[Link]

org/ ISSN 1346-7824

Temporal and spatial designing in architecture

Akio Takatsu

Kobe-Yamate University, 3-1, Suwayama-cho,Chuo-ku, 650-0006

Kobe City, JAPAN
e-mail ; a-takatsu@[Link]

and

Yoichi Ando
Professor em. Graduate School of Kobe University
Home: 1-4-132-105 Hiyodoridai, Kita, Kobe 651-1123 JAPAN
e-mail: andoy@[Link]

With regard to the two cerebral hemispheres, it has been indicated that the left hemisphere
controls language, logic, calculation, and time-series processing, while the right hemisphere
governs nonverbal cognition and pattern processing. According to recent findings (Ando,
McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology, New York 2009, p. 384-389), the
general characterization of the left hemisphere as “the brain for temporal perception” and
the right hemisphere as “the brain for spatial perception” contributes to better
understanding people’s relationships with the environment in terms of psychological
reactions. However, a spatial perspective only still tends to dominate in the planning and
designing of architectures and the urban environment. In fact, a planning or designing
methodology that successfully employs a temporal perspective has not been established,
yet. Temporal design approach is basically regarded as associated with three concepts: the
development of the body as the first stage in human life, the development of the mind as
the second stage, and the development of individuality as the third stage. This paper
presents a temporal design methodology that addresses the third stage of development in
human life (creation based on personality). There are prevailing scales of time used in
temporal planning design, which is attempted to summarize in this paper.

key-word ：temporal design, architectural design, architectural planning

1. INTRODUCTION is partiality and imperfection. It is known

that when our brain perceives the
Our environment consists of space and surrounding environment, both the right and
time. Therefore, when an architect designs left cerebral hemispheres are stimulated. It
houses and other architectures, his thinking has been indicated that the left cerebral
tends to dominate only spatial designing. hemisphere controls language, logic,
This manner in the planning and designing calculation, and time-series processing,

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while the right cerebral hemisphere governs And the other, temporal design is generally
nonverbal cognition and pattern processing. regarded as being associated with the three
Moreover, according to recent findings, the stages of human development: the first
categorization of the left cerebral development (body), the second
hemisphere as “the brain for temporal development (mind), and the third
perception” and the right hemisphere as “the development (creation due to unique
brain for spatial perception,” contributes to a personality which is oriented by DNA). The
clearer understanding of a person’s realization of one’s individuality requires an
relationships with the environment in terms awareness of one’s differences from others
of psychological reactions. (Fig. 1; Ando in terms of DNA. This is achievable by
vitalizing one’s brain to a degree that
and Hosaka,1983) .
renders even subtle differences perceivable.
For a person to perceive “preference,” it is Since the brain achieves maximum
necessary that both cerebral hemispheres are vitalization when both cerebral hemispheres
simultaneously provided with effective are effectively stimulated, equal weight shall
stimuli (Ando, 1983, Chen an Ando, 1996a, be given to the temporal and spatial design
1996b, Ando and Singh, 1997). In addition (Ando, 1998, 2009a, 2009b, Ando and Ando,
to the dominant spatial design approach, 2010). As well as the designing spatial
associated with the perceptions of the right factor, the designing temporal factor is
hemisphere, a temporal design approach, certainly needed. This paper presents a
related to the left cerebral hemisphere, is hypothesis related to a temporal design
vital in the planning and designing of methodology that addresses this third stage
architectures and urban environments in of development.
order to achieve not only “functionality” but
also “preference.” 2. PREDOMINANT PERIODS IN
HUMAN LIFE

In spatial design, subjects for planning

and designing are addressed by differing
scales, including original size, 1/5–1/10,
1/30–1/50, 1/100–1/300, 1/500–1/1000 and
scales below 1/1000 (Table1, Takatsu, A.).
Similarly, in temporal designing, different
time domains are considered, ranging from
milliseconds to 1000 years, which are
particularly significant time periods for
human life. Such time domains will be
referred to as the “predominant periods.”
Clarifying the predominant period will
contribute to a clearer definition of the
subjects in the temporal designing and
Fig. 1 Specialization in cerebral hemisphere and planning, as well as spatial designing and
theory of temporal and spatial designing in planning. The stimulation to brain in each
environment predominant period is important, but the
(Ando, 2009b, 2009a) direct stimulation to brain decreases so that

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a period of the time becomes long. In other predominant periods determined by

words, the stimulation to brain in milliseconds, seconds and minutes. With
predominant period determined by regard to the predominant periods in human
milliseconds, seconds and minutes is direct, life, the following summarizes the findings
but the one determined by the time over related to acoustics which demonstrate the
hour, day, week and so on, become logical activities of the cerebral hemispheres while
grasp. This means that the stimulation to experiencing “preference”, and psychology
cerebral hemispheres is more important in chronobiology, historical and cultural
studies.

