Experiment No.
: Name:
Date: Roll No.:
Section: Branch:
RIGIDITY MODULUS BY DYNAMIC METHOD
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
MENT:
To determine the modulus of rigidity (η) of a given material in the form of a wire by dynamic
method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Brass/ steel disc
2. Metallic wire (preferably carbon steel/cast iron/Bronze/copper) of thickness 1mm
3. Rigid support with Torsion head
4. Stop watch
5. Screw gauge
6. Meter scale / Measuring tape
DESCRIPTION:
A body suspended by an elastic string, which can oscillate in a horizontal plane (about an axis
coinciding the wire) is called as a torsional pendulum.
THEORY:
Time period of oscillation (T) of the torsional pendulum is given by
=2 ……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………(1)
…………………………………………………………………………………
Where, I = Moment of inertia of the suspended body
C = Torsional Couple per unit angular twist
The torsional couple per unit angular twist of the wire of radius ‘r’ is given by:
= ……………………………………………………………………………………(2)
Where, = length of suspended wire
η = Rigidity modulus of the material of suspended wire
Putting value of ‘C’ from equation (2) in equation (1), then simplifying
= ……………………………………………………………………………………(3)
The moment of inentia of the solid disc about the axis of oscillation (same as suspension wire)
is :
= ……………………………………………………………………………………(4)
Where, M = Mass of the disc
R = Radius of the disc
Putting expression of from equation (4) in equation (3)
= ×
i.e.
= ( )………………………………………………………………………………(5)
PROCEDURE
1. Measure diameter of the wire at 3 different places using a screw gauge & find mean ‘ r ’
(the radius).
2. Suspend the disc from a rigid support with the help of given string and measure free
length ‘ ’ of the wire from the point of suspension to the point at which the wire is
attached to the heavy body (solid disc)
3. Give a reference mark with pen/pencil/chalk on the surface of the body when it is in
equilibrium position
4. Now turn the disc a little in the horizontal plane without displacing its C.G. and release.
The body starts executing torsional oscillations with the wire as axis.
5. Start the stop-watch and count the time for 10 & 15 oscillations and calculate the
corresponding time period ‘T’, of oscillation for a particular length ‘ ’ and then find the
mean time period.
6. Repeat the Procedure for different lengths of the wire as above.
7. Plot a graph between ‘ ’ and ‘T2’, taking ‘ ’ along x-axis and T2 along y-axis which
comes out a straight line passing through the origin and find the inverse of the slope
which gives the value of /T2 .
8. Note down the value of mass ‘M’ and radius ‘R’ of the disc.
9. Putting the values of all parameters in the working formula, calculate .
TABULALTION : 1 (Radius (r) of the wire by Screw gauge)
Pitch (P) = 0.1 or 0.05 cm & LC = 0.001 or 0.0005cm respectively.
No. of I.C.S.R. N F.C.S.R I~F P.S.R. = C.S.R. = Diameter Mean
Obs. (I) (F) P×N (I~F) × = (X+Y) Diameter
in cm LC in cm in cm
(X) in cm
(Y)
1
Result : Radius of the wire = Mean Diameter = cm
2
TABULATION - 2 (for time period T)
No. of Obs Length No. of Time Time Period Mean T T2
in cm Oscillations in sec (T=b/a) in sec in sec
(a) (b) in sec
1. 10
1
2. 15
1. 10
2
2. 15
1. 10
3
2. 15
1. 10
4
2. 15
1. 10
5
2. 15
GRAPH:
T2
(sec2)
CALCULATION:
Slope of the graph = ___________ cm/sec2
Modulus of rigidity (η) = ( )
= = ____________dynes/cm2 (calculated value).
PERCENTAGE OF ERROR:
Standard value of rigidity modulus of the material of the wire = ____________dynes/cm 2
% = × 100 = ________________ %
CONCLUSION:
Modulus of rigidity of the wire is experimentally determined to be ___________dynes/cm 2 with
an error of ___________%
APPLICATIONS :
1. The working of “torsion pendulum clocks” is based on torsional oscillation.
2. The freely decaying oscillation of torsion pendulum in a medium (like polymers) help to
determine the characteristic properties of medium.
3. It can be used to determine the frictional force between solid surface and liquid environment.