Understanding the communication process may help you become a better

Module 1 communicator. The following are the components of communication;

5. Source
What is language?
Together with the question of human life is the creation of a wonderful and dynamic human  The very foundation of communication process is laid by the person who
capacity- language. Animals are said to be able to communicate with each other. Whales sing, wolves howl, dogs transmits or sends the message. He is the sender of the message which may be
bark, and birds chirp. The sounds these creatures produce often reflect the state of their emotions. While it may a thought, idea, a picture, symbol, report or an order and postures and gestures,
be true that animals communicate, only human beings are truly capable of producing language. even a momentary smile. The sender is therefore the initiator of the message
that need to be transmitted. After having generated the idea, information etc. the
What exactly is language? Linguists agree that a language can only be called a language if it has sender encodes it in such a manner that can be well-understood by the receiver.
a system of rules (grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon). In short, language is a  The sender carefully crafts the message. The sender may be anyone: an author
system of arbitrary vocal signs and symbols used for human communication, hence it is considered as an of a book, a public speaker in a special occasion, a teacher discussing to a class,
identifying means of communication. A monkey may be able to signal to its partner that it is sharing food. The or even a traffic enforcer.
monkey will provide sounds and gestures but will not be able to originate the sounds into a meaningful system  The source/sender is the person from which the message is coming from.
with rules. What the monkey is producing is not a language in the strictest sense of the world.
6. Message
It is especially important to note that language is what separate man from other animal, because
it is through language that a person could communicate properly his ideas and feelings. Language is indeed a  Message is referred to as the information conveyed by words as in speech and
complex human capacity. It is therefore important to be aware of its features and behaviors to be able to use write-ups, signs, pictures or symbols depending upon the situation and the
language more effectively and productively in communicating with others. nature and importance of information desired to be sent. Message is the heart of
communication. It is the content the sender wants to covey to the receiver. It
A. Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics can be verbal both written and spoken; or non-verbal i.e. pictorial or symbolic,
etc.
Communication is inevitable. Our need for self-expression leads us to  The message is the reason behind any interaction. It is the meaning shared
communicate not only our thoughts but also our feelings. Communication may be done verbally between the sender and the receiver. Message takes many forms. They could
or non-verbally. A simple yawn from a member of the audience in a public speaking engagement mean poems songs, news articles, road signs and even symbols and gestures.
is a non-verbal message sent to the speaker. On the other hand, a phone call inquiring about a 7. Encoding
certain product is an example of a verbal message.
 Encoding is putting the targeted message into appropriate medium which may
Communication is understood as the process of meaning making through a be verbal or non-verbal depending upon the situation, time, space and nature of
channel or a medium. It comes from the Latin comunicares, that means to share or to make ideas the message to be sent. The sender puts the message into a series of symbols,
common. The connection that encompasses interaction among partakers is at the center of your pictures or words which will be communicated to the intended receiver.
learning of communication. Encoding is an important step in the communication process as wrong and
1.1 The Components of the Communication Process inappropriate encoding may defeat the true intent of the communication
process.
Understanding the communication process may help you become a better
communicator. The following are the components of communication;
8. Channel
1. Source
 Channel(s) refers to the way or mode the message flows or is transmitted
through. The message is transmitted over a channel that links the sender with
 The very foundation of communication process is laid by the person who
the receiver. The message may be oral or written and it may be transmitted
transmits or sends the message. He is the sender of the message which may be
through a memorandum, a computer, telephone, cell phone, apps or televisions.
a thought, idea, a picture, symbol, report or an order and postures and gestures,
even a momentary smile. The sender is therefore the initiator of the message
that need to be transmitted. After having generated the idea, information etc. the  The channel is the means by which a message is conveyed. When we answer a
sender encodes it in such a manner that can be well-understood by the receiver. phone call, the phone is the channel. On the other hand, when your parents
