Why Study Rizal?

It is of great importance that students understand the rationale behind having to take up
a Rizal course in college. For high school students, the Noli Me Tangere and the El
Filibusterismo are injected into the Filipino subject as part of the overall curriculum. In
tertiary education, however, Rizal is a subject required of any course, in any college or
university in the Philippines.

Usually, during the first day of the course, the professor asks the well-overused
questions:

Why study Rizal?

What is the importance of studying Rizal?
Why is Rizal one of the minor subjects taken up in college?
Why is Rizal included in the course outline?
What relevance does Rizal have in college education?

The answer to such questions can be summed up in two points:

1. First and foremost, because it is mandated by law.

2. Secondly, because of the lessons contained within the course itself.

Let us discuss those reasons one by one:

WHY STUDY RIZAL: BECAUSE IT IS MANDATED BY LAW
The teaching of Jose Rizal’s life, works, and writings is mandated by Republic Act 1425,
otherwise known as the Rizal Law. Senator Jose P. Laurel, the person who sponsored
the said law, said that since Rizal was the founder of Philippine nationalism and has
contributed much to the current standing of this nation, it is only right that the youth as
well as all the people in the country know about and learn to imbibe the great ideals for
which he died. The Rizal Law, enacted in 1956, seeks to accomplish the following
goals:
1. To rededicate the lives of youth to the ideals of freedom and nationalism, for
which our heroes lived and died
2. To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting his life and works in shaping the
Filipino character
3. To gain an inspiring source of patriotism through the study of Rizal’s life, works,
and writings.

WHY STUDY RIZAL: BECAUSE OF THE LESSONS CONTAINED WITHIN THE

COURSE
Aside from those mentioned above, there are other reasons for teaching the Rizal
course in Philippine schools:
1. To recognize the importance of Rizal’s ideals and teachings in relation to present
conditions and situations in the society.
2. To encourage the application of such ideals in current social and personal
problems and issues.
3. To develop an appreciation and deeper understanding of all that Rizal fought and
died for.
4. To foster the development of the Filipino youth in all aspects of citizenship.

Republic Act No. 1425

House Bill No. 5561
Senate Bill No. 438

An Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities courses on the Life Works and
Writings of JOSE RIZAL, particularly his novels NOLI ME TANGERE and EL FILIBUSTERISMO, Authorizing the Printing and
Distribution Thereof, and for Other Purposes.

Whereas, today, more than other period of our history, there is a need for a re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and
nationalism for which our heroes lived and died.

Whereas, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose Rizal, we remember with special
fondness and devotion their lives and works that have shaped the national character;

Whereas, the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are a
constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the minds of the youth, especially during their formative and
decisive years in school, should be suffused.

Whereas, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to regulation by the State, and all schools
are enjoined to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic conscience, and to teach the duties of citizenship; Now
therefore,

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled

SEC.1
Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be
included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, public or private; Provided, That in the collegiate courses,
the original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translations shall be
used as basic texts.

The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwith measures to implement and carry out
the provisions of this Section, including the writing and printing of appropriate primers, readers and textbooks. The Board
shall, within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this Act promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a
disciplinary nature, to carry out and enforce the regulations of this Act. The Board shall promulgate rules and regulations
providing for the exemption of students for reason of religious belief stated in a sworn written statement, from the
requirement of the provision contained in the second part of the first paragraph of this section; but not from taking the
course provided for in the first part of said paragraph. Said rules and regulations shall take effect thirty (30) days after
their publication in the Official Gazette.

SEC.2
It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in their libraries an adequate number of copies of the
original and expurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as Rizal’s other works and biography.
The said unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their translations in English as well as other
writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of approved books for required reading in all public or private schools, colleges
and universities.

The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of books, depending upon the enrollment of
the school, college or university.

SEC.3
The Board of National education shall cause the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as other
writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular
editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok
organizations and the Barrio Councils throughout the country.

SEC.4
Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amending or repealing section nine hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative
Code, prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines by public school teachers and other persons engaged in any public
school.
SEC.5
The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be appropriated out of any fund not otherwise
appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act.

SEC.6
This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

Jose Rizal: A Biographical Sketch

BY TEOFILO H. MONTEMAYOR
Having traveled extensively in Europe, America and Asia, he mastered 22
languages. These include Arabic, Catalan, Chinese, English, French,
German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Malayan, Portuguese,
Russian, Sanskrit, Spanish, Tagalog, and other native dialects. A versatile
genius, he was an architect, artists, businessman, cartoonist, educator,
economist, ethnologist, scientific farmer, historian, inventor, journalist,
linguist, musician, mythologist, nationalist, naturalist, novelist, opthalmic
surgeon, poet, propagandist, psychologist, scientist, sculptor, sociologist,
and theologian.

He was an expert swordsman and a good shot. In the hope of securing

political and social reforms for his country and at the same time educate
his countrymen, Rizal, the greatest apostle of Filipino natiofaults but even
fabricating charges to pin him down. Thus, he was imprisoned in Fort
Santiago from July 6, 1892 to July 15, 1892 on a charge that anti-friar
pamphlets were found in the luggage of his sister Lucia who arrive with
him from Hong Kong. While a political exile in Dapitan, he engaged in
agriculture, fishing and business; he maintained and operated a hospital;
he conducted classes- taught his pupils the English and Spanish
languages, the arts.

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The sciences, vocational courses including agriculture, surveying,

sculpturing, and painting, as well as the art of self defense; he did some
researches and collected specimens; he entered into correspondence with
renowned men of letters and sciences abroad; and with the help of his
pupils, he constructed water dam and a relief map of Mindanao - both
considered remarkable engineering feats. His sincerity and friendliness
won for him the trust and confidence of even those assigned to guard
him; his good manners and warm personala man whose 35 years of life
had been packed with varied activities which proved that the Filipino has
capacity to equal if not excel even those who treat him as a slave, was
shot at Bagumbayan Field.
In Calamba, Laguna
19 June 1861
JOSE RIZAL, the seventh child of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonso y Quintos, was born in Calamba, Laguna.

22 June 1861
He was baptized JOSE RIZAL MERCADO at the Catholic of Calamba by the parish priest Rev. Rufino Collantes with Rev.
Pedro Casañas as the sponsor.

28 September 1862
The parochial church of Calamba and the canonical books, including the book in which Rizal’s baptismal records were
entered, were burned.

1864
Barely three years old, Rizal learned the alphabet from his mother.

1865
When he was four years old, his sister Conception, the eight child in the Rizal family, died at the age of three. It was on
this occasion that Rizal remembered having shed real tears for the first time.
1865 – 1867
During this time his mother taught him how to read and write. His father hired a classmate by the name of Leon Monroy
who, for five months until his (Monroy) death, taught Rizal the rudiments of Latin.

At about this time two of his mother’s cousin frequented Calamba. Uncle Manuel Alberto, seeing Rizal frail in body,
concerned himself with the physical development of his young nephew and taught the latter love for the open air and
developed in him a great admiration for the beauty of nature, while Uncle Gregorio, a scholar, instilled into the mind of the
boy love for education. He advised Rizal: "Work hard and perform every task very carefully; learn to be swift as well as
thorough; be independent in thinking and make visual pictures of everything."

