PRINCIPLE and ELEMENTS of ARTS

Arts and Crafts

The Arts and Crafts movement was an international trend in the decorative and fine arts The Principles of
Art
O The principles of art represent how the artist uses the elements of art to create an effect and to help
convey the artist's intent.
The principles of art and design are balance, contrast, emphasis, movement, pattern, rhythm,
unity/variety, and proportion.
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● Balance in art refers to the visual weight of the composition, creating a sense of stability
and comfort for the viewer.
There are three methods to achieve balance: symmetry, asymmetry, and radial symmetry.
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● Symmetry involves the same elements in the same position on both sides, while
● Asymmetry balances contrasting elements.
● Radial symmetry places elements equally around a central point.
It's a common term used in creative, artistic circles. Contrast, when it comes to art, is achieved when
opposite elements are arranged together.
Notan Art- is a formal Japanese design technique that involves the placement of light and dark elements
next to each other in art and imagery.
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●The focal point of an artwork is emphasized by using color, contrast, and placement to
direct the viewer's attention. For instance, in a portrait, the subject's face is the main focus.
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● An art movement is a specific style or philosophy of art followed by a group of artists
during a certain period of time. The movement's peak is generally defined within a range of
years.
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● is created through the repetition of elements of art in an organized yet non-uniform
manner. It is similar to music rhythm, but unlike pattern, it requires variety rather than
consistency.
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● is the use of different visual elements throughout a work, whereas unity is a feeling that
all the parts of a work fit together well.
● Unity in art refers to the use of compositional strategies to create a sense of completeness
and relatedness among the elements of a work.
7. Harmony
● is a crucial element in both art and music. It involves blending different components to
produce a peaceful and relaxing ambiance.
8. Proportion
●is a crucial aspect of art and design, as it defines the relationship between height, width,
and depth. This affects the realism or stylization of an artwork. Proportion also describes the
relative sizes of different parts of a composition.
Problems and Limitation of Medium
 ● The translation of artistic works between different mediums and languages is not a simple
task. Even a copy of an original work cannot fully replicate it.
The Elements of Art
● Are incorporated into art pieces to aid in communication by the artist.
Color
● Color is a symbolic and powerful element that can impact emotions. The world of art has
a color theory that encompasses the color wheel, value, and schemes. Color is ubiquitous in
art and our surroundings.
● There are three properties of color: hue, intensity, and value. Hue refers to the name of a
color, while intensity pertains to the strength and vividness of a color.
Attributes of Color
1. Hue
2. Value
> is the distinguishing attribute of colors, with primary hues being red, blue, and yellow, and secondary
hues being green, violet, and orange. Infinite hues are possible, with orange being between red and
yellow. Complementary colors are opposite on the scale, and intermediate colors are adjacent on the
wheel, such as red and blue.
Hue refers to the origin of the colors we can see. Primary and Secondary colors (Yellow, Orange, Red,
Violet, Blue, and Green) are considered hues; however, tertiary colors (mixed colors where neither color
is dominant) would also be considered hues.
➤ determines their lightness or darkness. Light colors are called tints and dark colors are called shades.
Value is also known as luminance. Value can come from the object itself or be created through shadows
or reflection of light.
3. Chroma
Color Schemes
It refers to how light or dark a color is. Lighter colors have higher values. For example, orange has a
higher value than navy blue or dark purple. Black has the lowest value of any hue, and white the highest
also known as saturation, refers to the intensity or purity of a color! High Chroma colors look rich, while
low Chroma colors appear dull. Intensity is the brightness or dullness of a hue, with pure or vivid hues
having full intensity and dull hues having low intensity. Intensity connotes the purity of color and is
compared with the colorless ray. High saturation colors convey strength, while low saturation colors
convey elusiveness and emotional complexity.
O Color schemes involve using multiple colors in practical or aesthetic design. Aesthetic color schemes
aim to create style and appeal, often using colors that harmonize well together.
1. Monochromatic colors/
O are created by using different shades, tones, and tints of a single hue. This results in a subtle and
peaceful energy due to the lack of contrast in the hue.
A monochrome image consists of only one color, while grayscale or black-and-white images only use
shades of grey. Monochromatic light in physics refers to electromagnetic radiation with a narrow band of
wavelengths.