 The sender carefully crafts the message. The sender may be anyone: an author received a notification of your absences from school, the channel is a letter. It is
of a book, a public speaker in a special occasion, a teacher discussing to a class, the responsibility of both the sender the receiver to choose the best channel for
or even a traffic enforcer. the interaction.
 The source/sender is the person from which the message is coming from.  The most common channel is air. In our daily conversation, air is the most
common channel through which we can send our message with the use of our
2. Message communication mechanism (mouth). When you converse with your friends, you
do not need to use microphones or megaphones just to relay your information
 Message is referred to as the information conveyed by words as in speech and because air alone is enough unless otherwise your friend has a hearing defect.
write-ups, signs, pictures or symbols depending upon the situation and the
nature and importance of information desired to be sent. Message is the heart of Module 2
communication. It is the content the sender wants to covey to the receiver. It
can be verbal both written and spoken; or non-verbal i.e. pictorial or symbolic, A. Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings
etc.
 The message is the reason behind any interaction. It is the meaning shared Living in a globalized world, you encounter people with diverse cultural backgrounds. Such
between the sender and the receiver. Message takes many forms. They could interactions occur in social, educational, political and commercial settings. Hence, in today’s era of increased
mean poems songs, news articles, road signs and even symbols and gestures. global communication, it is imperative to understand intercultural communication for us to enhance our
3. Encoding intercultural awareness and competence. Intercultural competence is essential for us to live harmoniously despite
our difference in culture.
 Encoding is putting the targeted message into appropriate medium which may Today, communicating is affected by many different aspects of human language and behavior; for
be verbal or non-verbal depending upon the situation, time, space and nature of example, nonverbal communication can be just as relevant as the exact language forms chosen. Most of the time,
the message to be sent. The sender puts the message into a series of symbols, however, we are not fully conscious of the assumptions and beliefs involved in a communication exchange with
pictures or words which will be communicated to the intended receiver. someone from another culture.
Encoding is an important step in the communication process as wrong and
inappropriate encoding may defeat the true intent of the communication According to Jandt (1998) intercultural communication refers to interaction with people from
process. diverse cultures. In other words, intercultural communication is the sending and receiving of messages across
languages and cultures. It is also a negotiated understanding of meaning in human experiences across social
4. Channel systems and societies. When we talk of other cultures, we mean not only those who speak a language that is
different from ours or who live in a different country or region; we also mean those who live in the same city or
region but who do not share the same social groups. For example, a 14-year-old teenager does not typically
 Channel(s) refers to the way or mode the message flows or is transmitted
communicate the same way as an 82-year-old senior citizen. Even if they were born and raised in the same
through. The message is transmitted over a channel that links the sender with
neighborhood (in the city or in a rural area), their conversation could be just as “intercultural” as two people who
the receiver. The message may be oral or written and it may be transmitted
come from opposite corners of the globe because they are from two subcultures. A subculture is a smaller group
through a memorandum, a computer, telephone, cell phone, apps or televisions.
within a larger culture that shares language or behavioral patterns that are different from the larger group.
 The channel is the means by which a message is conveyed. When we answer a What is the difference between multicultural, cross-cultural, and intercultural? While they all
phone call, the phone is the channel. On the other hand, when your parents might be under the same roof, they describe entirely different rooms. The differences in the meanings have to do
received a notification of your absences from school, the channel is a letter. It is with the perspectives we take when interacting with people from other cultures.
the responsibility of both the sender the receiver to choose the best channel for Multicultural refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups. People live
the interaction. alongside one another, but each cultural group does not necessarily have engaging interactions with each other.
 The most common channel is air. In our daily conversation, air is the most For example, in a multicultural neighborhood people may frequent ethnic grocery stores and restaurants without
common channel through which we can send our message with the use of our really interacting with their neighbors from other countries.