6 June 1868
With his father, Rizal made a pilgrimage to Antipolo to fulfill the vow made by his mother to take the child to the Shrine of
the Virgin of Antipolo should she and her child survive the ordeal of delivery which nearly caused his mother’s life.

From there they proceeded to Manila and visited his sister Saturnina who was at the time studying in the La Concordia
College in Sta. Ana.

1869
At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first poem entitled "Sa Aking Mga Kabata." The poem was written in tagalog and had
for its theme "Love of One’s Language."
Philosophies in Life
PHILOSOPHY may be defined as the study and pursuit of facts which deal with the ultimate reality or causes of things as
they affect life.

The philosophy of a country like the Philippines is made up of the intricate and composite interrelationship of the life
histories of its people; in other word, the philosophy of our nation would be strange and undefinable if we do not delve into
the past tied up with the notable life experiences of the representative personalities of our nation.

Being one of the prominent representatives of Filipino personalities, Jose Rizal is a fit subject whose life philosophy
deserves to be recognized.

Having been a victim of Spanish brutality early in his life in Calamba, Rizal had thus already formed the nucleus of an
unfavorable opinion of Castillian imperialistic administration of his country and people.

Pitiful social conditions existed in the Philippines as late as three centuries after his conquest in Spain, with agriculture,
commerce, communications and education languishing under its most backward state. It was because of this social malady
that social evils like inferiority complex, cowardice, timidity and false pride pervaded nationally and contributed to the
decay of social life. This stimulated and shaped Rizal’s life phylosophy to be to contain if not eliminate these social ills.

Educational Philosophy

Rizal’s concept of the importance of education is clearly enunciated in his work entitled Instruction wherein he sought
improvements in the schools and in the methods of teaching. He maintained that the backwardness of his country during
the Spanish ear was not due to the Filipinos’ indifference, apathy or indolence as claimed by the rulers, but to the neglect
of the Spanish authorities in the islands. For Rizal, the mission of education is to elevate the country to the highest seat of
glory and to develop the people’s mentality. Since education is the foundation of society and a prerequisite for social
progress, Rizal claimed that only through education could the country be saved from domination.

Rizal’s philosophy of education, therefore, centers on the provision of proper motivation in order to bolster the great social
forces that make education a success, to create in the youth an innate desire to cultivate his intelligence and give him life
eternal.

Religious Philosophy

Rizal grew up nurtured by a closely-knit Catholic family, was educated in the foremost Catholic schools of the period in the
elementary, secondary and college levels; logically, therefore, he should have been a propagator of strictly Catholic
traditions. However, in later life, he developed a life philosophy of a different nature, a philosophy of a different Catholic
practice intermingled with the use of Truth and Reason.

Why the change?

It could have been the result of contemporary contact, companionship, observation, research and the possession of an
independent [Link] a critical observer, a profound thinker and a zealous reformer, Rizal did not agree with the
prevailing Christian propagation of the Faith by fire and sword. This is shown in his Annotation of Morga’s Sucesos de las
Islas Filipinas.

Rizal did not believe in the Catholic dogma that salvation was only for Catholics and that outside Christianity, salvation was
not possible even if Catholics composed only a small minority of the world’s religious groups. Nor did he believe in the
Catholic observation of fasting as a sacrifice, nor in the sale of such religious items as the cross, medals, rosaries and the
like in order to propagate the Faith and raise church funds. He also lambasted the superstitious beliefs propagated by the
priests in the church and in the schools. All of these and a lot more are evidences of Rizal’s religious philosophy.

Political Philosophy

In Rizal’s political view, a conquered country like the Philippines should not be taken advantage of but rather should be
developed, civilized, educated and trained in the science of self-government.

He bitterly assailed and criticized in publications the apparent backwardness of the Spanish ruler’s method of governing the
country which resulted in:

1. the bondage and slavery of the conquered ;

2. the Spanish government’s requirement of forced labor and force military service upon the n natives;

3. the abuse of power by means of exploitation;

4. the government ruling that any complaint against the authorities was criminal; and

5. Making the people ignorant, destitute and fanatic, thus discouraging the formation of a national sentiment.

Rizal’s guiding political philosophy proved to be the study and application of reforms, the extension of human rights, the
training for self government and the arousing of spirit of discontent over oppression, brutality, inhumanity, sensitiveness
and self love.

Ethical Philosophy

The study of human behavior as to whether it is good or bad or whether it is right or wrong is that science upon which
Rizal’s ethical philosophy was based. The fact that the Philippines was under Spanish domination during Rizal’s time led
him to subordinate his philosophy to moral problems. This trend was much more needed at that time because the
Spaniards and the Filipinos had different and sometimes conflicting morals. The moral status of the Philippines during this
period was one with a lack of freedom, one with predominance of foreign masters, one with an imposition of foreign
religious worship, devotion, homage and racial habits. This led to moral confusion among the people, what with justice
being stifled, limited or curtailed and the people not enjoying any individual rights.

To bolster his ethical philosophy, Dr. Rizal had recognized not only the forces of good and evil, but also the tendencies
towards good and evil. As a result, he made use of the practical method of appealing to the better nature of the
conquerors and of offering useful methods of solving the moral problems of the conquered.

To support his ethical philosophy in life, Rizal:

1. censured the friars for abusing the advantage of their position as spiritual leaders and the ignorance and fanaticism of
the natives;

2. counseled the Filipinos not to resent a defect attributed to them but to accept same as reasonable and just;

3. advised the masses that the object of marriage was the happiness and love of the couple and not financial gain;

4. censured the priests who preached greed and wrong morality; and

5. advised every one that love and respect for parents must be strictly observed.

Social Philosophy

That body of knowledge relating to society including the wisdom which man's experience in society has taught him is social
philosophy. The facts dealt with are principles involved in nation building and not individual social problems. The subject
matter of this social philosophy covers the problems of the whole race, with every problem having a distinct solution to
bolster the people’s social knowledge.

Rizal’s social philosophy dealt with;

1. man in society;
2. influential factors in human life;
3. racial problems;
4. social constant;
5. social justice;
6. social ideal;
7. poverty and wealth;
8. reforms;
9. youth and greatness;
10. history and progress;
11. future Philippines.

The above dealt with man’s evolution and his environment, explaining for the most part human behavior and capacities
like his will to live; his desire to possess happiness; the change of his mentality; the role of virtuous women in the
guidance of great men; the need for elevating and inspiring mission; the duties and dictates of man’s conscience; man’s
need of practicing gratitude; the necessity for consulting reliable people; his need for experience; his ability to deny; the
importance of deliberation; the voluntary offer of man’s abilities and possibilities; the ability to think, aspire and strive to
rise; and the proper use of hearth, brain and spirit-all of these combining to enhance the intricacies, beauty and values of
human nature. All of the above served as Rizal’s guide in his continuous effort to make over his beloved Philippines.

Rizal, the Romantic

There were at least nine women linked with Rizal; namely Segunda Katigbak, Leonor Valenzuela, Leonor Rivera, Consuelo
Ortiga, O-Sei San, Gertrude Beckette, Nelly Boustead, Suzanne Jacoby and Josephine Bracken. These women might have
been beguiled by his intelligence, charm and wit.