Table 1. Sense of space (Right hemisphere of the brain) and spatial designing

2.1 Predominant periods determined by ii) The psychological present: from 30 ms

brain structure to several seconds
A process in time can be perceived as an
i) Neural spike time: approximately 1 ms “instantaneous” event by human beings.
One millisecond is the duration of the This instantaneous moment is referred to
shortest electrical pulse that can excite nerve as the “psychological present” in
cells and cause a physiological reaction in psychology, a brief time period ranging
human beings. It is the period in which from 30 ms to several seconds. The temporal
external stimuli transmitted from sensory factors in acoustic experiment, “time delay
organs, such as the auditory and visual
of reflected sound (⊿T1)” and
organs, are converted to electrical pulses.
It is associated with the life-sustaining “subsequent reverberations (Tsub),” belong to
reactions such as experiencing pain, sound this time domain.
levels, and temperature differences. In The ORBIS Hall is designed as a
relation to this predominant period, medium-size (400-seats) multi-purpose
architecture must satisfy basic performance round shaped event-hall in KOBE Fashion
requirements, such as safety and comfort, Plaza. This hall was designed with
which concern the first stage of human temporal designing in this periods as well as
development. These requirements are met by special designing. The final scheme for this
enforcing laws such as the Building hall was designed to maximize the scale
Standards Act, and through the professional values of both the spatial factors and
ability of the architects. temporal factors. To avoid acoustical

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problems produced by round shaped walls,

and maximize the total scale value of the
subjective preference at each seat, various
acoustical features were carefully designed.
In order to maximize the scale value of ⊿T1
and IACC, various diffusion and reflection
panels was installed. In accordance with its
multi-functional role, this hall has four types
floor plan with moving-floor system. In
order to correspond to all kinds of program
sources, hybrid system for additional
subsequent reverberation consisting of small
reverberation chamber and an
erector-acoustic system was designed. The Fig. 2-1 Plan of ORBIS Hall
measurement results of original Tsub at
500Hz in this hall was from 0.8 to 0.7 s. The
measurement results of Tsub at 500 Hz with
this system was 1.9 s for a design target of
2.0 s, similarly 1.5s for a design target of
1.5s and 0.9 s for a design target of 1.0s.
Then, the results shows that this hall with
this hybrid reverberation-control-system has
been able to correspond to all kinds of
events. In particular, To eliminate the SPL
dip at low frequencies, this hall was Fig. 2-2 Cross section of ORBIS Hall
designed in such a way that sound path,
which is considered one of the temporal
factors controlled by space designing, can be
changed using the under-floor space. In
order to link the above-floor space with the
below-floor space, the floors in area close to
the stage were perforated with 5-mm holes
at the ratio o f about 9%. In the seating areas
on the sides and in the back of the hall, holes
of a 25% ratio have been drilled into the
steel panels of the movable chairs that can Photo.2-1 Interior of ORBIS Hall
be lowered into the floor convenient storage. temporal designing as well as spatial
The SPL-dips around 400Hz on the designing were considered enough for the
perforated floor were improved more than purpose maximizing the scale values of both
10 Db, compared to the results for the the spatial factors and temporal
normal floor. The measurement results show factors.(Takatsu, A., Y. Mori and Ando,Y.
that there were none acoustical problems 1997. A. Takatsu, Sakai H. and Ando Y.,
associated with circular forms. It is thought 2000. Takatsu, A. Sakai, H. and Ando, Y.
that the acoustic designing of this 2000. Takatsu, A. Sakai, H. and Ando, Y.,
round-shaped hall was succeeded by that the 2002.)

