Chapter summary 73

Review of numbers Operations with fractions Rounding

2 + (−3) = −1 For 8 and 12 1.284 to 1 d.p. is 1.3
−4 − (−2) = −2 HCF is 4 1 5 − 7 = 11 − 7 2 sig. fig. is 1.3
6 12 6 12
15 ÷ (−5) = −3 LCM is 24 = 22 − 7 472.543 to 1 d.p. is 472.5
12 12

Chapter summary
−7 × (−3) = 21 1 sig. fig. is 500
= 15 0.0624 to 2 d.p. is 0.06
(−2)2 = 4 √36 = 6 12
3 2 sig. fig. is 0.062
43 = 64 √27 =3
= 11
4
11 ÷ 7 = 3 × 2
1
2 2 21 7
=3
7
Rates, ratios and best buy
Rate: 180 km per 3 h = 60 km/h
Ratio: 3 : 1 = 6 : 7 = 6 : 7
7 2 14 14
$200 divided into 7 : 3 Rational numbers
10 parts is $200 (fractions)
11 = 1.375
1 part is $20 13 = 8
3 parts is $60 8
mixed improper terminating
7 parts is $140 Reviewing number and number fraction decimal
Best buy: 3 kg of carrots for $6.45 financial mathematics 1 = 0.166... = 0.16∙
5 kg for $10.20 6
3 kg bag: 6.45 ÷ 3 = $2.15/kg proper recurring
5 kg bag: 10.20 ÷ 5 = $2.04/kg fraction decimal
∴ 5 kg is best buy 2 and 4 are equivalent fractions
3 6
Irrational numbers cannot be
expressed as a fraction

Compound interest (Ext)

$3000 at 5% for 3 years Percentages
Amount = $3000 × (1.05)3 3 = 3 × 100% = 75%
= $3472.88 4 4
1
25 % = 25.5 ÷ 100% = 0.255
2
20% of 60 = 0.2 × 60 = 12
Simple interest 5% of amount = 32
$2000 at 5% for 4 years ∴ amount = 32 ÷ 0.05
= 640
P r t $2000 × 5 × 4
I= =
100 100
= $400

Income and tax

Employees can be paid:
Applications of percentages Percentage increase and decrease wage: hourly rate with
overtime at time and
Percentage profit or loss Increase Decrease
a half = 1.5 or double time
20 by 6% 20 by 5%
= profit or loss × 100% 20 × 1.06 = 21.2 20 × 0.95 = 19 salary: annual amount
cost price
change commission: % of sales
Mark-up and discount
Percentage change = × 100% net income
Commission/tax original
= gross income − tax
 658 Chapter 9 Probability and statistics

Probability review Venn diagrams and two-way tables Set notation

The sample space is the list of all These organise data from two or more Within a sample space are a number
possible outcomes of an experiment. categories. of subsets.
For equally likely outcomes: A A′ A′ = not A A
Pr(event) = number of favourable outcomes A B B 7 3 10
total number of outcomes 5 7 3
6 B′ 5 6 11 A ∪ B means A or B;
Chapter summary

e.g. roll a normal six-sided die A B

Venn diagram 12 9 21 the union of A and B.
Pr(> 4) = 2 = 1
6 3
i.e. 6 is in neither category, 7 is in both A ∩ B means A and B; A B
0 ≤ Pr(event) ≤ 1 the intersection of A and B.
categories
Pr(not A) = 1 − Pr(A) A only is the elements in
Pr(A) =
12
=
4 B A
21 7 A but not in B.
3
Pr(B only) = 21 = 17 n (A) is the number of elements in A
ϕ is the empty or null set
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}
Measures of spread A ∩ B = {2, 4} n(B) = 4
Range = maximum value − minimum value B only = {6, 8}
Interquartile range (IQR) = upper quartile (Q3) 3 ∈ A means 3 is an element of A
− lower quartile (Q1)
IQR is the range of the middle 50% of data.
e.g. To find Q1 and Q3, first locate
median (Q2) and then find middle values of Two-step experiments
upper and lower half. These can be represented by tables or
1 2 5 6 7 9 10 12 12 15 tree diagrams. They involve more than
e.g.
Q1 Q2 = 8 Q3 Probability and one component and can occur with or
IQR = 12 − 5 without replacement.
=7
statistics e.g. a bag contains 2 blue counters
and 1 green; 2 are selected at random.
For odd number of values exclude median
from each half. (I) Table with replacement
Pick 1
b b g
Grouped data
b (b, b) (b, b) (g, b) Sample
Data values can be grouped into class
Pick 2 b (b, b) (b, b) (g, b) space
intervals, e.g. 0–4, 5–9, etc. and recorded
g (b, g) (b, g) (g, g) of 9
in a frequency table.
Box plots (Ext) outcomes
The frequency or percentage frequency 5
Pr(2 of same colour) =
of each interval can be recorded in a 25% 9
Q Q Q3
histogram. min value 1 2 max value (II) Tree without replacement
e.g. 25%
25% 25% Pick 1 Pick 2
30 Scale b bb
Frequency

b
20 25% of data is in each of the four sections. g bg
10 b bb 6
b
g bg outcomes
0 g b gb
5 10 15 20 b gb
Intervals
Summarising data: Measures of centre Pr(2 of same colour) = 2 = 1
6 3
Mode is the most common value (there
Stem-and-leaf plots can be more than one). Two modes
These display all the data means the data is bi-modal.
values using a stem and a leaf. Mean = average
An ordered back-to-back sum of all values
= number of values
stem-and-leaf plot compares two
data sets: Median is the middle value of data that is
ordered. Experimental probability
Leaf Stem Leaf
9872 1 03 odd data set even data set This is calculated from results of an
symmetrical

7433 2 224 2 4 7 10 12 2 4 6 10 15 18 experiment or survey.

skewed

521 3 3 6 78 median Experimental probability

8
7 4 459 number of times event occurs
median =
0 5 0 total number of trials
3 | 5 means 35 An outlier is a value that is not in the Expected number of occurrences
key vicinity of the rest of the data. = probability × number of trials