Segunda Katigbak and Leonor Valenzuela

Segunda Katigbak was her puppy love. Unfortunately, his first love was engaged to be married to a town mate- Manuel
Luz. After his admiration for a short girl in the person of Segunda, then came Leonor Valenzuela, a tall girl from Pagsanjan.
Rizal send her love notes written in invisible ink, that could only be deciphered over the warmth of the lamp or candle. He
visited her on the eve of his departure to Spain and bade heckett

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While Rizal was in London annotating the Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, he boarded in the house of the Beckett family,
within walking distance of the British Museum. Gertrude, a blue-eyed and buxom girl was the oldest of the three Beckett
daughters. She fell in love with Rizal. Tottie helped him in his painting and sculpture. But Rizal suddenly left London for
Paris to avoid Gertrude, who was seriously in love with him. Before leaving London, he was able to finish the group carving
of the Beckett sisters. He gave the group carving to Gertrude as a sign of their brief relationship.

Nellie Boustead
Rizal having lost Leonor Rivera, entertained the thought of courting other ladies. While a guest of the Boustead family at
their residence in the resort city of B left Europe.

Suzanne Jacoby
In 1890, Rizal moved to Brussels because of the high cost of living in Paris. In Brussels, he lived in the boarding house of
the two Jacoby sisters. In time, they fell deeply in love with each other. Suzanne cried when Rizal left Brussels and wrote
him when he was in Madrid.

Josephine Bracken
In the last days of February 1895, while still in Dapitan, Rizal met an 18-year old petite Irish girl, with bold blue eyes,
brown hair and a happy disposition. She was Josephine Bracken, the adopted daughter of George Taufer from Hong Kong,
who came to Dapitan to seek Rizal for eye treatment. Rizal was physically attracted to her. His loneliness and boredom
must have taken the measure of him an of some incidence, which might have shocked or frightened her.

Noli Me Tangere
Spain, to Rizal, was a venue for realizing his dreams. He finished his studies in Madrid and this to him was the realization
of the bigger part of his ambition. His vision broadened while he was in Spain to the point of awakening in him an
understanding of human nature, sparking in him the realization that his people needed him. It must have been this
sentiment that prompted him to pursue, during the re-organizational meeting of the Circulo-Hispano-Filipino, to be one of
its activities, the publication of a book to which all the members would contribute papers on the various aspects and
conditions of Philippines life.

"My proposal on the book," he wrote on January 2, 1884, "was unanimously approved. But afterwards difficulties and
objections were raised which seemed to me rather odd, and a number of gentlemen stood up and refused to discuss the
matter any further. In view of this I decided not ance, then challenge us and we shall pick up the gauntlet, for we are not
cowards like you, which is not to say that a hidden hand will not put an end to your life."

A special committee of the faculty of the University of Santo Tomas, at the request of the Archbishop Pedro Payo, found
and condemned the novel as heretical, impious, and scandalous in its religious aspect, and unpatriotic, subversive of public
order and harmful to the Spanish government and its administration of theses islands in its political aspect.
On December 28, 1887, Fray Salvador Font, the cura of Tondo and chairman of the Permanent Commission of Censorship
composed of laymen and ordered that the circulation of this pernicious book" be absolutely prohibited.

Not content, Font caused the circulation of copies of the prohibition, an act which brought an effect contrary to what he
desired. Instead of what he expected, the negative publicity awakened more the curiosity of the people who managed to
get copies of the book.
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Assisting Father Font in his aim to discredit the Noli was an Augustinian friar by the name of Jose Rodriguez. In a pamphlet
entitled Caiingat Cayo (Beware). Fr. Rodriguez warned the people that in reading the book they "commit mortal sin,"
considering that it was full of heresy.

As far as Madrid, there was furor over the Noli, as evidenced by an article which bitterly criticized the novel published in a
Madrid newspaper in January, 1890, and written by one Vicente Barrantes. In like manner, a member of the Senate in the
Spanish Cortes assailed the novel as "anti-Catholic, Protestant, socialistic."

It is well to note that not detractors alone visibly reacted to the effects of the Noli. For if there were bitter critics, another
group composed of staunch defenders found every reason to justify its publication and circulation Consequently, realizing
how much the Noli had awakened his countrymen, to the point of defending his novel, Rizal said: "Now I die content."

Fittingly, Rizal found it a timely and effective gesture to dedicate his novel to the country of his people whose experiences
and sufferings he wrote about, sufferings which he brought to light in an effort to awaken his countrymen to the truths
that had long remained unspoken, although not totally unheard of.
Noli Me Tangere: Mga Tauhan
Sinimulang sulatin ni Dr. Jose P. Rizal ang mga unang bahagi ng "Noli Me Tangere" noong 1884 sa Madrid noong siya ay
nag-aaral pa ng medisina. Nang makatapos ng pag-aaral, nagtungo siya sa Paris at doon ipinagpatuloy ang pagsusulat
nito. At sa Berlin natapos ni Rizal ang huling bahagi ng nobela.
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Ang pagsusulat ng "Noli Me Tangere" ay bunga ng pagbasa ni Rizal sa "Uncle Tom's Cabin" ni Harriet Beacher Stowe, na
pumapaksa sa kasaysayan ng mga aliping Negro sa kamay ng mga panginoong putting Amerikano. Inilarawan dito ang
iba't ibang kalupitan at pagmamalabis ng mga Puti sa Itim. Inihambing niya ito sa kapalarang sinapit ng mga Pilipino sa
kamay ng mga Kastila.

Sa simula, binalak ni Rizal na ang bawat bahagi ng nobela ay ipasulat sa ilan niyang kababayan na nakababatid sa uri ng
lipunan sa Pilipinas at yaon ay pagsasama-samahin niyang upang maging nobela. Ngunit hindi ito nagkaroon ng
katuparan, kaya sa harap ng kabiguang ito, sinarili niya ang pagsulat nang walang katulong.

Ipinaliwanag ni Rizal sa kanyang liham sa matalik niyang kaibigang si Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt ang mga dahilan kung
bakit niya isinulat ang "Noli." Ang lahat ng mga ito ay maliwanag na inilarawan sa mga kabanata ng nobela.

Ang pamagat ng "Noli Me Tangere" ay salitang Latin na ang ibig sabihin sa Tagalog ay "Huwag Mo Akong Salingin" na
hango sa Ebanghelyo ni San Juan Bautista. Itinulad niya ito sa isang bulok sa lipunan na nagpapahirap sa buhay ng isang
tao.

Mga Tauhan:
Crisostomo Ibarra
Binatang nag-aral sa Europa; nangarap na makapagpatayo ng paaralan upang matiyak ang magandang kinabukasan ng
mga kabataan ng San Diego.

Elias
Piloto at m Kapitan-Heneral
Pinakamakapangyarihan sa Pilipinas; lumakad na maalisan ng pagka-ekskomunyon si Ibarra.

Don Rafael Ibarra

Ama ni Crisostomo; nakainggitan nang labis ni Padre Damaso dahilan sa yaman kung kaya nataguriang erehe.

Don Saturnino
Nuno ni Crisostomo; naging dahilan ng kasawian ng nuno ni Elias.

Mang Pablo
Pinuno ng mga tulisan na ibig tulungan ni Elias.

Kapitan Basilio
Ilan sa mga kapitan ng bayan sa San Diego Kapitan Tinong at Kapitan Valentin

Tinyente Guevarra
Isang matapat na tinyente ng mga guwardiya sibil na nagsalaysay kay Ibarra ng tungkol sa kasawiang sinapit ng kanyang
ama.