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The changes a person perceives within

this psychological present may include those
in nature, such as the flow of the wind, the
sound of a brook or waves, changes in the
shape of clouds, the singing of insects, or the
sound of rain. Other examples include the
swaying of leaves and the flickering sunlight
on the surface of the water, and pattern of
reflecting sunlight in the water surface.
Japanese traditional architecture contains
examples of “environment” design practices
that focus on this predominant period. Photo. 2-2 Katsura Imperial Villa
Imperial architectures such the Katsura (primary color Art of Japan no.15, Katsura Imperial
Imperial Villa and Shugakuin Imperial Villa Villa and Chashitsu ; SHOGAKUKAN)
employ a design integrating the interior and
exterior space that combines the Shoin-style
(traditional Japanese residential architecture)
and Kaiyu-style (stroll garden with a central
pond), enabling the appreciation of nature
even from indoors. The same practice can be
noticed in the temple architecture, such as
those at Ryoan-ji and Nanzen-ji Temples, in
which the Hojo Garden (rock garden) is
integrated with the temple architectures.
Photo. 2-3 Ryoan-ji Temple
2.2 Predominant periods determined by (primary color Art of Japan no.10 , Zen temple and
circa-rhythms Rock garden; SHOGAKUKAN)

i) Sleep cycle: approximately 90 min. Architectural Institute of Japan, and is a

There are a variety of changes in nature good example of modernist architecture that
that a person may become aware of within incorporates such design. The architect
this predominant period. These include daringly included a courtyard, in spite of the
variations in solar and lunar altitudes, narrow dimensions of the site, to create the
shadow lengths, and weather. life with the changes in nature, in this
Physiologically, it is known that REM and predominant periods. Among traditional
non-REM sleep consists of cycles of Japanese architecture, the approach to the
approximately 90 min., generally also Konpira Shrine is a good example of
considered the maximum length of time for temporal design concerned with this
which a person can sustain his or her predominant period. It is designed to evoke
concentration on work or study. an uplifting feeling as pilgrims approach the
There are many examples of architectural main pavilion, using various techniques such
design that are conscious of changes in as the strategic placement of eye-stop
sunlight, such as The Row House in focuses, the slight shifting or large
Sumiyoshi by Tadao Ando. It is a right-angle redirection of the axis, the
masterpiece that was rewarded by the expansion and narrowing of spaces, and the

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Fig. 2-3 Site map of Konpira Shrine

skillful positioning of staircases and bridges. cloud. Each day, during sundown, a ray
of sunlight penetrates the hall from an
ii) Circadian-rhythm: a day opening in the west, illuminating it in red.
The greatest natural change that occurs This is an example of a temporal design that
within a day is the alternation between day conforms to the circadian rhythm, and it
and night caused by the rotation of the Earth. produces a scene representing the arrival of
The rise and fall of the tide can also be the Amitabha Buddha from the Pure Land.
perceived within a day. Predominant This architectural masterpiece is designed
rhythms in life that are shared by most for the third stage of human development to
people include events and activities such as provide people a sense of being alive by
waking up, eating a few meals, excretory, experiencing an extraordinary space.
working (or study), and sleeping. The
duration of a circadian cycle is generally 2.3 Predominant periods determined by
considered to be 25 hours. infradian-rhythms
Apart from the natural flow of time
experienced through such rhythms, people, i) Weekly cycle
in their daily life, deliberately engage in a A week is an entirely artificial time
variety of activities throughout the day domain created by mankind. While changes
based on “schedules” and “programs.” occur between each “day” of the week, a
However, even if activities change by the variety of “weekly” programs are repeated
“hour,” a daily program tends to be repeated. and routinized, such as school curriculums
Therefore, people have created facilities, and television programs. Seeking freedom
such as theaters, concert halls, theme parks, from weekly repetitions and routines, people
and global merchandise centers (GMCs), to take vacations seeking extraordinary
engage in experiences that nourish “life” in experiences, including traveling to the sea or
terms of experiencing the sense of being the mountains to explore nature, and
alive. traveling to historic cities. Through such
In the Jodo-do of the Jodo-ji temple, the activities, people experience the sense of
statues of the Amitabha Triad stand facing being alive in the third stage of human
east on the pedestal of the lotus above the development.

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The Kobe Fashion Plaza is a building

complex that holds the Kobe Fashion
Museum at its core. The architecture
consists of a hotel, cinema complex, retail
stores, restaurants, and a large atrium that
connects every institutions in this large
architecture. The exterior is designed to ask
the question, “What is fashion?” Based on a
story, the question is expressed through a
design that depicts a UFO crashing into the
building. Partially because this complex was Photo. 2-4 Kobe Fashion Plaza
built on a newly-developed artificial island,
it was provided functions and designs with a
strong awareness of the extraordinary to
attract customers.

ii) Monthly cycle (circalunar-rhythm)

