
2

35 c= 8a - 3b

(a) Find c when a = 3 and b = - 4 .

(b) Rearrange the formula to make b the subject.

(c) Simplify.
10y – 2y + 5y
2x - 3 5 - x
(d) Solve the equation + = 0.
4 3
 4

36 (a) Factorise

(i) 4p 2 – 9 q2,
(ii) 2n2 + 5n – 3.
3 2
(b) Express 4 + as a single fraction.
x 3y
37 Expand the brackets and simplify
-

(a) 6k – 2(1 – k) + 3,
(b) (2x – 3)(x + 4).
- -

38 Factorise completely
(a) 16p + 4p 2,
(b) xy + 2ay + 3ax + 6a2.
4p + 2
39 r=
3- p
(a) Find r when p =-2 .
(b) Rearrange the formula to make p the subject.
40 y is inversely proportional to the square of x.
When x = 4, y = 10.
(a) Find the value of y when x = 10.
(b) Describe the effect on y when x is halved.
41 (a) Factorise completely 4a - 16a 2 .
(b) Factorise 9b 2- c 2 . -

(c) Factorise x2 -

5y -

xy + 5x .
42 (a) Factorise 9a2 - 6a .
(b) Factorise 4 - 25 t 2 .
(c) Factorise 6cd - xy + 2cx - 3dy .
43 (a) Express as a single fraction, in its simplest form.
3a a
(i) -
4b 6b
b2 9 2
(ii)
-

#
6 b 3 -

(b) Solve 3x = 1 - 5 (x + 4) .
44 (a) Simplify 4a - b + 6b - 7a .
m
(b) Solve - 4 = 5.
2
(c) Rearrange u = t + 4 to make t the subject.
3
2
(d) Expand 3y (2y + 5) .
45 (a) A = 3p + q
Find q when A = 23 and p = 5 .
(b) Expand and simplify 2 ( 2x + 5) + 3 (x - 6).
(c) Solve 5y + 3 = 1.
(d) Factorise 12r 2 - 8rs .
(e) Rearrange a = 3b to make b the subject.
 5
2
46 (a) Factorise completely p q - pq .
(b) (i) Factorise 5x2 + x - 4 .
(ii) Hence solve 5x2 + x - 4 = 0 .

(b) Solve the simultaneous equations.

3x + 4 y = 3
2x y = 13–

47 (a) Expand and simplify ^2x + 1h^x + 4h .

3 4
(b) Write x + x 2 as a single fraction in its simplest form.
+
10
(c) Solve x = x + 3 .
3 x 2x 1
48 (a) Solve = 3�
-

+
4 2
(b) Write as a single fraction in its simplest form
5 2 .
+
x +4 x -1
b(a – b)
49 c=
a
(a) Find c when a = 4 and b = –2.
(b) Rearrange the formula to make a the subject.

50 (a) Solve these simultaneous equations.

Show your working.

2x - 4y = 11
3x + 3y = - 6
(c) h is inversely proportional to the cube of g.
h = 4.5 when g = 2.

(i) Find the formula for h in terms of g.

32
(ii) Find the value of g when h = 3 .

51 (a) Solve 3(x + 10) = 12 - 7x .

(b) Solve the simultaneous equations.
Show your working.

4x - 3y = 28
6x + y = 9
1 2
52 (a) Express as a single fraction, as simply as possible, + .
2x 5x
(b) Simplify 4 ^3x - 2y + 1h - ^5x - 3y + 1h .
4x - 1 3 x + 5
53 (a) Simplify + .
3 2
54 (a) Factorise fully 8x2y −

12x5 .
(b) Solve 4x − 2(x + 5) = 3 .
 6

55 (a) Factorise
(i) x2 + x – 12 ,
(ii) 25x2 – 4 y2 .
4 1 .
(b) Write as a single fraction +
3p 6p
(c) Solve the simultaneous equations.
3x + 5y = 2
2x – 3y = 14
56 (a) Expand and simplify (t – 5)(t + 3)�
(b) Factorise 64x2 – 9 y2 �
(c) Factorise 6ab – 2 a – 3 a2 + 4 b �
(d) Write x2 – 6x + 3 in the form ( x – a)2 + b �

f = 6c - d
2
57 (a)
4
(i) Find f when c = 8 and d =-4 .
(ii) Express c in terms of d and f.
(b) Factorise 9 - 25x2 .
58 (a) Factorise 4x2 – 1.
2Q + R
(b) P =
R
(i) Find P when R = Q.
- -

(ii) Rearrange the formula to make R the subject.

2 2
a+ a + b
59 (a) Find the value of when a = - 4 and b = - 3.
a2 - 2 ab
Give your answer as a fraction.
(b) Expand the brackets and simplify ^3x 2 - 1h^2x + 3h x ^9x 2h.
9x + 5x - 4 .
2
(c) (i)
Factorise
h
60 (a) T = 2 π
g
(i) Find T when h = 125 and g = 981.
(ii) Make h the subject of the formula.
(b) Solve the equation 45 – ( p + 3) = 2p.
(c) Factorise 6x – 3yt + 18y – xt .

(d) Solve these simultaneous equations.

3a + 4b = 13
–

5a + 6b = 11
2
61 (a) Simplify 3a ' 9 a
.
10bc 5 b 2 c
h k
(b) Simplify .
5h - 5k
(c) Factorise 9m2 4n2 .
 7
62 (a) Factorise completely

(i) 4x3 -

10xy ,
(ii)9a - b .
22

7
(b) Solve 3 2m = 4 .
-
63 (a) Solve 3(x – 5) = 5x – 7.
(b) Solve the simultaneous equations.

2x – y = 6
7x + 1 x 4x + 3y = –3
64 (a) Solve the equation – = 1.
4 2
2
(b) Solve the equation y – 81 = 0.
2 3 2
(b) Simplify 6t v ' 3t2 .
5 v
2
(c) Simplify x - 16
.
3x2 + 10 x - 8
(d) Factorise q ( p - 2) + 3 (2 - p) .
(e) (i) Find the two solutions of 5x - 1 =! 9 .
2
(ii) The solutions of 5x - 1 =!9 are also the solutions of 5x + Bx + C = 0 , where B and C
are integers.
Find B and C. -

3 p the subject.
65 (a) Rearrange the formula v =
p + 5 to make
x 3
(b) Express as a single fraction in its simplest form 2x 5 + x 6 .
- -
4x + 5
(c) Solve 1 3x = 2 .
-