Kapitana Maria
Tanging babaing makabayan na pumapanig sa pagtatanggol ni Ibarra sa alaala ng ama.

Padre Sibyla
Paring Agustino na lihim na sumusubaybay sa mga kilos ni Ibarra.

Albino
Dating seminarista na nakasama sa piknik sa lawa.
Kabanata I
Isang Handaan
Buod
Isang marangyang salu-salo ang ipinag-anyaya ni Don Santiago de los Santos na higit na popular sa taguring kapitan
Tiago. Ang handaan ay gagawin sa kanyang bahay na nasa daang Anluwage na karating ng Ilog-Binundok.

Ang paayaya ay madaling kumalat sa lahat ng sulok ng Maynila. Bawat isa ay gustong dumalo sapagkat ang mayamang
Kapitan ay kilala bilang isang mabuting tao, mapagbigay at laging bukas ang palad sa mga nangangailangan. Dahil dito,
ang iba ay nababalino kung ano ang isusuot at sasabihin sa mismong araw ng handaan.

Nang gabing iyon dagsa ang mga panauhin na gaya ng dapat asahan. Puno ang bulwagan. Ang nag-iistima sa mgta bisita
ay si Tiya Isabel, isang matandang babae na pinsan ng may-bahay. Kabilang sa mga bisita sina tinyente ng guardia civil,
Pari Sibyla, ang kura paroko ng Binundok, si pari Damaso na madaldal at mahahayap ang mga salita at dalawang paisano.
Ang isa ay kararating lamang sa Pilipinas.

Ang kararating na dayuhan ay nagtatanong tungkol sa mga asal ng mga katutubong Pilipino. Ipinaliwanag niya na ang
pagpunta niya sa bansa ay sarili niyang gastos. Ang pakay ng kanyang paglalakbay ay upang magkaroon ng kabatiran
tungkol sa lupain ng mga Indiyo.

Nagkaroon ng mainitang balitaktakan ng mabanggit ng dayuhan ang tungkol sa monopolyo ng tabako. Nailabas ni Pari
Damaso ang kanyang mapanlait na ugali. Nilibak niya ang mga Indiyo. Ang tingin niya sa mga ito ay hamak at mababa.
Lumitaw din sa usapan ang panlalait ng mga Espanyol tungkol sa mga Pilipino noong mga nakalipas na araw. Mapanlibak
si Pari Damaso. Kung kaya’t iniba ni Pari Sibyla ang usapan.

Napadako ang usapan tungkol sa pagkakalipat sa ibang bayan ni Padre Damaso pagkatapos ng makapagsilbi sa loob ng 20
taon bilang kura paroko ng San Diego. Sinabi niya kahit na ang hari ay hindi dapat manghimasok sa pagpaparusa ng
simbahan sa mga erehe.

Pero, ito ay tinutulan ng Tinyente ng Guardia Civil sa pagsasabing may karapatan ang Kapitan Heneral sapagkat ito ang
kinatawan ng hari ng bansa.

Ipinaliwanag pa ng tinyente ang dahilan ng pagkakalipat ni Pari Damaso. Ito, umano ang nag-utos na hukayin at ilipat ang
bangkay ng isang marangal na lalaki na napagbintangang isang erehe ng pari dahil lamang sa hindi pangungumpisal.

Ang ginawa ay itinuturing sa isang kabuktutan ng Kapitan Heneral. Kung kaya inutos nito ang paglilipat sa ibang parokya
ang paring Pransiskano bilang parusa. Nagpupuyos sa galit ang pari kapag naaalala niya ang mga kasulatang nawaglit.

Iniwanan na ni Tinyente ang umpukan, pagkatapos nitong makapagpaliwanag. Sinikap ni Pari Sibyla na pakalmahin ang
loob ni Pari Damaso. Lumawig muli ang talayan. Dumating ang ilan pang mga bagong panauhin. Ilan sa mga ito ay ang
mag-asawang sina Dr. de Espadaña at Donya Victorina.

Tanong
Sino si Pari Damaso? Bakit niya tinawag na Indiyo ang mga Pilipino?

Sagot
Siya yung Paring may magaspang na pag-uugali na nanirahan sa San Diego ng halos 20 taon. Dahil sa kasamaan ng ugali
niya, ang mga tao ay hindi naibigan ang paring ito, kaya sila tinawag na Indiyo.
Kabanata II
Si Crisostomo Ibarra
Buod
Dumating si Kapitan Tiyago at si Ibarra na luksang-luksa ang kasuotan. Binating lahat ni kapitan ang mga panauhin at
humalik sa kamay ng mga pari na nakalimot na siya ay bendisyunan dahil sa pagkabigla. Si Pari Damaso ay namutla ng
makilala si Ibarra.

Ipinakilala ni Kapitan Tiyago si Ibarra sa pagsasabing ito ay anak ng kanyang kaibigang namatay at kararating lamang
niya buhat sa pitong taong pag-aaral sa Europa. Malusog ang pangangatawan ni Ibarra, sa kanyang masayang mukha
mababakas ang kagandahan ng ugali. Bagamat siya ay kayumanggi, mahahalata rin sa pisikal na kaanyuan nito ang
pagiging dugong Espanyol.

Tinangkang kamayan ni Ibarra si Pari Damaso sapagkat alam niyang ito ay kaibigang matalik ng kanyang yumaong ama.
Ngunit, ito ay hindi inamin ng pari. Totoo, siya ang kura sa bayan. Pero, ikinaila niyang kaibigan niya ang ama ni Ibarra.

Napahiya si Ibarra at iniatras ang kamay. Dagling tinalikuran niya ang pari at napaharap sa tinyenteng kanina pa
namamasid sa kanila. Masayang nag-usap sina tinyente at Ibarra. Nagpapasalamat ang tinyente sapagkat dumating ang
binata ng walang anumang masamang nangyari. Basag ang tinig ng tinyente ng sabihin niya sa binata na nasa ito ay higit
na maging mapalad sa kanyang ama. Ayon sa tinyente ang ama ni Ibarra ay isang taong mabait. Ang ganitong papuri ay
pumawi sa masamang hinala ni Ibarra tungkol sa kahabag-habag na sinapit ng kanyang ama.

Ang pasulyap ni Padre Damaso sa tinyente ay sapat na upang layuan niya ang binata. Naiwang mag-isa si Ibarra sa
bulwagan ng walang kakilala.

Tulad ng kaugaliang Aleman na natutuhan ni Ibarra buhat sa kanyang pag-aaral sa Europa, ipinakilala niya ang kanyang
sarili sa mga nanduruong kamukha niyang panauhin. Ang mga babae ay hindi umimik sa kanya. Ang mga lalaki lamang
ang nagpapakilala rin sa kanya. Nakilala niya ang isang binata rin na tumigil sa pagsusulat.

Malapit ng tawagin ang mga panauhin para maghapunan, nang lumapit si Kapitan Tinong kay Ibarra para kumbidahin sa
isang pananghalian kinabukasan. Tumanggi sa anyaya ang binata sapagkat nakatakda siyang magtungo sa San Diego sa
araw na naturan.