The lunar cycle is the basis on which
calendars and the time axes were created.
Since antiquity, the Japanese have enjoyed
“life” in the third stage of human
development. They placed themselves in an
eternal flow of time, as they watched the full
and chip of the moon from “Tsukimi-Dai”,
moon-watching terrace, or its reflection on
the surface of a pond. Many examples of
architecture that can provide such
experiences are found among old Japanese
imperial villas and Zen temples. The
Katsura Imperial Villa can be justifiably
described as dedicated to enjoying the moon.
Most notably, the moon-watching terrace,
which projects into a pond, offers a view of Photo. 2-5 Tsukimi-Dai in Katsura Imperial Villa
the moon in the sky as well as the view of its (primary color Art of Japan no.15 ,Katsura Imperial
reflection on the surface of the pond. Villa and Chashitsu ;SHOGAKUKAN)

iii) Yearly cycle (circannual-rhythm) integration of exterior and interior spaces in

In the natural world, the seasons; times of spatial design, which enhanced people’s
sunrise and sunset; culmination altitude of interactions with nature and the changes of
the sun; growth of plants; and behaviors of seasons. Annual events, such as the new
migratory birds, insects, and so on, change year celebration, Setsubun (start of Spring),
daily within the circannual cycle. Momo no Sekku (girl’s festival), Hanami
Since antiquity, the Japanese have devised (cherry blossom viewing), Tango no Sekku
various ways to cherish and enjoy such (boy’s festival), Tanabata (star festival), Bon
changes. This is represented by the festival (custom of ancestral worship),

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autumn festival (harvest festival), and the described as an outdoor classroom space. In
new year’s eve celebration, serve as the case of higher-grade classrooms, a group
opportunities to vitalize life by deviating of classrooms share a large indoor
from the mundane pattern of life. Those workspace. For intermediate grade
events facilitate an awareness of seasonal classrooms, each one is assigned an
changes and the passage of time as well as individual indoor work space. Thus, the
enable one to delight in the changes in school provides the children with a spatial
nature. These are temporal design practices environment that considers their stages of
created by the Japanese because of their development and facilitates their transition
close relationship with nature, dedicated to from the initial three years to the later three
“life” in the third stage of human years of elementary school education.
development.
ii) 10-year cycle
2.4 Predominant Periods of Human Life- Especially mentioned term in human-life,
Stages which concerns with physical and mental
development, is 10-year cycle. This is a
Several predominant periods under longer cycle that governs physical and
mentioned are empirically derived and have mental development. This includes the
not been confirmed by firm evidence. Even duration from childhood to graduation from
though they are hypothetical, the following elementary school, during which children
predominant periods as largely concerned require the care and protection of their
with temporal design is proposed. parents; adolescence, during which children
prepare themselves to become independent
i) Three-year cycle from their parents; and the period of time in
Furthermore, we are empirically aware which a person becomes financially and
that the mental and physical development of mentally independent from their parents.
a person is governed by an approximate And then, stages of life continue to change
three-year cycle. This includes the first as a separator for about 10 years.
phase of childhood (infancy), during which It is necessary to modify spaces taking
a newborn child gradually becomes capable into account the ten-year cycles governing a
of basic communication and conscious person’s mental development. Infants and
behaviors; the second phase of childhood lower-grade students in elementary schools
(post-infancy), during which a child could share a large room with other children
gradually becomes capable of and substitute a study desk with a large
communication with persons other than his dining table. However, in the second
or her parents; the first half of elementary ten-year period, children should preferably
school education, during which children be afforded a private room or at least a space
establish the foundation for social living; in which their privacy may be respected.
and so on. During the third ten-year period, individual
An elementary school constructed with daily schedules differ greatly, making it
consideration of these three-year cycles is necessary to devise designs that provide for
the Utase Elementary School in Chiba City. such independent lifestyles, such as those
It is renowned for its “open school” policy. that consider the paths between the bedroom,
Each lower-grade classroom is accompanied bathroom, and toilet, etc. In the fourth
by a space in the courtyard, which could be ten-year period, children may leave home,

