5 Integration

5.1 Integrals involving exponents and logarithms

Reversing the differentiation result on ex gives
Z
ex dx = ex + c

d
By the chain rule in differentiation, dx (eax+b ) = aeax+b where a and b are constants. Since
constant multiples do not affect differentiation/integration, i.e. can be factored out, this gives
Z
eax+b dx = a1 eax+b + c

Remark: Integration of ef(x) where f(x) is not linear is not the same as above and will not be
covered.

Exercise 5.1: The diagram shows the curve y = e−x − e−2x and its maximum point M . The
x-coordinate of M is denoted by p.

i) Find the exact value of p.

ii) Show that the area of the shaded region bounded by the curve, the x-axis and the line
x = p is equal to 18 .

Reversing the differentiation result on ln x gives

Z
1
x
dx = ln |x| + c

Remark: It can also be shown that the derivative of ln |x| is x1 . Without the modulus sign
around x in ln x, the result is only partially true. Both x1 and ln |x| are defined for the same
domain, i.e. R/0. The modulus is also important when calculating definite integrals.

This result can be extended to integrate linear expressions to the power of −1.
Z
1
ax+b
dx = a1 ln |ax + b| + c

Remark: Integration of (f(x))−1 where f(x) is not linear is not the same as above. However,
we will be integrating the case where f(x) has the form ax2 + b where a and b are constants in
the next section.

1
Exercise 5.2: Express f(x) in partial fractions. Hence show that the definite integral of f(x)
is equal to the expression given.
2x+7 2
4x −7x−1
i) f(x) = (2x+1)(x+2) ii) f(x) = (x+1)(2x−3)
R7 R6
0
f(x) dx = ln 50 2
f(x) dx = 8 − ln 49
3
2 10x+9
iii) f(x) = xx2 +x+6 iv) f(x) = (2x+1)(2x+3) 2
(x+2)
R1
f(x) dx = 21 ln 95 + 1
R4
1
f(x) dx = 49 0 5

2
Exercise 5.3: Let f(x) = (2x−1)(2x+1)
.

i) Express f(x) in partial fractions.

1 1 1 1
ii) Using your answer to part i), show that (f(x))2 ≡ (2x−1)2
− 2x−1
+ 2x+1
+ (2x+1)2
.
R2 2
iii) Hence show that 1
(f(x))2 dx = 5
+ 12 ln 59 .

The integral of (ax + b)−1 is actually just a particular case of the following result which is
obtained by reversing the differentiation result on ln f(x):
Z
f′ (x)
f(x)
dx = ln |f(x)| + c

Remark:
R x Adjust the constant if the numerator is a constant multiple of f′ (x). For example,
dx = 12 x22x−1 dx = 12 ln |x2 − 1| + c.
R
x2 −1

x 2
Exercise 5.4: The diagram shows the curve y = 1+x 3 for x ≥ 0. The shaded region R is

enclosed by the curve, the x-axis and the lines x = 1 and x = p.

Calculate the value of p for which the area of R is equal to 1. Give your answer correct to 3
significant figures.

Exercise 5.5: Express f(x) in partial fractions. Hence find the value of the definite integral,
giving your answer in a simplified exact form.
5x2 +x+27
R4 3x3 +6x−8
R2
i) f(x) = (2x+1)(x 2 +9) , 0
f(x) dx ii) f(x) = 2
x(x +2)
, 1
f(x) dx

Exercise 5.6: It is given that x = ln(1 − y) − ln y, where 0 < y < 1.

e−x
i) Show that y = 1+e−x
.
R1 2e
ii) Hence show that 0
y dx = ln e+1 .

2
 3 cos x
Exercise 5.7: A curve has equation y = 2+sin x
, for − 12 π ≤ x ≤ 21 π. The constant a is such
R a 3 cos x
that 0 2+sin x dx = 1. Find the value of a, giving your answer correct to 3 significant figures.

Integrating cot is also an application of this result since cot x = cos x

sin x
and dxd
sin x = cos x.
Similarly for tan.
Z Z
cot x dx = ln | sin x| + c tan x dx = − ln | cos x| + c

Exercise 5.8:
i) Prove the identity tan 2θ − tan θ ≡ tan θ sec 2θ.
R 1π
ii) Hence show that 06 tan θ sec 2θ dθ = 12 ln 32 .

5.2 Integrals involving trigonometric functions

Reversing the differentiation result on sin, cos and tan gives
Z Z Z
cos x dx = sin x + c sin x dx = − cos x + c sec2 x dx = tan x + c

Remark: Similar to the previous section, the results above

R can be applied if x is replaced with
a linear expression ax + b by dividing by a. For example cos 2x dx = 21 sin 2x + c.

Exercise 5.9: The diagram shows the curve y = 8 sin 21 x − tan 12 x for 0 ≤ x < π.