Tanong
Bakit biglang nabugnot at nagbago ng pakiramdam si Pari Damaso nang makitang magkasama sina Kapitan Tiyago at
Crisostomo Ibarra?

Sagot
Nainis si Pari Damaso dahil ayaw niyang makita si Ibarra sapul nang mamatay ang ama nito. May alam kasi siya sa naging
kamatayan ng ama ni Ibarra.
Kabanata III
Ang Hapunan
Buod
Isa-isang nagtungo ang mga panauhin sa harap ng hapagkainan. Sa anyo ng kanilang mga mukha, mahahalata ang
kanilang pakiramdam. Siyang-siya si Pari Sybyla samantalang banas na banas naman si Padre Damaso. Sinisikaran niya
ang lahat ng madaanan hanggang sa masiko niya ang isang kadete. Hindi naman umiimik ang tenyente. Ang ibang bisita
naman ay magiliw na nag-uusap at pinupuri ang masarap na handa ni Kapitan Tiyago. Nainis naman si Donya Victorina sa
tenyente sapagkat natapakan ang kola ng kanyang saya habang tinitignan nito ang pagkakulot ng kanyang buhok.

Sa may kabisera umupo si Ibarra. Ang magkabilang dulo naman ay pinagtatalunan ng dalawang pari kung sino sa kanila
ang dapat na lumikmo roon.

Sa tingin ni Pari Sibyla, si Pari Damaso ang dapat umupo roon dahil siya ang padre kumpesor ng pamilya ni Kapitan
Tiyago. Pero, si Pari Sibyla naman ang iginigiit ng Paring Pransiskano. Si Sibyla ang kura sa lugar na iyon, kung kaya’t siya
ang karapat-dapat na umupo.

Anyong uupo na si Sibyla, napansin niya ang tinyente at nagkunwang iaalok ang upuan. Pero, tumanggi ang tenyente
sapagkat umiiwas siyang mapagitnaan nang dalawang pari.

Sa mga panauhin, tanging si Ibarra lamang ang nakaisip na anyayahan si Kapitan Tiyago. Pero, kagaya ng may
karaniwang may pahanda, magalang na tumaggi ang kapitan sabay sabing "huwag mo akong alalahanin."

Sinimulan ng idulot ang pagkain. Naragdagan ang pagpupoyos ng damdamin ni Pari Damaso, ang ihain ang tinola. Paano
puro upo, leeg at pakpak ng manok ang napunta sa kanya. Ang kay Ibarra ay puro masasarap na bahagi ng tinola. Hindi
alam ng pari, sadyang ipinaluto ng kapitan ang manok para kay Ibarra.

Habang kumakain, nakipag-usap si Ibarra sa mga ibang panauhin na malapit sa kinaroroonan niya. Batay sa sagot ng
binata sa tanong ni Laruja, siya ay mayroon ding pitong taong nawala sa Pilipinas. Bagamat, wala siya sa bansa, hindi niya
nakakalimutan ang kanyang bayan. At sa halip, siya ang nakakalimutan ng bayan sapagkat ni wala man lang isang taong
nakapagbalita tungkol sa masaklap na sinapit ng kanyang ama. Dahil sa pahayag na ito ni Ibarra, nagtumibay ang
paniniwala ng tinyente na talagang walang alam ang binata sa tunay na dahilan ng pagkamatay ng kanyang amang si Don
Rafael.

Tinanong ni Donya Victorina si Ibarra na bakit hindi man lang ito nagpadala ng hatid-kawad, na kagaya ng ginawa ni Don
Tiburcio nang sila ay magtaling-puso.

"Nasa ibang bayan ako nitong mga huling dalawang taon", tugon naman ni Ibarra.

Nalaman ng mga kausap ni Ibarra na marami ng bansa ang napuntahan nito at marami ng wika ang kanyang alam. Ang
katutubong wikang natutuhan niya sa mga bansang pinupunntahan niya ang ginagamit niya sa pakikipagtalastasan. Bukod
sa wika, pinag-aaralan din niya ang kasaysayan ng bansang kanyang pinupuntahan partikular na ang tungkol sa Exodo o
hinay-hinay na pagbabago sa kaunlaran.

Ipinaliwanag ni Ibarra na halos magkakatulad ang mga bansang napuntahan niya sa tema ng kabuhayan, pulitika at
relihiyon. Pero, nangingibabaw ang katotohanang nababatay sa kalayaan at kagipitan ng bayan. Gayundin ang tungkol sa
ikaaalwan at ikapaghihirap nito.

Naudlot ang pagpapaliwanag ni Ibarra sapagkat biglang sumabad si Padre Damaso. Walang pakundangan ininsulto niya
ang binata. Sinabi niyang kung iyon lamang ang nakita o natutuhan ni Ibarra, siya ay nag-aksaya lamang ng pera
sapagkat kahit na bata ay alam ang mga sinabi nito. Nabigla ang lahat sa diretsang pagsasalita ng pari.

Kalmado lamang si Ibarra, ipinaliwanag niyang sinasariwa lamang niya ang mga sandaling madalas na pumunta sa kanila
si Pari Damaso noong maliit pa siya upang makisalo sa kanilang hapag-kainan. Ni gaputok ay hindi nakaimik ang
nangangatal na si Damaso.

Nagpaalam na si Ibarra. Pinigil siya ni Kapitan Tiyago sapagkat darating si Maria Clara at ang bagong kura paroko ng San
Diego. Hindi rin napigil sa pag-alis si Ibarra. Pero, nangako siyang babalik kinabukasan din.

Ngumakngak naman si Padre Damaso, nang umalis si Ibarra. Binigyan diin niya na ang gayong pagkilos ng binata ay tanda
ng kanyang pagiging mapagmataas. Dahil dito, aniya, dapat na ipagbawal ng pamahalaang kastila ang pagkakaloob ng
pahintulot sa sinumang Indio na makapag-aral sa Espanya.

Nang gabing iyon, sinulat ng binata sa kolum ng Estudios Coloniales ang tungkol sa isang pakpak at leeg ng manok na
naging sanhi ng alitan sa salu-salo; ang may handa ay walang silbi sa isang piging at ang hindi dapat pagpapaaral ng
isang Indio sa ibang lupain.

Tanong
Bakit ipinagbabawal ng pamahalaan ang pangingibang bansa ng Kabataang Pilipino?

Sagot
Ang mga mag-aaral na nangingibabang bansa ay nagiging palalo at mapagmataas kapag nakakabalik nang muli sa
kanilang tinubuang bayan.

Kabanata IV
Erehe at Pilibustero
Buod
Naglakad na si Ibarra na hindi batid ang destinasyon. Nakarating siya hanggang sa may Liwasan ng Binundok . Sa
maraming taong pagkakawala niya sa bayan,wala pa ring pagbabago sa kanyang dinatnan.

Sa paggala-gala ng kanyang paningin, naramdaman niyang may dumantay na kamay sa kanyang balikat. Si Tinyente
Guevarra,na sumunod sa kanya upang paalalahanan na mag-ingat din sapagkat nangangamba siyang baka matulad siya
(Ibarra) sa sinapit ng kanyang ama. Nakiusap si Ibarra na isalaysay ng tinyente ang tungkol sa buhay ng kanyang ama
sapagkat tunay na wala siyang nalalaman dito.