2. Analogous
According to color theory, colors that lack strong chromatic content are known as unsaturated,
achromatic, or near neutral. Pure achromatic colors include white and all grays, tans, pastels, and darker
colors.
3. Warm & Cool Color
The perception of depth is affected by warm colors advancing and cool colors receding, which is due to
the eye adjusting to different wavelengths of light.
Ways of Using Colors
1. Representational. The artist paints object base from reality of hues approximating the colors that
represent in ordinary illuminating and in the process manifesting the colors constancy i in natural of
objects.
2. Impressionist. It rejects the use of painting or colors in traditional or local order, instead seeks render
nature art the environment with the more sensitive perception of the effects changing the condition of
lights or objects.
3. Decorative or Ornamental. This relates to pattern or design. Like carpets, textile, and wall paper in
which color appears as part and parcel of the design components to further enhance rhythm and sensuous
appeal.
4. Personal. Artist use hues to express their personal feelings and emotions together with their
spontaneous impulse, whiz and caprices. Like red face projects a strong emotions.
5. Scientific. Using standard and consistent format of a colored square of a different hue.
6. Symbolic. The meaning of colors varies from one culture to another and may also change from one
period to another. Like generally speaking, red color symbolizes revolution and war while white
symbolizes peace and freedom.
Lines
● Line art, also known as line drawing, is an image composed of distinct straight lines or
curves against a background, with no shades or hues to represent 2D or 3D objects. Although
line art may use different colors, it is typically monochromatic.
● Line is a crucial element found in all arts, and it refers to the path of a moving point
through space. It is the most fundamental way to create visual arts.

Kinds of Straight Line

Horizontal Lines
● Are straight lines parallel to the horizon that move from left to right. They suggest width,
distance, calmness, and stability.
● Use of horizontal lines in compositions creates a feeling of rest and calmness. Frank
Lloyd Wright's architectural style is known for its emphasis on horizontal elements that show
the connection between the structure and the land.
Vertical Lines
● Vertical lines are straight lines that move upwards or downwards in space without any
slant. They are perpendicular to horizontal lines and convey a sense of height and strength as
they extend towards the sky and appear unshakeable.
● Vertical lines are associated with spirituality and grandeur, as they extend upwards
towards the sky. Diagonal Lines
Diagonal Lines
● Diagonal lines are straight lines that are not horizontal or vertical. They convey
movement or a lack of stability.

Horizontal and Vertical lines in Combination

> Rectilinear forms with 90-degree angles are structurally stable, indicating permanence and reliability.
> The combination of horizontal and vertical lines indicates stability and solidity. Rectilinear forms are
reliable and safe as they are not likely to tip over. In this family group, the lines seem to suggest stability
to the point of stodginess for the man.
Deep, Acute Curves
 ● an suggest confusion and frenzy, as seen in the violent waves of a storm or the tangled
threads of a fabric. The curves used in the family group image depict a fussy and frivolous
personality.
Curved Lines
● Curved lines signify comfort and ease when the curves are gentle and calmness and
movement when they are deep. These lines symbolize the fluid movement of water and
convey sensual messages by reminding us of the curves of the human body.
Outline
● The outline of a figure is defined by lines on the plane of vision. It can refer to a sketch or
drawing without shading, omitting interior detail. Outline is the edge of an object represented
by marks on paper.
Contour
➤ Contour lines are a fundamental part of creating realistic representations of subjects in art. They
emphasize shape and form by outlining the subject. They are often used as a foundation for drawings or
paintings, providing necessary details and structure.
Geometric Curves
➤ A geometric curve is a curve which can be constructed using a compass and straightedge.
Organic Curves in Abstract Painting
● Organic Abstraction is an artistic style that draws inspiration from natural forms and
shapes. It incorporates rounded or wavy abstract forms found in small growth leaves, stems,
bones, musculature of humans and animals, and the universe's shapes revealed through
astronomy and physics.
Implied Lines and Curves
➤ The technique of implying curved lines through the arrangement of shapes and figures is commonly
used by artists like Jacopo Pontormo. In his painting of the Deposition from the Cross, Pontormo created
a centrifuge around the central image of Jesus' dead body and the Virgin Mary's outstretched hand to
signify the stress and tumult of the moment.
Forms
● Forms in art, such as those found in architecture and sculpture, have length, width, and
depth.