communication mechanism (mouth). When you converse with your friends, you Cross-cultural deals with the comparison of different cultures. In cross-cultural communication,
do not need to use microphones or megaphones just to relay your information differences are understood and acknowledged, and can bring about individual change, but not collective
because air alone is enough unless otherwise your friend has a hearing defect. transformations. In cross-cultural societies, one culture is often considered “the norm” and all other cultures are
compared or contrasted to the dominant culture.
Intercultural describes communities in which there is a deep understanding and respect for all
What is language? cultures. Intercultural communication focuses on the mutual exchange of ideas and cultural norms and the
Together with the question of human life is the creation of a wonderful and dynamic human development of deep relationships. In an intercultural society, no one is left unchanged because everyone learns
capacity- language. Animals are said to be able to communicate with each other. Whales sing, wolves howl, dogs from one another and grows together.
bark, and birds chirp. The sounds these creatures produce often reflect the state of their emotions. While it may
be true that animals communicate, only human beings are truly capable of producing language. 1.1 Forms of Intercultural Communication (Jandt, 1998)
What exactly is language? Linguists agree that a language can only be called a language if it has 1. Interracial Communication- communicating with people from different races.
a system of rules (grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon). In short, language is a Interethnic communication- interacting with people of different ethnic origins.
system of arbitrary vocal signs and symbols used for human communication, hence it is considered as an
identifying means of communication. A monkey may be able to signal to its partner that it is sharing food. The 2. International Communication- communicating between representatives from different
monkey will provide sounds and gestures but will not be able to originate the sounds into a meaningful system nation.
with rules. What the monkey is producing is not a language in the strictest sense of the world. 3. Intraculural Communication- interacting with members of the same racial or ethnic
group or co-culture.
It is especially important to note that language is what separate man from other animal, because
it is through language that a person could communicate properly his ideas and feelings. Language is indeed a According to Gamble and Gamble (2008), communication style among cultures differs: it may be
complex human capacity. It is therefore important to be aware of its features and behaviors to be able to use high-context or low-context communication. High-context communication is a tradition-linked communication
language more effectively and productively in communicating with others. system which adheres strongly to being indirect. Low-context communication is a system that works on
straightforward communication.
A. Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics
1.2 Improving Intercultural Communication Competence
Communication is inevitable. Our need for self-expression leads us to
communicate not only our thoughts but also our feelings. Communication may be done verbally The following guidelines may help you enhance your ability to communicate effectively
or non-verbally. A simple yawn from a member of the audience in a public speaking engagement across cultures (Gamble & Gamble, 2008).
is a non-verbal message sent to the speaker. On the other hand, a phone call inquiring about a 1. Recognize the validity and differences of communication styles among
certain product is an example of a verbal message. people.
2. Learn to eliminate personal biases and prejudices.
Communication is understood as the process of meaning making through a 3. Strive to acquire communication skills necessary in a multicultural world.
channel or a medium. It comes from the Latin comunicares, that means to share or to make ideas
common. The connection that encompasses interaction among partakers is at the center of your B. Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language
learning of communication.
1.2 The Components of the Communication Process The spoken mode is often associated with everyday register while the written mode is
strongly associated with academic registers. However, this is not always true. For instance, in everyday
 communication, face-to-face conversations are usually supplemented by text messaging. In academic 5. Media messages are constructed using a  What techniques are used and why?
contexts, significant forms of oral communication are used along with written communication. creative language having its own rules.  How effective are the techniques in
Significantly, both every day and academic communications are characterized by multi- modality or the supporting the messages or themes of
use of multiple modes of communication, including spoken, written modes and images, music, videos, the text?
gestures, etc.  What are the other ways of presenting
the message?
1.1 Varieties of Spoken and Written Language