The x-coordinate of the maximum point is α and the shaded region is enclosed by the curve
and the lines x = α and y = 0.
i) Show that α = 32 π.
ii) Find the exact value of the shaded region.

Exercise 5.10: Prove the identity and hence find the exact value of the definite integral.
i) cos 4θ + 4 cos 2θ ≡ 8 cos4 θ − 3 ii) cos 3θ ≡ 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ
R 1π R 21 π
0
4
cos4 θ dθ 1
π
cos3 θ dθ
3

Exercise 5.11:
1
i) Using the expansion of cos(3x − x) and cos(3x + x), prove that 2
(cos 2x − cos 4x) ≡
sin 3x sin x.
R 1π √
ii) Hence show that 13π sin 3x sin x dx = 18 3.
6

3
Exercise 5.12:
1 dy
i) Prove that if y = cos θ
then dθ
= sec θ tan θ.
1+sin θ
ii) Prove the identity 1−sin θ
≡ 2 sec2 θ + 2 sec θ tan θ − 1.
R 1π 1+sin θ
iii) Hence find the exact value of 4
0 1−sin θ
dθ.

Exercise 5.13:
√
i) Express 3 cos x + sin x in the form R cos(x − α), where R > 0 and 0 < α < 12 π, giving
the exact values of R and α.
R 1π 1 1
√
ii) Hence show that 12π (√3 cos x+sin x)2 dx = 4
3.
6

Integrating sin2 , cos2 and tan2 :

ˆ To integrate sin2 or cos2 , Rexpress it firstR in terms of cos ax using the double angle formula
for cos 2x. For example, sin2 x dx = 12 (1 − cos 2x) dx = 21 x − 14 sin 2x + c.
ˆ To integrate tan2
R , express itRfirst in terms of sec2 using the identity 1 + tan2 x ≡ sec2 x.
For example, tan2 x dx = sec2 x − 1 dx = tan x − x + c.

Exercise 5.14: Find an expression for the following integrals.

R R
i) 4 cos2 3x dx ii) 4 + tan2 2x dx

Reversing the differentiation result on tan−1 x gives

Z
1
1+x2
dx = tan−1 x + c

This result can be extended such that for any constant a except 0,
Z
1
x2 +a2
dx = a1 tan−1 ( xa ) + c

Exercise 5.15: Find an expression for the following integrals.

i) x22+9 dx ii) 9x21+16 dx
R R

7x2 +18x
Exercise 5.16: Let f(x) = (2x+3)(x2 +9)

i) Express f(x) in partial fractions.

R
ii) Hence find f(x) dx.

Exercise 5.17:
i) Find the quotient and remainder when 2x3 − x2 + 6x + 3 is divided by x2 + 3.
R 3 3 2 +6x+3
ii) Using your answer to part i), find the exact value of 1 2x −x
x2 +3
dx.

4
5.3 Integration by parts
d dv
Reversing the product ruleR fordv differentiation, i.e. dx
(uv) = u dx + v du
dx
where u and v are
functions of x, gives uv = (u dx + v du
dx
) dx.

Rearranging gives: Z Z
dv
u dx dx = uv − v du
dx
dx

Remark: For simplicity, this expression can be written as

Z Z
u dv = uv − v du (⋆)

Integrating using the expression above is called integrating by parts. It is usually used to
integrate products.
R
To find f(x) dx by parts:

1. Pick u and dv such that the product u dv is equal to f(x) dx. (The term for dv must include
dx.)

2. Differentiate u to find du and integrate dv to find v.

3. Substitute u, v and du in (⋆).

R
4. Find v du.
R √ √
For example to find 3x x − 1 dx, let u = 3x and dv = x − 1 dx. Differentiating u gives
du 3
dx
= 3 =⇒ du = 3 dx. Integrating dv gives v = 23 (x − 1) 2 . Substituting these in (⋆) gives
√
Z Z
3 3
2x x − 1 dx = 3x( 3 (x − 1) ) − 23 (x − 1) 2 (3 dx)
2 2

Z
3 3
= 2x(x − 1) 2 − 2(x − 1) 2 dx
 5 
3 (x−1) 2
= 2x(x − 1) − 2
2 5 +c
2
3 4 5
= 2x(x − 1) − 2
5
(x − 1) 2 + c

Remark: It is important to choose the right terms in step 1. RThe term for u should be chosen
such that its derivative is a ‘simpler’ expression which makes v du also ‘simpler’ to integrate.
A polynomial factor is usually chosen for u unless f(x) has a ln or tan−1 factor which takes
precedence over polynomials.

Exercise 5.18: Find the exact value of the definite integral.