Space
● Space in art refers to depth or three dimensions, with negative space around primary
objects and positive space occupied by them.
Using Space in Art
● The use of space in art can help the viewer interpret the artwork. For example, objects
drawn larger imply they are closer, and environmental art can lead the viewer through the
space.
Negative and Positive Space
➤ Positive space in art pertains to the subject matter of the artwork, such as a vase of flowers in a
painting, while negative space refers to the empty areas around, between, and within the subjects
Opening Spaces
➤ Three-dimensional art often utilizes negative spaces as the open parts of a piece. These spaces can be
seen in works such as Henry Moore's Recumbent Figure and Helmet Head and Shoulders sculptures.
Texture
Texture is the surface quality of an object we sense through touch
Western Art History Reviewer
Western Art History
● Starting prehistoric cave drawings.
● Starting from the Renaissance to the development of modernism.
● Timeline of art movements examines the traits, contributors, and influences of each
significant era in the development.
Prehistoric Art40, 000-4,000bc
● earliest form of art can be found in the prehistoric era.
● also known as OLD STONE AGE.
Famous art work - Paleolithic art of old stone age: Hall of Bulls, Lascaux in France.
Ancient Art4, 000bc,40,000ad
In the ancient mesopotamia period, art served multiple purposes such as storytelling, decorating,
utilitarian objects, displaying religious and symbolic imagery and demonstrating social status.
Famous Artwork
● The code of Hammurabi
-includes many harsh punishments, demanding the removal of the guilty party's tongue, hands, breast, eye
or ear.
Medieval Art 500-1400
-middle ages, known as Dark Ages, art produced reflected period's economic and cultural deterioration
following the fall of roman empire on 476ad.
Example:
Simone Martini (1284 july 1344)
● italian painter (Siena)
● major figure in the development of early italian painting and greatly influenced the
development of the international gothic style.
Renaissance Art 1400 1600
● characterized by its emphasis on individualism, humanism and realism in art.
● the era produced influential artist such as Brunelleschi, Donatello, Da Vinci,
Michaelangelo, Raphael, bought creative power and spearheaded ideals of emotional
expression.
Example:
Rafaello Sanzio da Urbin, the school of athens (1511)
Mannerism 1527 1580
-in the mannerist period, artist emerged from the ideals of the late renaissance but put more emphasis on
style and technique resulting in elongated limbs, small heads and exaggerated details.
Baroque 1600 1750
Followed mannerism yielded ornate, over the top visual arts and architecture.
Example:
Caravaggio, the calling of saint matthew 1599 1600 (Rembrandt)
Rococo 1699 1780
-originated in paris, encompassing decorative art, painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Example:
Antoine Watteau, the embarkation of Cythera 1717.
Neoclassicism 1750 1850
-drew upon elements from classical antiquity.
Example:
Jacques Luis David-Napoleon Crossing the alphs 1801
Romanticism 1780 1850
-encompasses wide variety of arts, including painting, music, and literature.
Example:
William Blake - the descent of man into the vale of death.( Mystical visions and his disappointment in
societal constraints)
Realism 1848 1900
-modern art movement that emerged in france in the 1840's influenced by various events, including the
anti- romantic movement in germany, the rise of journalism, and the advent of photography.
Impressionism 1865 1885
-sought to capture immediate impressions by using quick, short brush strokes which gave their works a
sketch- like appearance.
Post Impressionism 1885 1910
-aimed to express personal ideas and perspectives rather than realistic illustrations.
Example:
George seurat a sunday afternoon on the island of la grande jatte 1884 (pointillism technique)
Fauvism 1900 1935
-led by henri mattise, 20th century movement characterized by intense color, bold brushwork, surface
design and flat composition.
Example:
Henri Matisse - woman with a hat 1905
Expressionism 1905 1920
emerged as an art movement that responded to world conflicts and the loss of spirituality. Example:
Edward munch the dance of life 1899
Cubism 1907 1914
-established by pablo picasso and george braque, aimed to move away from traditional techniques and
perspectives in art.
Surrealism 1916 1950
-works that defy reason and challenge the rationalist mindset.
Example:
Rene Magritte - the son of man 1964
Op art 1950 1960
-abtract patterns, shapes and colors to create images that appeared to move, often produce in black and
white for maximum contrast.