What is variety? A variety refers to any variant of a language which can be sufficiently
delimited from other. It could be social, historical, spatial or a combination of these. Lin (2016) presents
What is a Communication Aid?
the following nature of language variation as prescribed by most linguists based on the ideas of Mahboob
(2014).
1. Language varies when communicating with people within (local) and outside A communication aid helps an individual to communicate more effectively with people around
(global) our community. them. Communication aids are also referred to as AAC devices. AAC refers to Augmentative and Alternative
2. Language varies in speaking and in writing. Communication, which is defined as,
3. Language varies in everyday and specialized discourses. … a huge range of techniques which support or replace spoken communication. These include
gesture, signing, symbols, word boards, communication boards and books, as well as Voice Output
Mahboob (2014) identifies eight different domains in which language varies depending on the Communication Aids (VOCAs).
combination of different values on three dimensions (field, tenor and mode) of the context of communication. There are two main types of AAC system: Unaided Communication and Aided
The first four domains include language variations that reflect local usage done in one local Communication.
language or multiple local languages depending on the context. They vary in the following ways:
1. Local everyday written
 This may include instances of local everyday written usage found in the  Unaided communication does not use additional equipment. Body language, gesture,
neighborhood posters (e.g. a poster looking for transient/bed spacers). vocalization, signing is typically used.
2. Local everyday oral may occur in local communication among neighbors in everyday, informal  Aided communication uses equipment, but this ranges from low-tech to high-tech methods, with
and local varieties of languages. pictures and symbols often used instead of, or together with words and with alternative hardware options
3. Local specialized written available to provide access. Whilst a low-tech method of communication like a simple, laminated
 An example of local specialized written usage can be found in the publications communication book to carry around with a few pages of pictures or symbols would be a communication
and web sites of local societies such as the Baguio Midland Courier. aid, the term ‘device’ would only describe a more high-tech solution. An electronic communication aid can
4. Local specialized oral involves specialized discourses. For example, in a computer shop in the be a dedicated device built for that job, which does nothing else, or it can be a standard computer running
neighborhood, specialized local usage can be found (e.g. specialized computer game-related specialist communication aid software as well – this includes Apple tablets which are increasingly being
vocabulary is used). used to help people communicate.
5. Global everyday written avoids local colloquialisms to make the text accessible to wider
communities of readers. This can be found in international editions of newspapers and What Are Communication Strategies?
magazines.
6. Global everyday oral may occur in interactions between people coming from different parts of the Communication is the exchange of information between a sender and a receiver. It used to be
world when they talk about everyday casual topics. that you only had to worry about the way you communicated face-to-face or on paper. Technology has changed
7. Global specialized written expands to as many readers internationally, hence the non-usage of this completely. It is important for people to take into account every aspect of how they are relaying information.
local colloquial expressions (e.g. international research journal articles) This is where communication strategies come into play. Communication strategies are the blueprints for how this
8. Global specialized oral occurs when people from different parts of the world discuss specialized information will be exchanged.
topics in spoken form (e.g. paper presentation sessions in an international academic conference).
Types of Communication Strategies
1.2 Language Registers Communication strategies can be verbal, nonverbal, or visual. Integrating all the strategies
According to Nordquist (2018) a register is defined as the way speaker uses language differently together will allow you to see the most success.
in different circumstances. It is determined by factors as social occasion, contexts, purpose and audience. It is
also determined by vocabulary, structure and some grammar in one’s writing and even in one’s oral discourse.
Nordquist (2018) identify five distinct register such as frozen, formal, consultative, casual and intimate.
 Verbal communication strategies can be broken down into the two categories of written and
 Frozen- it refers to historic language or communication that is intended to remain unchanged like oral communication. Written strategies consist of avenues such as e-mail, text, and chat.
a constitution or a prayer. Examples are The Bible and Philippine Constitution. Examples that fall into the oral category are phone calls, video chats, and face-to-face
 Formal- it is used in professional, academic, or legal settings where communication is expected conversation.
to be respectful, uninterrupted and restrained. Slang is never used and contractions are rare.  Nonverbal communication strategies consist of mostly visual cues, such as body language,
Examples are TED talk, a business presentation, Encyclopedia Britannica etc. facial expressions, physical distance between communicators, or the tone of your voice. These
 Consultative- it is used in conversation when they are speaking with someone who has cues are typically not intended. However, it is important to realize the message you are sending.
specialized knowledge who is offering advice. Tone is often respectful (use of courtesy titles such Otherwise, you may be saying one thing, yet the receiver is hearing another.
as Dr.) but maybe more casual if the relationship is long-standing or friendly. Example is a patient  Visual communication strategies can be seen through signs, web pages, and illustrations.
consulting a doctor/physician. These strategies are used in the workplace to draw attention and provide documentation. Human
 Casual- it is used when they are with friends, close acquaintances, co-workers and family. resources is required to post certain visuals throughout the workplace to comply with safety laws.
Example could be in a birthday party, friends chatting in a coffee shop.
 Intimate- it is a language used by lovers. It is reserved for special occasions, usually between
two people and often in private. Example could be an inside joke between two college friend or a USING TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY
word whispered in a lover’s ears.