Sianbi ni Ibarra na sumulat and kanyang ama sa kanya mayisnag taon na ang nakakalipas. Nagbilin si Don Rafael(ama ni
Ibarra) na huwag nitong ikagugulat kung sakali mang hindi siya makasulat sapagkat lubha siyang abala sa kanyang mga
gawain.

Ganito ang salaysay ng tinyente: Si Don Rafael ay siyang pinakamayaman sa buong lalawigan. Bagamat siya ay
iginagalang, may ilan din namang naiinggit. Ang mga nuno nila ay mga [Link] mga kastila dahil sa kasawian ay hindi
gumagawa ng mga nararapat. Ang masasama sa Espanya ay nakakarating sa Pilipinas. Si Don Rafael ay maraming mga
kagalit na mga kastila at pari. Ilang buwan pa lamang nakakaalis sa Pilpinas si Ibarra,si Don Rafael at Pari Damaso ay
nagkasira. Diumano, di nangungumpisal si Don Rafael.

Nabilanggo si Don Rafael dahil sa pagkakaroon ng mga lihim na kaaway. Pinagbintangan pa siya ang pumatay sa isang
mangmang at malupit na artilyerong naniningil ng buwis ng mga sasakyan. Pero hindi naman totoo.

Isang araw may isang grupo ng mga bata na sinigawan ang artilyero ng ba be bi bo bu na labis na ikinagalit [Link]
ng kanyang tungkod ng artilyero ang mga bata. Isa ang sinampald na tinamaan at nabuwal. Pinagsisipa niya ito.
Napatiyempo namang nagdaraan si don Rafael. Kinagalitan niya ang artilyero. Pero, ito ay lalong nagpuyos sa galit at si
DonRafel ang kanyang hinarap. Walang nagawa si Don Rafael kung hindi ipagtanggol ang sarili.

Sa hindi malamang dahilan, bigla na lamang sumuray-suray ang artilyero at dahan-dahang nabuwal. Terible ang kanyang
pagkakabuwal sapagkat ang kanyang ulo ay tumama sa isang tipak na bato. Nagduduwal ito at hindi nagkamalay
hanggang sa tuluyang mapugto ang hininga.

Dahil dito, nabilanggo di Don Rafael. Pinagbintangan siyang erehe at pilibustero. Masakit sa kanya ang ganito sapagkat
iyon ang itinuturing na pinakamabigatna parusa.

Pero, lalong nadagdagan ang dagan sa kanyang dibdib. Pinaratngan din siyang nagbabasa ng mga ipinagbabawal na aklat
(El Correo de Ultramar) at diyaryo, nagtatago ng larawan ng paring binitay, isinakdal sa salang pangangamkam ng lupain
at nagbibigay ng tulong sa mga tulisan.

Gumawa siya (tinyente) ng paraan para tulungan si Don Rafael at sumumpang ito ay marangal na tao. Katunayan, siya ay
kumuha ng isang abugadong Pilipino na si G.A at G.M. Ito ay pagkaraang lumitaw sa pagsusuri na ang ikinamatay ng
artilyero ay nag pamumuo ng dugo sa ulo nito.

Nang lumaon, ang katwiran ay nagtagumpay din. Nang si don Rafael ay malapit ng lumaya dahil sa tapos nglahat ang mga
kasong ibinintang sa kanya. Ang sapin-saping kahirapan ng kalooban na kanyang dinanas ay hindi nakayanan ng kanyang
pisikal na katawan.

Hindi na niya natamasa ang malayang buhay. Sa mismong loob ng bilangguan, nalagutan ng hininga si Don Rafael.

Huminto sa pagsasalaysay na g tinyente. Inabot nito ang kanyang kamay kay Ibarra at sinabing si Kapitan Tiyago na
lamang ang bahalang magsalaysay ng iba pang pangyayari. Nasa tapat sila ng kuwartel ng maghiwalay. Sumakay sa
kalesa si Ibarra.

Tanong
Bakit muhing-muhi si Padre Damaso kay Don Rafael gayong dati silang magkaibigan sa simula?

Sagot
Maraming bagay na dapat ikainggit si Padre Damaso kay Don Rafael, lalo ang pagiging mayaman nito.
Kabanata V
Pangarap sa Gabing Madilim
Buod
Sakay ng kalesa, dumating si Ibarra sa Fonda deLala. (Ito ay isang uri ng panuluyan, na tinutuluyan niya kapag siya ay
nasa Maynial). Kaagad na nagtuloy si Ibarra sa kanyang silid at naupo sa isang silyon.. Sa sinapit ng ama, gulong-gulo ang
isip nito. Maya-maya ginala ang paningin sa kalawakan ng himpapawid.

Mula sa bintana, natanaw niya ang isang maliwanag na bahay sa kabila ng ilog. Naririnig niya ang kalansing ng mga
kubyertos at pinggan. Dinig din niya ang tugtugin ng orkestra.
Kung nagmasid lamang ng husto sabahay na iyon si Ibarra, makikita niya kung sinu-sino ang naroroon. May isang
magandang binibini na nababalot ng manipis na habi,may suot na diyamante at ginto. Sa likuran naman may mga anghel,
pastol at dalagang nag-aalay ng bulaklak. Ang mga umpukan naman ng mga Kastila, Pilipino, pari, intsik, militar ay
nakatuon lahat sa kagandahan ni Maria Clara. Giliw na giliw silang nakatingin sa dalaga, maliban sa isang batang
Pransiskano na payat at putlain. Iba ang kanyang nadarama. Si Pari Sibyla ay siyang-siya sa pakikipag-usap sa mga dilag
samantalang si Donya Victoria ay matiyagang inaayos ang buhok ng dalagang hinahangaan ng lahat.

Dahil sa pagal ang isip at katawan ni Ibarra sa paglalim ng gabi, madali siyang naktulog at nagising kinabukasan na. Ang
tanging hindi inabot ng antok ay ang batang Pransiskano.

Tanong
Sino ang pinapangarap sa gabing madilim?

Sagot
Walng iba kundi si Maria Clara.

Tanong
Sino ang palihim na nagmamanman sa dalaga?

Sagot

Si Pari Salvi ang panakaw-nakaw ng tingin at iba ang nararamdaman para sa dalaga.