Example
Bridget Riley 1964
Pop art 1950 1960
-20th century as a response to abstract expressionism, which sought depict everyday, mundane objects in
innovative work of art.
Example:
Andy Warhol - Marilyn Monroe 1998
Minimalism 1960 1970
-a group of younger artist who challenged the expressive works of abstract expressionists. Example:
Frank Stella, black paintings 1958-1960(rectilinear stripe of uniform width printed in metallic black ink)
Conceptual art 1960 1970
-rejected previous art movements by emphasizing ideas over visual components.
Contemporary art 1970 present
-dominated by various schools and smaller movements that emerged.
Post modernism
-artist created works that reflected skepticism, irony and philosophical critiques.
Feminist art
-this movement arose in a attempt to transform stereotypes and break the model of a male-dominated art
history.
Neo expressionism
-artist sought to revive original aspects of expressionism and create highly textural, expressive, and large
works.
Street art
-artist such as keith haring, jean michel basquiat, barry mcgee, bansky, etc, created graffiti like art on
surfaces in public places like sidewalks, buildings and overpasses.
The pictures generation
-cindy sherman, Louise lawler, gary simmons, were influenced by conceptual and pop art experimented
with recognizable imagery to explore images shaped our perceptions of the world.
Appropriation art
-focused on the use of images in art with little transformation from their original form.
Digital art
-the advent of the camera lent way to this artistic practice that allowed artist to use the infusion of art and
technology to create with mediums like computer, audio and visual software, sound and pixels.

ART HISTORY
SERVES AS A WINDOW INTO THE PAST, DELVING INTO THE MEANINGS OF VISUAL ARTS
WITHIN THEIR HISTORICAL CONTEXT. IT GOES BEYOND LISTING ART MOVEMENTS; IT'S
AN EXPLORATION OF THE SYMBOLISM AND ORIGINS OF ARTWORKS, UNRAVELING THE
CIVILIZATIONS OF BYGONE ERAS. THE ROOTS OF ASIAN ART CAN BE TRACED BACK TO
THE 5TH CENTURY, WITH HINDU AND BUDDHIST ART PLAYING A PIVOTAL ROLE IN
SHAPING THE ARTISTIC LANDSCAPE OF THE REGION. THESE EARLY INFLUENCES LAID
THE GROUNDWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISTINCT ART FORMS ACROSS
DIFFERENT ASIAN CULTURES.
ASIAN ART
ASIAN ART REFLECTS A DIVERSE TAPESTRY WOVEN WITH INFLUENCES FROM VARIOUS
RELIGIONS, INVADERS, AND CULTURES THROUGHOUT HISTORY. FROM THE
CONTEMPLATIVE HINDU AND BUDDHIST ART IN THE 5TH CENTURY BCE TO THE
INTRICATE CHINESE ART SPANNING CENTURIES, EACH PIECE TELLS A STORY OF
CUSTOMS, TRADITIONS, AND THE EVOLUTION OF EASTERN ART.
CHINESE ART
CHINESE ART MIRRORS THE DYNAMIC CLASS STRUCTURES PREVALENT THROUGHOUT
ITS HISTORY. FROM THE ROYAL AND FEUDAL COURTS' EXCLUSIVE CREATIONS TO THE
DEMOCRATIZATION OF ART DURING THE WARRING STATES PERIOD, CHINESE ART
ENCAPSULATES SOCIETAL CHANGES AND ARTISTIC EVOLUTION.

THE THREE PERFECTIONS OF CHINESE ART

CHINESE ART, EPITOMIZED BY CALLIGRAPHY, PAINTING, AND POETRY (THE THREE
PERFECTIONS), SHOWCASES THE MASTERY OF BRUSH AND INK. CALLIGRAPHY, WITH
ITS EMPHASIS ON BEAUTIFUL WRITING, HOLDS A UNIQUE STATUS IN CHINESE
CULTURE, RANKING ALONGSIDE POETRY AND SURPASSING PAINTING AND SCULPTURE.