1.1 Preparing Multimedia Presentation

Classification of Language Registers
Multimedia is content that uses a combination of different content forms such as text,
1. Formal Language Register audio, images, animations, video and interactive content. Multimedia contrasts with media that use only
 It is more appropriate for professional oral and written discourses. It is rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material.
impersonal, meaning, it is not for a specific person and without emotions. For
example business letters and letters of complaint.
A transparency, also known variously as a view foil, foil, or view graph, is a thin sheet of
Rules in Formal Writing transparent flexible material, typically cellulose acetate, onto which figures can be drawn. These are then
 Do not use contraction placed on an overhead projector for display to an audience. Many companies and small organizations use
 Spell out numbers less than one hundred a system of projectors and transparencies in meetings and other groupings of people, though this system
 Write in third person point of view is being largely replaced by video projectors and interactive whiteboards.
 Avoid using two much passive verbs Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and
 Avoid using slang, idioms, hyperbole, and clichés display of moving visual media.
 Avoid abbreviations and acronyms Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital
 Do not start sentences with words like “and” “so” “but” “also.” inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound
 Always write in complete sentence. effects.

2. Informal Language Register In preparing multimedia presentations for various communication purposes, it is important
 It is conversational when writing to a friend and people you know very well. to consider the following:
Examples are personal email, phone text/message, messenger chat, blogs,
diaries and journals. A. Characteristics of Multimedia Presentations
1. Multimedia presentations are very visually oriented (displayed on a monitor or
3. Neutral Language Register projected onto screen).
 It is not necessarily formal or informal. It is used to deliver facts. Examples are 2. They allow users to use different modalities such as:
reviews, articles and technical writing.  Text
 Graphics
 Photographs
 Audio
C. Evaluating Messages and/or Images of Different Types of Texts Reflecting Different  Animation
Culture  Video
Special features of computer-based presentation
The key concepts of Media Literacy framework serve as basis for developing a critical  Custom navigation (linking) between slides, to other media and to the Internet.
understanding of the content of mass media, the techniques used and the impact of these techniques. Also, the  Can be made into hard printouts or transparencies.
Key Concepts of Media Literacy can be very helpful in the construction of media texts for different purposes. The  Can be uploaded to the Web
term “text” includes any form of written, spoken or media work conveying meaning to an audience. Text may use
words, graphics, sounds and images in presenting information. It may also be in oral, print, visual, or electronic B. Steps in Making Effective Multimedia Presentations
forms.
1. Know the purpose of the presentation.
1.1 Key Concepts of Media Literacy (Center for Media Literacy, 2005) 2. Know the audience.
3. Gather information.
Key Concepts Guide Questions in Media Text Analysis 4. Use a variety of resources such as:
a. Textbooks
b. Digital Resources
 Photographs
[Link] media messages are “constructed.”  What is the message of the text?
 Scanned images student work
 How effectively does it represent reality?
c. Internet
 How is the message constructed? 5. Do not forget to cite sources
[Link] have embedded values and point of  What lifestyles, values, and points of a. Write the author's name, title of the work and date of
view. view are represented in the text? publication.
 Who or what is missing? b. Include the website or Web page address of the source.
c. In general, non-profit educational use of online materials for
[Link] person interprets messages  What message do you perceive from the a lecture qualifies as “fair use” but it is better to ask the
differently. text? author’s permission to use such materials.
 How might others understand it d. Always have full bibliographic references for all citations.
differently? Why?
[Link] have commercials, ideological or  What is the purpose of the text? 6. Organize the information.
political interests.  Who is the target audience of the text? a. List the main points.
b. Have only one main idea per slide.
 Who might be disadvantaged?
c. Present ideas in a logical order.
 Who created the text and why? d. Place important information near the top.
 7. Check technical issues.
a. Contrast
 Dark text on light background
 White text on dark background
b. Use only one design and color scheme throughout the slide
present. 6. Share something personal.
c. Avoid clutter. 7. Refute conventional wisdom.
d. Avoid patterned or textured backgrounds. 8. Lead with a success story.
e. Use large font size (minimum 18 pts) 9. Start with a reader's question.
f. Use fonts that are easy to read. Don’t use fancy fonts. 10. Share a quote.
g. Don’t use more than two types of fonts.
h. Avoid too much text. Don’t use the presentation as your
notes.
i. Use no more than 3 or 4 bullets per slide.
8. Be creative
a. Use transitions and animations to add interest
b. But don’t overdo it.
c.
Take Note: Practical Tips in Making Multimedia Presentation
 10-20-30 (10 slides – 20 minutes – 30-point font)
 1-6-6 (1 main idea – 6 bullet points – 6 words per bullet)
 7-7 (7 lines – 7 words)
 4P’s (Prior preparation prevents poor performance of the person putting on the presentation.)