Rizal's Paintings
Title: Saturnina Rizal
Material: Oil
Remarks: Now in Rizal Shrine in Fort Santiago
Title: Dapita church curtains
Material: Oil
Remarks: Made in Dapitan, 1894
Title: A painting on a pair of mother-of-pearl
Material: Oil
Remarks: Shells painted by Rizal in Dapitan and given as a gift to Doña Leonor Valenzuela and later passed into the hands
of Doña Margarita Valenzuela
Title: Spanish coat of arms
Material: Water color
Remarks: Done during a fiesta of San Rafael in Calamba in 1867
Title: Allegory on a pair of porcelain bases of the new year celebration
Material: Oil
Remarks: Made in Berlin in 1886
Title: Christ crucified
Material: Crayon
Remarks: 1875
Title: Immaculate Conception
Material: Crayon
Remarks: Made in Manila, 1974
Title: Portrait of Morayta
Material: Crayon
Remarks: Made in Barcelona, 1885
Sketches Made by Rizal
Title: Singapore lighthouse
Material: Ink or pencil
Remarks: Sketch book of Rizal on his first trip on May 1882 or the diary
Title: Along Suez Canal
Material: Ink or pencil
Remarks: Sketch book of Rizal on his first trip on May 1882 or the diary
Title: Castle of St. Elmo
Material: Ink or pencil
Remarks: Sketch book of Rizal on his first trip on May 1882 or the diary
Title: Aden
Material: Ink or pencil
Remarks: Sketch book of Rizal on his first trip on May 1882 or the diary
Title: Fishes caught in Dapitan
Material: Ink
Remarks: Made in Dapitan, 18 in number
Title: Sketch of himself
Material:
Remarks: Made in the training class in sketching
Title: Pencil sketch of Dr. Blumentritt
Material: Pencil
Remarks: Made in Leitmeritz, 1886
Title: Monkey and the Turtoise
Material: Ink
Remarks: Made by Rizal in the album of Mrs. Juan Luna in Paris in 1886
Title: Segunda Katigbak
Material: Ink
Remarks:
Title: Brooklyn Bridge
Material: Pencil
Remarks: De Nueva York (illustration) diary. Made in 1886
Title: Sulpakan
Material: Ink
Remarks: Epistolario Rizalino
Title: Father Pablo Pastells
Material:
Remarks: Lost
Title: Room in which El Filibusterismo was begun
Material: Crayon
Remarks: Made in October 1887 in Calamba
Title: Two sketches without description
Material: Crayon
Remarks: Madrid diary of January 1884. Academy of San Fernando
Title: A landscape and sketch of a figure
Material:
Remarks: Madrid diary of January 1884. Academy of San Fernando
Title: Side sketch of Rizal's nurse
Material:
Remarks:
Title: Side sketch of Señor Monroy
Material:
Remarks:
Title: Sketch of artist Juancho
Material:
Remarks:
Title: Padre Burgos
Material:
Remarks:
Title: Mt. Makiling
Material:
Remarks:
Title: Sketches of his stay in Japan
Material: Ink
Remarks: Made in 1888
Title: Imitation of Japanese art
Material: Ink
Remarks: Made in 1888
Title: Studies of passengers of SS Djemnah
Material: Pencil
Remarks: Sketchbook of Rizal on his first trip on May 1882
Title: Parting view of Manila
Material: Pencil
Remarks: Sketchbook of Rizal on his first trip on May 1882
Title: Cover of Noli Me Tangere
Material: Ink
Remarks: Now in the original Noli Me Tangere in Bureau of Public Libraries
Title: Rizal family tree
Material:
Remarks: Made in Dapitan
Title: Heads of Sibili Cumana
Material: Ink
Remarks: Made in Dapitan. Included in the Sibila Cumana
Title: Antonio de Morga
Material: Pencil
Remarks: Made in London while annotating "Sucecos"
Title: Sketch of friends in Cafe Madrid
Material: Chalk
Remarks: Lost
Title: Sketches of scenery and Filipino customs
Material:
Remarks: Sent to Dr. Czpelack in 1888 from London
Title: Pen sketches of Drs. de Wecker and Becker made by Rizal and inserted in a letter to Dr. Viola
Material: Ink
Remarks: Lost. Made in Madrid in 1886
Title: Sketch of the ascent of Mt. Makiling
Material: Pencil
Remarks: Sent to Dr. Blumentritt
Title: Sketches of diary: De Heidelberg a Leipzig pasando por el Rhin
Material: Pencil
Remarks: Made in Germany, Switzerland and Italy in 1887
Title: Sketches of diary: De Marseille and Hong Kong
Material: Pencil
Remarks: Made on board the Djemnah in 1887
Title: Sketches of "Apuntas de Portificacion de Campaña"
Material: Ink
Remarks: Made in London in 1888
Title: "Limang Salita"
Material: Ink
Remarks: Made in Berlin 1886
Title: Notas Clinicas
Material: Ink
Remarks: Made in Madrid in 1884-1885
Title: Sketch of the plan of their lodging house in 15 Baño, Madrid
Material: Ink
Remarks: Lopez Museum
Title: Sketches of archeological findings in Lumanao hill
Material: Ink
Remarks: Made in Dapitan, 1894-1895
Title: Sketches in "Hundred Letters"
Material: Ink
Remarks: May be seen in "100 Letters of Jose Rizal"
Title: Sketches of diary: De Marseille and Hong Kong
Material: Pencil
Remarks: Made on board the Djemnah in 1887
Title: Leonor Rivera
Material: Crayon
Remarks: Kept in original frame
Title: Sketches of diary: De Marseille and Hong Kong
Material: Pencil
Remarks: Made on board the Djemnah in 1887
Title: Sketch of himself
Material: Ink
Remarks: Sent to Dr. Blumentritt in 1887
Title: Sketch of Fritz Ullmer
Material: Pencil
Remarks: Made in Heidelberg in 1886
Title: Sketches of Spanish characters in Madrid
Material: Ink
Remarks: Made in Madrid in 1883
Title: Cartoons made in Heidelberg
Material: Ink
Remarks: made in Heidelberg in 1886
Title: Sketch of Pastor Ullmer
Material: Pencil
Remarks: made in Heidelberg in 1886
Title: Sketch of Ephigenia
Material: Pencil
Remarks: Made in Heidelberg in 1886
Title: Sketch of a gladiator
Material: Pencil
Remarks: Made in Heidelberg in 1886
Title: Sketch of a boat
Material: Ink
Remarks: Made in Leitmeritz in 1886
Maps and Plans Made by Rizal
Title: Relief map of Mindanao
Material:
Remarks: Made in Dapitan church plaza by the end of 1892
Title: Pacific ocean spheres of influence
Material:
Remarks: Made during the administration of Pres. Benjamin Harrison. Mentioned by Rizal in his Article "The Philippines a
Century Hence", made in London in 1889.
Title: Plan for modern college (front and side views)
Material:
Remarks: Owned by Dr. L. L. R, apparently in Paris, 1872
Title: The lake district of central Luzon
Material:
Remarks: Mentioned in "Memorias de un Estudiante de Manila", 1872.
Title: Plan of the waterworks in Dapitan
Material:
Remarks: Made with Father Sanchez, in Dapitan, 1895
Title: Sketch of the Lumanao Hill where jewels were found
Material:
Remarks: Owned by Ateneo. Made in 1895
Rizal's Poems

Last Poem of Rizal (Mi Ultimo Adios)

[ Tagalog | English ]

To The Philippines
[ English ]

Our Mother Tongue

[ English ]

Memories of My town
[ English ]

Hymn to Labor
[ Tagalog | English ]

Kundiman
[ English ]

A Poem That Has No Title

[ English ]

Song of Maria Clara

[ Tagalog | English ]

To the Philippines Youth

[ Tagalog | English ]

To Josephine
[ English ]

Education Gives Luster to the Motherland

[ English ]

To the Virgin Mary

[ English ]

Sa Aking mga Kabata

[ Tagalog ]
El Filibusterismo
The word "filibustero" wrote Rizal to his friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, is very little known in the Philippines. The masses do
not know it yet.