1. CALIGRAPHY (SHŪFĂ)
EXPRESSIVE WRITING: CHINESE CALLIGRAPHY IS A HIGHLY REGARDED FORM OF
ARTISTIC EXPRESSION INVOLVING SKILLED BRUSHWORK AND THE ARRANGEMENT OF
CHARACTERS ON PAPER OR SILK. THE STROKES OF THE BRUSH ARE SEEN AS AN
EXTENSION OF THE ARTIST'S EMOTIONS AND SPIRIT. STYLES AND TECHNIQUES: THERE
ARE VARIOUS STYLES OF CALLIGRAPHY, EACH WITH ITS OWN SET OF RULES AND
AESTHETIC PRINCIPLES. SOME OF THE MAJOR STYLES INCLUDE SEAL SCRIPT, CLERICAL
SCRIPT, REGULAR SCRIPT, RUNNING SCRIPT, AND CURSIVE SCRIPT.
2. PAINTING (HUÀ)
INK AND BRUSH: TRADITIONAL CHINESE PAINTING OFTEN UTILIZES THE SAME TOOLS
AS CALLIGRAPHY, SUCH AS BRUSH AND INK. ARTISTS CREATE LANDSCAPES,
PORTRAITS, AND SCENES FROM NATURE, FOCUSING ON CONVEYING THE ESSENCE AND
SPIRIT RATHER THAN STRICT REALISM. NATURE AND HARMONY: CHINESE PAINTINGS
FREQUENTLY FEATURE LANDSCAPES, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, AND WILDLIFE. THE
EMPHASIS IS ON CAPTURING THE HARMONY AND BALANCE OF NATURE, REFLECTING
THE DAOIST AND CONFUCIAN PRINCIPLES THAT HAVE INFLUENCED CHINESE
AESTHETICS.
3. POETRY (SHI)
VERSATILE FORMS: CHINESE POETRY ENCOMPASSES A WIDE RANGE OF FORMS,
INCLUDING CLASSICAL POETRY (SHI) AND LYRICAL POETRY (CI). CLASSICAL POETRY
OFTEN ADHERES TO STRICT TONAL PATTERNS AND STRUCTURES, WHILE LYRICAL
POETRY IS MORE FREE-FORM. SYMBOLISM AND IMAGERY: CHINESE POETS USE VIVID
IMAGERY AND SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE TO CONVEY EMOTIONS, PHILOSOPHY, AND
REFLECTIONS ON NATURE AND LIFE. CLASSICAL CHINESE POETRY IS KNOWN FOR ITS
BREVITY AND DEPTH, WITH EACH WORD CAREFULLY CHOSEN FOR ITS MEANING.
REASONS WHY ANCIENT PEOPLE CREATED POETRY
UNDERSTANDING THE MOTIVATIONS BEHIND THE CREATION OF POETRY IN ANCIENT
TIMES IS CRUCIAL TO UNRAVELING THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT.

INFLUENCES OF ASIAN ART

ASIAN ART HAS LEFT AN INDELIBLE MARK ON THE GLOBAL ARTISTIC LANDSCAPE. THIS
SECTION WILL DISCUSS THE INFLUENCES OF ASIAN ART ON OTHER CULTURES AND ART
MOVEMENTS, SHOWCASING HOW DIVERSE TRADITIONS HAVE INSPIRED ARTISTS
WORLDWIDE.
POTTERY
AN INTEGRAL PART OF ASIAN ART, POTTERY HAS PLAYED A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN
BOTH UTILITARIAN AND ARTISTIC CONTEXTS. THE REPORT WILL PROVIDE AN
OVERVIEW OF POTTERY IN ASIAN CULTURES, EXPLORING ITS EVOLUTION,TECHNIQUES,
AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE.
JAPANESE ART
WITH ITS DIVERSE STYLES AND MEDIUMS, NARRATES THE COUNTRY'S CULTURAL
EVOLUTION. FROM JOMON AND YAYOI PERIODS TO THE TRANSFORMATIVE MEUI ERA,
JAPANESE ART REFLECTS POLITICAL SHIFTS, INFLUENCES OF ZEN PHILOSOPHY, AND A
HARMONIOUS COEXISTENCE OF FUTURISTIC ELEMENTS WITH ANCESTRAL
TRADITIONS.