1.2 Preparing Pecha Kucha Presentation

Pecha Kucha is a presentation form of 20 images for 20 seconds. The slides change
automatically and the speaker must synchronize their speech with the images. It’s sometimes also called a 20×20
presentation. So the entire presentation always lasts for exactly 6 minutes and 40 seconds.

The rules for a Pecha Kucha presentation are simple: The presentation must contain exactly 20
slides that are displayed for precisely 20 seconds each, making the total presentation time six minutes and 40
seconds. But just because the rules of this format are simple doesn’t mean their application is. If you’re interested
in designing one of these groundbreaking presentations yourself, then apply the following tips to make it a whole
lot easier.

 Say Your Topic in a Sentence

When giving this type of presentation, it’s critical that your topic is concise and straightforward. If
you try to say too much, you’ll end up not really saying anything at all. To be sure your topic is tight and to-the-
point, try to say it in one sentence. If you struggle to do this, you’re probably trying to present too much
information that’ll get lost in this short format.

 Keep Slide Text to a Minimum

We always advise using minimal text on each slide, but this is especially important for Pecha
Kucha presentations. Because the slides automatically advance every 20 seconds, your audience won’t be able
to process more than a few words on each slide, so don’t include any more than that. Instead, focus on
compelling slide imagery and design.

 Find the Story in Your Topic

It’s nearly impossible to engage an audience in six minutes using dry facts and figures alone. In
fact, research suggests that good storytelling is key to making any audience pay closer attention, no matter the
format. That said, to really engage your audience here, you need to find a compelling story behind it that conveys
the importance and value of your topic.

 Tell a Story With Images

Speaking of storytelling, rather than focus on adding a lot of text to each slide, focus on adding
beautiful images that enhance your narrative instead. However, keep in mind that what’s beautiful up close can
often look fuzzy and confusing from the perspective of your audience. Your images should be as clear and
straightforward from afar as your content.

 Use Just a Few Main Points

It’s really challenging to present more than a small handful of main points in this short format.
Generally speaking, try not to present more than three main points and fill the rest of your presentation with facts
and examples that support those points.

 Practice Your Timing

In addition to practicing what you’re going to say and how you’re going to say it, you must also
pay close attention to the timing of what you’re saying. Since the slides are moving forward at 20-second
intervals, you need to make sure that your speech is perfectly in line with the timing of those slides otherwise
you’ll leave your audience incredibly confused.

 Give Yourself Some Visual Cues

To help ensure your speech coincides with your slides, it’s a good idea to include visual cues on
each slide that serve as subtle reminders for what to say next. This will also help diminish the panic and anxiety
that comes with worrying that you’ll forget what to say.

1.3 Blogging
In today’s digital world blogging has become one of the effective ways of communicating
and networking among students, professionals, businessmen, public officials, etc. In other words,
blogging has become an indispensable medium of communication. In the same manner, blogging can be
used effectively for academic purposes. According to Richardson (2006), the use of blogs has been an
engaging and effective way to promote writing skills of primary students, particularly when students’ peers
provide feedback to the blog.
What exactly is a Blog?
Blog is a shortened form of weblog, blog are personal journal websites on which a user can type
an entry and add images, videos and links to other websites. Usually, readers of a blog can post comments. Since
a blog can exist merely for personal use, sharing information with an exclusive group or to engage the public, a
blog owner can set their blog for private or public access.
When a blog is made publicly accessible, anyone can typically find the blog through links
available on the blog owner’s individual or business website, their social media profiles, emails and e-newsletters
and online keyword search engines. Many blog owners also set up blogs on websites devoted to the creation,
storage and sharing of blogs, such as Blogger, LiveJournal, Tumblr and WordPress.
Blog content can appear as posts on one continuous streaming page or posts on individual pages
reachable through one or more pages set up in a list-style format as post title links, excerpts and related tags. All
posts or links to posts are typically displayed to readers in reverse chronological order with the most recent
content appearing first.
Similar with essay writing, there are effective ways of introducing a blog. Read Michael Pollock's
blog at [Link] In writing a blog remember to do the following:

1. Be short and direct.

2. Ask a thought-provoking question.
3. Ask a multiple-choice question.
4. Share a shocking fact or statistic.
5. Withhold for a compelling piece of information.