R1 R1 1
i) 02 xe−2x dx ii) 0 (1 − x)e− 2 x dx
Rπ
iii) 0 x cos 12 x dx
R4
iv) 2 4x ln x dx
R2
v) 1 lnx3x dx R √3
vi) 0 x tan−1 x dx

5
Exercise 5.19: Find the exact area of the shaded region.
1
i) y = (x + 1)e− 3 x ii) y = x3 ln x

√
Exercise 5.20: The diagram shows the curve y = x cos x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 32 π. The shaded
region between the curve and the x-axis is denoted by R.

Find the volume of the solid obtained when the region R is rotated completely about the x-axis.
Give your answer in terms of π.

R
For certain cases, integration by parts can be applied again to find v du.

Exercise 5.21: Show that the definite integral is equal to the expression given.
R3 R2 1
i) 0 x2 e−x dx = 2 − 17
e3 ii) 0
(1 + x2 )e− 2 x dx = 18 − 42e
Rπ 2
iii) 0 x sin x dx = π 2 − 4 R 1
π
iv) 04 x2 cos 2x dx = 32 1
(π 2 − 8)

Exercise 5.22: The diagram shows the curve y = (ln x)2 . The x-coordinate of the point P is
equal to e, and the normal to the curve at P meets the x-axis at Q.

i) Find the x-coordinate of Q.

R
ii) Show that ln x dx = x ln x − x + c, where c is a constant.

iii) Using integration by parts, or otherwise, find the exact value of the area of the shaded
region between the curve, the x-axis and the normal P Q.

6
5.4 Integration by substitution
An integral in x can be converted to an integral in another variable, say u, by means of a
suitable substitution which is usually given.
Z sub
Z
→
f(x) dx = g(u) du

If the integral in u can be found, then reversing the substitution gives the expression for the
original integral in x.
R
For example, to find 2x(x2 − 3)4 dx using the substitution u = x2 − 3, first differentiate u
with respect to x to get du = 2x dx. Substituting all the x terms with u gives
Z Z
5
2x(x − 3) dx = u4 du = u5 + c = 15 (x2 − 3)5 + c.
2 4

3x
R
Exercise 5.23: Use the substitution u = 3x + 1 to find 3x+1
dx.

For definite integrals, the limits for the original integral are for the original variable. Substitu-
tion also needs to be applied to the limits.
Z b sub
Z u(b)
→
f(x) dx = g(u) du
a u(a)

R0
For example, for the integral −2 2x(x2 − 3)4 dx using the substitution u = x2 − 3, the new
lower limit is (−2)2 − 3 = 1 and the new upper limit is 02 − 3 = −3. Then
Z 0 Z −3 h 5 i−3 5 5
2 4
2x(x − 3) dx = 4
u du = u5 = (−3)
5
− 15 = − 244
5
−2 1 1

1 0
Alternatively the definite integral in the example above is equal to 5
(x2 − 3)5 −2
, but this
would take more steps.

Exercise 5.24: Find the exact value of the definite integral using the given substitution.
R 1 π 9 sin x R 1 π √1+3 tan x
i) 02 √4−3 cos x
dx, u = 4 − 3 cos x ii) 0
4
cos2 x
dx, u = 1 + 3 tan x

R1 x5
Exercise 5.25: Let I = 0 (1+x2 )3
dx.
R2 (u−1)2
i) Using the substitution u = 1 + x2 , show that I = 1 2u3
du.

ii) Hence find the exact value of I.

R5
Exercise 5.26: Let I = √5 dx.
2 x+ 6−x
√ R2 10u
i) Using the substitution u = 6 − x, show that I = 1 (3−u)(2+u)
du.

ii) Hence show that I = 2 ln 29 .

7
 R4 √
x−1
Exercise 5.27: Let I = √
1 2(x+ x)
dx.
√ R2u−1
i) Using the substitution u = x, show that I = 1 u+1
du.

ii) Hence show that I = 1 + ln 94 .

R2
Exercise 5.28: The integral I is defined by I = 4t3 ln(t2 + 1) dt.
0
R5
i) Use the substitution x = t2 + 1 to show that I = 1 (2x − 2) ln x dx.
ii) Hence find the exact value of I.
R1 2
Exercise 5.29: Let I = √x dx.
0 4−x2
R 1π
i) Using the substitution x = 2 sin θ, show that I = 6
0
4 sin2 θ dθ.
ii) Hence find the exact value of I.

Exercise 5.30: Using the given substitution, find by integration the exact area of the shaded
region.
i) y = 5 sin3 x cos2 x, u = cos x ii) y = sin x cos2 2x, u = cos x

x
√ 2
iii) y = e2 sin x cos x, u = sin x iv) y = 1+3x4
, u= 3x

Exercise 5.31:
i) Use the substitution u = tan x to show that, for n ̸= −1,
R 1π 1
0
4
(tann+2 x + tann x) dx = n+1
.

ii) Hence find the exact value of

R 1π
a) 04 (sec4 x − sec2 x) dx,
R 1π
b) 04 (tan9 x + 5 tan7 x + 5 tan5 x + tan3 x) dx.