Jose Alejandro, one of the new Filipinos who had been quite intimate with Rizal, said, "in writing the Noli Rizal signed his
own death warrant." Subsequent events, after the fate of the Noli was sealed by the Spanish authorities, prompted Rizal to
write the continuation of his first novel. He confessed, however, that regretted very much having killed Elias instead of
Ibarra, reasoning that when he published the Noli his health was very much broken, and was very unsure of being able to
write the continuation and speak of a revolution.

Explaining to Marcelo H. del Pilar his inability to contribute articles to the La Solidaridad, Rizal said that he was haunted by
certain sad presentiments, and that he had been dreaming almost every night of dead relatives and friends a few days
before his 29th birthday, that is why he wanted to finish the second part of the Noli at all costs.

Consequently, as expected of a determined character, Rizal apparently went in writing, for to his friend, Blumentritt, he
wrote on March 29, 1891: "I have finished my book. Ah! I’ve not written it with any idea of vengeance against my
enemies, but only for the good of those who suffer and for the rights of Tagalog humanity, although brown and not good-
looking."

To a Filipino friend in Hong Kong, Jose Basa, Rizal likewise eagerly announced the completion of his second novel. Having
moved to Ghent to have the book published at cheaper cost, Rizal once more wrote his friend, Basa, in Hongkong on July
9, 1891: "I am not sailing at once, because I am now printing the second part of the Noli here, as you may see from the
enclosed pages. I prefer to publish it in some other way before leaving Europe, for it seemed to me a pity not to do so. For
the past three months I have not received a single centavo, so I have pawned all that I have in order to publish this book.
I will continue publishing it as long as I can; and when there is nothing to pawn I will stop and return to be at your side."

Inevitably, Rizal’s next letter to Basa contained the tragic news of the suspension of the printing of the sequel to his first
novel due to lack of funds, forcing him to stop and leave the book half-way. "It is a pity," he wrote Basa, "because it
seems to me that this second part is more important than the first, and if I do not finish it here, it will never be finished."

Fortunately, Rizal was not to remain in despair for long. A compatriot, Valentin Ventura, learned of Rizal’s predicament. He
offered him financial assistance. Even then Rizal’s was forced to shorten the novel quite drastically, leaving only thirty-
eight chapters compared to the sixty-four chapters of the first novel.

Rizal moved to Ghent, and writes Jose Alejandro. The sequel to Rizal’s Noli came off the press by the middle of September,
[Link] the 18th he sent Basa two copies, and Valentin Ventura the original manuscript and an autographed printed copy.

Inspired by what the word filibustero connoted in relation to the circumstances obtaining in his time, and his spirits
dampened by the tragic execution of the three martyred priests, Rizal aptly titled the second part of the Noli Me Tangere,
El Filibusterismo. In veneration of the three priests, he dedicated the book to them.

"To the memory of the priests, Don Mariano Gomez (85 years old), Don Jose Burgos (30 years old), and Don Jacinto
Zamora (35 years old). Executed in the Bagumbayan Field on the 28th of February, 1872."

"The church, by refusing to degrade you, has placed in doubt the crime that has been imputed to you; the Government, by
surrounding your trials with mystery and shadows causes the belief that there was some error, committed in fatal
moments; and all the Philippines, by worshipping your memory and calling you martyrs, in no sense recognizes your
culpability. In so far, therefore, as your complicity in the Cavite Mutiny is not clearly proved, as you may or may not have
been patriots, and as you may or may not cherished sentiments for justice and for liberty, I have the right to dedicate my
work to you as victims of the evil which I undertake to combat. And while we await expectantly upon Spain some day to
restore your good name and cease to be answerable for your death, let these pages serve as a tardy wreath of dried
leaves over one who without clear proofs attacks your memory stains his hands in your blood."

Rizal’s memory seemed to have failed him, though, for Father Gomez was then 73 not 85, Father Burgos 35 not 30 Father
Zamora 37 not 35; and the date of execution 17th not 28th.

The FOREWORD of the Fili was addressed to his beloved countrymen, thus:

"TO THE FILIPINO PEOPLE AND THEIR GOVERNMENT"

El Filibusterismo: Mga Tauhan
Ang nobelang "El Filibusterismo" ay isinulat ng ating magiting na bayaning si Dr. Jose Rizal na buong pusong inalay sa
tatlong paring martir, na lalong kilala sa bansag na GOMBURZA - Gomez, Burgos, Zamora.

Tulad ng "Noli Me Tangere", ang may-akda ay dumanas ng hirap habang isinusulat ito. Sinimulan niyang isulat ito sa
London, Inglatera noong 1890 at ang malaking bahagi nito ay naisulat niya sa Bruselas, Belgica. Natapos ang kanyang
akda noong Marso 29, 1891. Isang Nagngangalang Valentin Viola na isa niyang kaibigan ang nagpahiram ng pera sa kanya
upang maipalimbag ang aklat noong Setyembre 22, 1891.
Ang nasabing nobela ay pampulitika na nagpapadama, nagpapahiwatig at nagpapagising pang lalo sa maalab na hangaring
makapagtamo ng tunay na kalayaan at karapatan ang bayan.

Mga Tauhan:

Simoun
Ang mapagpanggap na mag-aalahas na nakasalaming may kulay

Isagani
Ang makatang kasintahan ni Paulita

Basilio
Ang mag-aaral ng medisina at kasintahan ni Juli

Kabesang Tales
Ang naghahangad ng karapatan sa pagmamay- ari ng lupang sinasaka na inaangkin ng mga prayle

Tandang Selo
Ama ni Kabesang Tales na nabaril ng kanyang sariling apo

Ginoong Pasta
Ang tagapayo ng mga prayle sa mga suliraning legal

Ben-zayb
Ang mamamahayag sa pahayagan

Placido Penitente
Ang mag-aaral na nawalan ng ganang mag-aral sanhi ng suliraning pampaaralan

Padre Camorra
Ang mukhang artilyerong pari

Padre Fernandez
Ang paring Dominikong may malayang paninindigan

Padre Florentino
Ang amain ni Isagani

Don Custodio
Ang kilala sa tawag na Buena Tinta

Padre Irene
Ang kaanib ng mga kabataan sa pagtatatag ng Akademya ng Wikang Kastila

Juanito Pelaez
Ang mag-aaral na kinagigiliwan ng mga propesor; nabibilang sa kilalang angkang may dugong Kastila

Makaraig
Ang mayamang mag-aaral na masigasig na nakikipaglaban para sa pagtatatag ng Akademya ng Wikang Kastila ngunit
biglang nawala sa oras ng kagipitan.

Sandoval
Ang kawaning Kastila na sang-ayon o panig sa ipinaglalaban ng mga mag-aaral

Donya Victorina
Ang mapagpanggap na isang Europea ngunit isa namang Pilipina; tiyahin ni Paulita

Paulita Gomez
Kasintahan ni Isagani ngunit nagpakasal kay Juanito Pelaez

Quiroga
Isang mangangalakal na Intsik na nais magkaroon ng konsulado sa Pilipinas

Juli
Anak ni Kabesang Tales at katipan naman ni Basilio

Hermana Bali
Naghimok kay Juli upang humingi ng tulong kay Padre Camorra
Hermana Penchang
Ang mayaman at madasaling babae na pinaglilingkuran ni Juli

Ginoong Leeds
Ang misteryosong Amerikanong nagtatanghal sa perya

Imuthis
Ang mahiwagang ulo sa palabas ni G. Leeds