JAPANESE ART TOP WORKS
● THE LANDSCAPE OF FALL AND WINTER-SESSHU
● ART OF WABI-SABI-HIGASHIYAMA CULTURE
● THE SIEGE OF OSAKA CASTLE
 ● THREE BEAUTIES OF THE PRESENT DAY-UTAMARO
● CALLIGRAPHY OF BODHIDHARMA-HAKUIN EKAKU
● BANDAINAGON EKOTOBA - TOKIWA MITSUNAGA
ACCEPTED PERIODIZATION OF JAPANESE HISTORY
THE HISTORY OF JAPANESE ART IS DIVIDED INTO DISTINCT PERIODS, EACH
CHARACTERIZED BY UNIQUE ARTISTIC STYLES AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS.
JOMON PERIOD (14,000-300 BCE):
THE JOMON PERIOD IS ONE OF THE EARLIEST PERIODS IN JAPANESE HISTORY,
CHARACTERIZED BY A HUNTER-GATHERER SOCIETY.
YAYOI PERIOD (300 BCE-300 CE):
FOLLOWING THE JOMON PERIOD, THE YAYOI PERIOD MARKED THE INTRODUCTION OF
AGRICULTURE AND METALWORKING, INFLUENCING A SHIFT IN SOCIETAL
STRUCTURES.
KOFUN PERIOD (300-538 CE):
NAMED AFTER THE LARGE BURIAL MOUNDS (KOFUN), THIS PERIOD WITNESSED THE
CONSOLIDATION OF POWER AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE YAMATO STATE.
ASUKA AND NARA PERIODS (538-794 CE):
THESE PERIODS MARKED THE ADOPTION OF BUDDHISM, INFLUENCING THE CULTURAL
AND ARTISTIC LANDSCAPE OF JAPAN.
HORYU-JI (7TH CENTURY):
HORYU-JI, LOCATED IN NARA, IS ONE OF THE OLDEST BUDDHIST TEMPLES IN JAPAN,
SHOWCASING EARLY WOODEN ARCHITECTURE AND ART.
YAMATO PERIOD (C. 300-710 CE):
ALSO KNOWN AS THE KOFUN PERIOD, IT SAW THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER AROUND
THE YAMATO REGION. INFLUENCES FROM CHINA AND KOREA WERE SIGNIFICANT.
NARA PERIOD (710-794):
CHARACTERIZED BY THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE IMPERIAL CAPITAL IN NARA.
INFLUENCED BY CHINESE TANG DYNASTY CULTURE.
HEIAN PERIOD (794-1185):
THE CAPITAL MOVED TO HEIAN-KYO (MODERN KYOTO), MARKING A SHIFT TOWARD
ARISTOCRATIC CULTURE.
KAMAKURA PERIOD (1185-1333):
MARKED BY THE RISE OF THE SAMURAI CLASS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
KAMAKURA SHOGUNATE.
MUROMACHI PERIOD (1336-1573)
THE ASHIKAGA SHOGUNATE'S RULE, MARKED BY THE ONIN WAR AND THE
SUBSEQUENT SENGOKU PERIOD.
AZUCHI-MOMOYAMA PERIOD (1573-1603):
TRANSITION PERIOD MARKED BY THE END OF THE WARRING STATES PERIOD AND THE
UNIFICATION OF JAPAN UNDER ODA NOBUNAGA AND TOYOTOMI HIDEYOSHI.
EDO PERIOD (1603-1868):
ESTABLISHED BY TOKUGAWA IEYASU, KNOWN FOR RELATIVE PEACE AND STABILITY.
MEUI PERIOD (1868-1912):
MARKED BY THE RESTORATION OF IMPERIAL RULE AND RAPID MODERNIZATION.
TAISHO PERIOD (1912-1926):
FOLLOWED THE MEIJI ERA, MARKED BY POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CHANGES.
SHOWA PERIOD (1926-1989):
SPANNING THE REIGN OF EMPEROR HIROHITO, COVERING PRE AND POST-WORLD WAR II
PERIODS.
HEISEI PERIOD (1989-2019):
BEGAN WITH EMPEROR AKIHITO'S REIGN, MARKED BY ECONOMIC CHALLENGES AND
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS.
REIWA PERIOD (2019-PRESENT):
BEGAN WITH EMPEROR NARUHITO'S REIGN, CONTINUING JAPAN'S CONTEMPORARY
TRAJECTORY.
DIGITAL ART
IN THE CONTEMPORARY LANDSCAPE, DIGITAL ART HAS BECOME A PROMINENT FORM
OF EXPRESSION. THE REPORT WILL TRACE THE HISTORY OF DIGITAL ART, EXPLORING
ITS EVOLUTION AND THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON ARTISTIC CREATION.