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allowing parents to enjoy the second half The formalized rebuilding of the Ise
life with greater freedom from financial Grand Shrine occurs every 20 years. One of
burdens and various obligations. Therefore, supposed reasons for the 20-year interval is
it is necessary to thoroughly consider what that it corresponds to the duration required
one would like to do and in what type of to transfer construction techniques to a new
dwelling one wishes to live during this generation. Considering that human
period of life. Once people become old, they life-spans were shorter in ancient times, this
require handrails along hallways and parallels the 30-year cycles of the modern
staircases and may also need to consider era. This is a remarkable example of
eliminating differences in floor levels. One temporal design that ensured the eternal
may eventually require a wheelchair or perpetuation of the sacred shrine.
become bedridden. It is possible to count the Another example is the Disaster
number of years, but impossible to foresee Reduction and Human Renovation
the future. Life is replete with uncertainties. Institution in Hyogo Prefecture. Dedicated
Therefore, a long-term perspective that to commemorating the Great
considers the ten-year cycles should not be Hanshin–Awaji Earthquake, this building
ignored in planning a home, which is part of was established as a center for hosting
the basic infrastructure that supports life. informative exhibitions about the earthquake,
Separating the skeleton (building frame displaying materials related to the
and energy/water/drainage infrastructures) Earthquake, conducting research about
and the infill (interior structures) is a design urban disasters, and disseminating
approach that can be applied to such corresponding information. For these
structures, which effectively fulfills the
needs of the ten-year cycle. Such
construction enables the modification of
only the infill, without touching the skeleton,
in accordance to the changes in the different
periods of life. Since houses can be
renovated without deconstructing the
skeleton, the method is eco-friendly and
contributes to resource conservation.

iii) 30-year cycle

In Japan, which has become an aged
society, the 30-year cycle signifies the
alternation of generations. That is, the
developmental years from birth to
independence; the period of family building
and child rearing; and finally the period that
follows the children’s independence.
Therefore, houses would ideally be designed
to endure across generations and in a
manner that enables the utilization of Photo 2-6 Disaster Reduction and
temporal design. Human Renovation Institution
in Hyogo Prefecture

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purposes, a large column-less space and an

under-floor air conditioning system was
employed to enable flexible arrangements
for exhibitions. This building is an urban
example of temporal design that is prepared
against disasters expected to occur according
to mid- to long-term perspectives.

2.5 Stages of Cultures

Photo. 2-7
Culture arises by a long-term Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Archeology
accumulation of each individual’s creativity.
At the same time, each individual’s
creativity, the third stage of human life,
glows by culture and civilization. It is
necessary to hear in mind about what should
or should not be allowed to change for
human in 100 or 1000 years later.

i) 100-year cycle
In Japan and other advanced countries,
people now reach the age of approximately
100 years old. Human development has been Photo. 2-8 Site of Hyogo Prefectural Museum
accelerating since the dawn of history. Even of Archeology in Onaka Archeological Park
though we may lose track due o rapid
changes in the business world, it is
important to remain aware of such 100-year
cycles in relation to the enrichment of
culture and landscape which are the
basement for the third stage of human life
glowing, when considering urban
environments, architecture, and houses.
The Hyogo Prefectural Museum of
Archeology inside the Onaka Archeological
Park, holds pit-type dwellings from the
Jomon Period that have been discovered and
reconstructed. One of the functions of this
building is the preservation of the original
atmosphere and landscape of the
archeological park. Therefore, the building
was constructed within a new artificial hill
inside the park. When visitors enter the Photo. 2-9
museum, which represents an ancient world, Interior of Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Archeology
they walk along a walkway surrounded by The wall which is consisted of the waste soil
huge walls designed based on the motif of produced by the construction work

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geological layers observed on the sidewalls However, it is attempted to summarize them