HISTORY OF DIGITAL ART
THE ADVENT OF DIGITAL ART IN THE 1960S MARKED A TURNING POINT, WITH ARTISTS
LIKE JOHN WHITNEY PIONEERING COMPUTER-GENERATED ARTWORKS. DIGITAL ART'S
EVOLUTION SAW THE EMERGENCE OF DIVERSE FORMS, FROM NET ART AND DIGITAL
INSTALLATION TO VIRTUAL REALITY, INFLUENCING TRADITIONAL ARTISTIC
PRACTICES. THE HISTORY OF DIGITAL ART SPANS FROM EXPERIMENTAL COMPUTER-
GENERATED PATTERNS IN THE 1950S TO THE CONTEMPORARY ERA OF BLOCKCHAIN-
ENABLED NFTS.
SOFTWARE ART AND MIXED MEDIA
SOFTWARE ART DELVES INTO COMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING, CONNECTING VISUALS
AND IDEAS THROUGH SET ALGORITHMS AND CODES. MIXED MEDIA, INHERENT TO THE
DIGITAL MEDIUM, ALLOWS THE FUSION OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS, CREATING A
HOLISTIC EXPERIENCE FOR VIEWERS WITH COMBINATIONS OF STILL AND MOVING
IMAGES, SOUND, AUGMENTED REALITY, AND MORE.\

PHILIPPINE ART
The term "Philippine art" refers to the works of art that have evolved and accumulated in the Philippines
from the country's beginnings of civilization to the present day.
-Traditional arts and non-traditional arts are two distinct branches of Philippine art.
2 CATEGORIES THE PHILIPPINE ART
1. Traditional art
In the Philippines, folk architecture, marine transportation, weaving, carving, folk performing arts, folk
literature, folk graphic and plastic arts, decoration, textile or fiber art, ceramics, and other aesthetic
manifestations of traditional culture are all considered traditional arts. Bearers of traditional arts can be
nominated as Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA), equal to National Artist.
2. Non traditional art
-The non-traditional arts in the Philippines encompass dance, music, theater, visual arts, literature, film
and broadcast arts, architecture and allied arts, and design. Bearers of non-traditional arts can be
nominated as National Artist, equal to Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan.
TRADITIONAL ART
Ethnomedicine- including, but not limited to, the arts of the albularyo, the babaylan, and the
manghihilot
Folk architecture- including, but not limited to, stilt houses, land houses and aerial houses.
Maritime Transport- boat houses, boat making and maritime traditions.
Weaving- including but not limited to, back-strap loom weaving, and other forms of related weaving.
Carving- including, but not limited to, woodcarving and folk non-clay sculpture.
Folk Performing Arts- including, but not limited to, dances, plays, and dramas.
Folk (oral) Literature- including, but not limited to, epics, songs and myths.
Folk Graphic and Plastic Arts- including, but not limited to, calligraphy, tattooing, folk writing, folk
drawing, and folk painting.
Ornament - including, but not limited to, mask-making, accessory-making, ornamental metal crafts.
Textile, or fiber art - including, but not limited to, headgear weaving, basketry, fish-gear arts, and other
forms of textile or fiber art.
Pottery-including, but not limited to, ceramic making, clay pot-making, and folk clay sculpture.
NON-TRADITIONAL ART
Dance - including, but not limited to, dance choreography, dance direction, and dance performance.
Music - including, but not limited to, musical composition, musical direction, and musical performance.
Theater - including, but not limited to, theatrical direction, theatrical performance, theatrical production
design, theatrical light and sound design, and theatrical playwriting:
Visual arts - including, but not limited to painting, non-folk sculpture, printmaking. Photography,
installation art, mixed media illustration, graphic arts, performance art, and imaging.
Literature - including, but not limited to, poetry, fiction, essay, and literary/ art criticism.
Architecture and allied arts- including, but not limited to, non-folk architecture, interior design,
landscape architecture, and urban design.
Film and broadcast arts - including, but not limited to, film and broadcast direction, film and broadcast
writing,film and broadcast production design, film and broadcast cinematography, film and broadcast
editing, film and broadcast animation, film and broadcast performance, and film and broadcast new
media.
Design- including, but not limited to, industrial design, and fashion design.

FOLK ARCHITECTURE
The vernacular architecture of the Philippines is a diverse reflection of cultural traditions, historical
influences, and environmental adaptation
Weaving
Philippine weaving involves many threads being measured, cut, and mounted on a wooden platform.
Visual arts
Painting
Angono Petroglyphs:
● Discovered in 1965, the Angono Petroglyphs are believed to be the oldest known
artworks in the Philippines,
● Located in Binangonan, Rizal Province, these petroglyphs date back to the third
millennium B.C...
● They consist of 127 figural carvings engraved on the wall of a shallow cave made of
volcanic tuff
Symbolic Representations:
The Angono Petroglyphs feature stylized human figures, as well as depictions of frogs and lizards
Calligraphy
● Indigenous scripts known as suyat in the Philippines:
● Suyat refers to various indigenous scripts used by different ethno-linguistic groups in the
Philippines.
● These scripts were in use prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century and continued
to be used up to the 21st century.
● Hanuno'o/Hanunoo: Used by the Hanuno'o Mangyan people.
● Buhid/Buid: Used by the Buhid Mangyan people.
● Apurahuano/Tagbanwa: Used by the Tagbanwa people.
● Palaw an/Pala wan: Used by the Palawan people.
Sealing and Paper making
Sealing Culture
● Pre-Spanish Era: Like China, Japan, and Korea, the Philippines had a rich tradition of
using seals. Indigenous communities created personal seals from materials like wood or
stone.
● Re discovery: In the 1970s, ancient ivory seals were found in an archaeological site in
Butuan. The most famous of these is the Butuan Ivory Seal, inscribed with the word
"Butwan" in the native Suyat script. This seal has been declared a National Cultural
Treasure..
Historical Significance:
-The discovery of these seals confirmed that pre-colonial Filipinos, especially in coastal areas, used seals
on paper.
Papermaking and Document
● Classical Era: Research by Dr. Henry. Otley Beyer, the father of Philippine
anthropology, indicates that Spanish friars boasted about burning ancient Philippine
documents with suyat inscriptions.
● Butuan Ivory Seal: The ivory seal, inscribed with "Butwan," is now housed at the
National Museum of the Philippines Sculpture
Bulul Guardians:
● The Ifugao people in the Philippines follow a religion based on ancestor worship and
reverence for spirits and nature gods.
Symbolic Significance:
● Bulul guardians represent the harmonious union of opposing elements.
● A Bulul is a carved wooden fiqure used to guard the rice crop by the ifugao people of
northern Luzon.
Sarimanok
Buraq:
● The Sarimanok is a legendary bird revered by the Maranao people of Mindanao,
Philippines. The name Sarimanok is derived from two words: "sari" (meaning cloth or
garment, often in assorted colors) and "manok" (meaning "chicken").
● In Islamic tradition, the Buraq is described as a white animal that is half-mule, half-
donkey, with wings.
Performing Arts
Dance
● There are numerous types of Filipino dances, varying in influence, from the country's
regions.
● The Banga dance shows the grace and strength of women in the Kalinga tribe.
● Lumagen or Tachok, is performed to celebrate happy occasions. Lumagen symbolize
flying birds and is musically paired to the beat of gongs.
● Salisid, is the dance to show courtship. A male and a female performer represent a
rooster attempting to attract a hen.
 ● Binaylan dance, tells the story of a hen, the hen's baby, and a hawk. In this dance, the
hawk is said to control a tribe's well-being, and is killed by hunters after attempting to harm
the hen's baby.
● Two examples of traditional Filipino dances are Tinikling and Binasuan and many
more.
● Singkil using long bamboo poles found in tinikling, however, it is primarily a dance
showing off lavish Muslim royalty Dramas
Dramas
Many towns have their own versions of the Senakulo, using traditional scripts that are decades or
centuries old.
Martial Arts
The Arnis, also known as Kali or Eskrima, is the national sport and martial art of the Philippines.
Pottery
● The art of pottery, which can be divided into ceramic making, clay pot-making, and folk
clay sculpture, has long been a part of various cultures in the Philippines.
● Traditional pot-making in certain areas of the Philippines would use clay found near the
Sibalom River.
Culinary Arts
Filipino cuisine is composed of the cuisines of 144 distinct ethno linguism groups found within the
Philippine archipelago.