of archaeological excavation trenches. The through empirical and intuitive
material used for making these walls understanding. The former will be referred
contains the waste soil produced by the civil to as the “emotional present,” and the later
engineering work conducted at the site. This as the “imaginary-present.”
building, with its careful attention to the
landscape and local history, is an example of i) The emotional present: 1–3 min
an architectural design that is conscious of Direct stimuli to the brain are integrated
the 100-year cycle. to become recognizable as emotions. The
time it takes for this development of
ii) 1000-year cycle emotions is presumed to be 1–3 min.
Obvious examples of architecture planned Hypothetically, this is the time domain in
and designed within the predominant period which an image is formulated by
of the 1000-year cycles are the large recognizing changes in the surrounding
cathedrals, temples, and mosques related to environment, which occurs in the course of
the religions. Another subject related to this the voluntary actions of a person. For
predominant period is the consideration for example, they could be the perceptual
the global environment. We need to plan and changes that occur while walking and the
design environment with a very strong acoustic changes that occur while listening
awareness of the sustainability of the to music. This designing or planning
environment, the alleviation of global associated with this predominant period may
warming by reducing CO2 emissions, and include the planning of a landscape along a
the preservation of biological diversity. road; the approach way; and the interior,
which considers people’s movements inside
2.6 Other Predominant Periods the building. In the West, architectures are
(“Missing Links”) often positioned along shared lines of axis
and offer a perspective of the entire
Being engaged in the planning and architecture. In Japan, the space along an
designing of environments, it is empirically approach to the main architecture is given
ascertained that one or more predominant significant architectural attention. Visitors to
periods remain unmentioned. These exist the Mizu-mido at Honpuku-ji, designed by
between the predominant period determined Tadao Ando, walking along an approach
by cerebral physiology (with the time road, concrete wall of straight line appears.
domain of 30 ms to several seconds) and When They step into the opening that was
those determined by ultradian-rhythms drilled in the wall, they find a curved
(sleep cycles with the period time domain of fair-faced concrete wall. Along the curved
70–90 min.). The following is a hypothesis wall, the approach will continue on a slope
regarding these unmentioned predominant and further 180 ° turn. While they reach the
periods. top at last, they see the lotus pond. Then,
One such predominant period has a period they find a stairway at the center of the pond
domain of 1–3 min, and the other has a that leads to a space below it. Descending
period time domain of 10–15 min. We can this, they finally reach the sanctuary. This
only speculate whether these time domains architecture has nothing resembling a façade.
are predominant cycles associated with the Instead, the approach provides visitors with
emotions and behaviors of a person. different impressions at different moments.

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In this sense, this architecture is a good ii) Imaginary present: 10–15 min
example of temporal design attuned to the Many people would agree to experiencing
emotional present. boredom when the cityscape remains
constant for more than 10 or 15 min,
especially a busy cityscape. Hypothetically,
it is assumed that an image is formed
through the integration of the previously
mentioned moments of the emotional
present, and that this process occurs in the
10–15 min time domain, identified as the
imaginary present. This is exemplified by
the way in which a 600–1000 m area, the
distance covered in 10–15 minutes of
walking, is easily graspable by our minds as
same area of city and one colony. In
addition, in the case of documentary films,
etc., the maximum duration for
uninterrupted concentration on a single
theme is generally believed to be 15
Photo. 2-10 Mizu-mido at Honpuku-ji minutes.
(Tadao Ando 0 Process and Idea;TOTO Press) An architectural design that considers this
predominant period is the Kaiyu-type garden
(stroll gardens with a central pond), such as
that found at the Katsura Imperial Villa and
Rokuon-ji Temple. A Kaiyu-type garden
typically has a large pond at the center, a
path around the pond, an artificial hill, a
small island in the pond, bridges, rocks of
various shapes, an arbor, and a tea house.
Such elements provide the visitors with
changing scenery as they walk around the
garden, while also imparting a strong unified
image of the garden. Thus, such gardens are
pioneering examples of temporal design
related to this time domain.

3. SUMMARY

Table 2 summarizes Sections 2, I)–VI),

addressing different predominant periods
photo.2-11 and their relationships with the design and
Kaiyu-type garden in Rokuon-ji Temple planning of architectures and urban
(primary color Art of Japan no.10 , Zen temple environments, including references to
and Rock garden; SHOGAKUKAN) natural phenomena, human physiology,
human life, and culture.

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Table 2. Sense of time (Left hemisphere of the brain) and temporal designing

REMARKS specific to different races, unique theories

concerning temporal design are expected to
The paper summarized the predominant develop for the different cultures of
periods in human life that are footholds in. different nations. It is hoped that this effort
the implementation of temporal design. will contribute to the formation of societies
Further, it presents a provisional proposal that support enjoyable and active lives as
concerning the topics of focus for different well as the development of “life” in the
types of predominant periods. third sense of the word.
Previously, temporal design has been
employed in architectural plans, both ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
consciously and unconsciously. Urban
planning, for instance, requires constant The authors wish to thank Prof. Dr.
awareness of temporal factors. In this paper, Yoichi Ando for his great suggestion and
a systematic description of such practices is advisement and Chairperson Dr. Chiung
provided. Since this field of study needs Yao Chen for his great kindness.
further exploration, it is hoped that the
hypothetical nature of this paper be
accepted, and that interdisciplinary research
related to this topic will be promoted and
continued. Based on a belief that the sense
of time is deeply rooted in cultures and is

J. Temporal Des. Arch. Environ. VOL.12 (1), 2013 Takatsu, A., Ando, Y., 46
[Link] ISSN 1346-7824

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